文/趙曉林
黃河文化是中華民族的根和魂。九曲黃河在山東入海,潤(rùn)澤了齊魯大地,哺育了齊魯兒女,孕育了齊魯文化,塑造了山東人的精神品格。保護(hù)和利用好黃河文物,將助力山東講好黃河故事。
黃河壺口冰瀑奇觀。圖/劉福海Icy Hukou Falls of the Yellow River.
2022年初,《山東省黃河流域非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)傳承弘揚(yáng)規(guī)劃》與公眾見(jiàn)面。山東省文化和旅游廳黨組書(shū)記、廳長(zhǎng)王磊表示,過(guò)去幾年,山東把黃河文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)擺在突出位置,取得了一系列令人矚目的成績(jī)。
文物保護(hù)方面,山東實(shí)施定陶漢墓、濟(jì)南明府城等一批重大文物保護(hù)工程,做好焦家遺址、鐵門(mén)關(guān)遺址等考古發(fā)掘工作;推動(dòng)黃河干支流線性文化遺產(chǎn)廊道建設(shè),對(duì)東平湖三河六岸、濟(jì)南百里黃河遺產(chǎn)帶、入??邴}業(yè)遺址群等重點(diǎn)區(qū)域進(jìn)行集中連片保護(hù);加大黃河流域革命文物保護(hù)力度,對(duì)劉鄧大軍渡黃河指揮部舊址、羊山戰(zhàn)役戰(zhàn)地醫(yī)院舊址、王文抗戰(zhàn)舊址等進(jìn)行修繕保護(hù)。
非遺保護(hù)方面,山東加強(qiáng)對(duì)“堯的傳說(shuō)”“泰山傳說(shuō)”“祭孔大典”等涉及中華民族文明發(fā)源、文化發(fā)祥重點(diǎn)非遺項(xiàng)目的研究保護(hù),推進(jìn)龍山、曹州、泰山、鄒魯?shù)任幕鷳B(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè),開(kāi)展文化生態(tài)名村名鎮(zhèn)評(píng)選,成立“黃河流域振興傳統(tǒng)工藝城市共同體”,促進(jìn)黃河流域文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)區(qū)域合作。
山東堅(jiān)持共抓大保護(hù)、不搞大開(kāi)發(fā),統(tǒng)籌生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,構(gòu)筑黃河旅游綠水青山的生態(tài)廊道;嚴(yán)格景區(qū)承載量管理,降低大規(guī)模游客活動(dòng)對(duì)黃河自然生態(tài)環(huán)境和歷史文化遺產(chǎn)的不利影響;著力加強(qiáng)文物保護(hù),積極推進(jìn)魯國(guó)故城、大汶口等國(guó)家考古遺址公園建設(shè),抓好曲阜“三孔”、泰山建筑群等重大文物保護(hù)修復(fù)工程。
可以看出,山東作為黃河的下游省份、入??诘膿碛姓?,在黃河文化的建設(shè)上一直非常努力,并不斷推出新的舉措,取得新的成果。
2022年7月,國(guó)家文物局、文化和旅游部等多部門(mén)聯(lián)合印發(fā)《黃河文物保護(hù)利用規(guī)劃》,對(duì)黃河流域文物保護(hù)利用工作作出部署,提出將不斷推動(dòng)黃河文化“走出去”,推進(jìn)黃河流域重要文物申報(bào)世界遺產(chǎn)。
黃河流域是中華文明起源和發(fā)展的核心地區(qū)。在中國(guó)5000多年文明史中,黃河流域有3000多年是全國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的中心,孕育了河湟、關(guān)中、三晉、河洛、齊魯?shù)鹊赜蛭幕?,分布有西安、鄭州、洛?yáng)、開(kāi)封等古都,誕生了中國(guó)四大發(fā)明和《詩(shī)經(jīng)》《論語(yǔ)》《老子》《史記》等經(jīng)典著作。
黃河流域文物資源豐富。根據(jù)第三次全國(guó)文物普查登記結(jié)果顯示,黃河流域9個(gè)?。▍^(qū))共有不可移動(dòng)文物30余萬(wàn)處,占全國(guó)的39.73%,登記博物館1325處、世界文化遺產(chǎn)11處、世界文化和自然混合遺產(chǎn)1處、世界灌溉工程遺產(chǎn)3處、全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)3處、中國(guó)重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)19處,以及國(guó)家歷史文化名城16處、中國(guó)歷史文化名鎮(zhèn)29處、中國(guó)歷史文化名村91處、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)村落678處。
國(guó)家文物局有關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人指出,根據(jù)《黃河文物保護(hù)利用規(guī)劃》,中國(guó)將實(shí)施黃河流域重大考古項(xiàng)目,系統(tǒng)闡明黃河流域社會(huì)文化演變、族群遷徙融合的基本脈絡(luò),科學(xué)揭示黃河文明的核心價(jià)值、典型特征和突出地位,實(shí)證中國(guó)百萬(wàn)年人類(lèi)史、萬(wàn)年文化史和5000多年文明史發(fā)展歷程。
工作人員對(duì)出土文物進(jìn)行鑒定研究。圖/國(guó)家文物局提供The staff members appraise and research unearthed relics.
中國(guó)將加大黃河流域考古研究成果發(fā)布力度,及時(shí)出版考古發(fā)掘報(bào)告;依托“考古中國(guó)”重大項(xiàng)目平臺(tái)及時(shí)向社會(huì)推介重要考古發(fā)現(xiàn);推動(dòng)黃河流域大遺址考古和研究成果轉(zhuǎn)化,支持大遺址保護(hù)利用和國(guó)家考古遺址公園建設(shè),推動(dòng)研究成果向價(jià)值展示傳播、科普教育等方向轉(zhuǎn)化。
去年5月,甘肅省博物館、河南博物院、陜西歷史博物館、寧夏回族自治區(qū)博物館、山東博物館等“黃河流域博物館聯(lián)盟”推出的“木本水源——黃河流域史前文明展”上,200余件(套)黃河流域史前文明代表性珍貴文物集中展出,“揭秘”黃河文明產(chǎn)生的自然因素、社會(huì)因素和形成場(chǎng)景,向觀眾系統(tǒng)呈現(xiàn)真實(shí)、立體、發(fā)展的黃河文明遠(yuǎn)古活態(tài)歷史。其中,來(lái)自山東的后李文化、北辛文化、大汶口文化珍貴文物亮相,引起參觀者的高度關(guān)注,也顯示出山東黃河文物的豐富性和珍貴性。
蛋殼黑陶杯堪稱(chēng)海岱地區(qū)古陶的巔峰之作。圖/國(guó)家文物局提供The eggshell black pottery cup is the pinnacle of ancient pottery in Shandong.
山東黃河流域文化旅游資源富集,擁有世界遺產(chǎn)4處、列入中國(guó)世界文化遺產(chǎn)預(yù)備名單1處、國(guó)家歷史文化名城6座、全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位141處、不可移動(dòng)文物近1.7萬(wàn)處,泰山、曲阜“三孔”、“天下第一泉”等景區(qū)享譽(yù)海內(nèi)外。此外,黃河入??邳S藍(lán)交匯奇觀,以及黃河三角洲新生濕地、野生鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)等獨(dú)特的文旅資源,成為山東推動(dòng)黃河流域生態(tài)保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的突出優(yōu)勢(shì)。
“十四五”期間,山東將繼續(xù)做好黃河流域遺址考古項(xiàng)目,組織開(kāi)展魯西黃河沿線堆遺址、黃河三角洲鹽業(yè)遺址等考古調(diào)查、勘探,實(shí)施鐵門(mén)關(guān)遺址、墾利海北遺址等古港口碼頭考古發(fā)掘,完善對(duì)黃河文化遺產(chǎn)的綜合認(rèn)知。同時(shí),山東文旅部門(mén)計(jì)劃會(huì)同水利、黃河河務(wù)局等部門(mén),分期分批實(shí)施德州禹王亭等古代治水紀(jì)念設(shè)施、聊城秦皇堤與金堤等黃河古堤遺存、山東打漁張灌區(qū)引黃閘等引水工程遺產(chǎn)、濼口鐵路橋等黃河交通設(shè)施遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)修繕項(xiàng)目。
在具體保護(hù)利用層面,山東計(jì)劃推動(dòng)劉鄧大軍過(guò)黃河革命文化線路、東平湖三河六岸遺產(chǎn)帶、濟(jì)南百里黃河遺產(chǎn)帶等集中連片展示利用,打造紅色體驗(yàn)之旅、黃河記憶鄉(xiāng)愁之旅、儒學(xué)研學(xué)之旅等黃河精品文化旅游線路。
由河南博物院副院長(zhǎng)張得水、研究部主任武瑋主編的《國(guó)寶中的黃河文明》,擷取了來(lái)自沿黃九?。▍^(qū))的九件精品文物,其中山東的代表性文物為山東博物館珍藏的蛋殼黑陶杯。蛋殼黑陶杯“薄如紙、硬如瓷、明如鏡、黑如漆”的特質(zhì)至今難以超越,創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)時(shí)代的奇跡,堪稱(chēng)海岱地區(qū)古陶的巔峰之作。
在全長(zhǎng)183公里的黃河濟(jì)南段沿線,分布著眾多古代遺址,各級(jí)博物館里,也珍藏著大量出自黃河兩岸的文物。目前,濟(jì)南市正在籌建黃河博物館,建成后,必將對(duì)濟(jì)南市乃至山東省的黃河文物保護(hù)、展示與利用起到積極的推進(jìn)作用,更將在保護(hù)、創(chuàng)新黃河文物展示利用方面跨上新臺(tái)階。
濟(jì)南濼口黃河鐵路大橋入選第一批中國(guó)工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)名錄。圖/魏偉The Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge in Jinan has been selected onto China’s industrial heritage protection list (first batch).
Tell the Stories of the Yellow River in the Language of History—Protection and Utilization of Cultural Relics of the Yellow River
Yellow River culture is the roots and soul of the Chinese nation. Merging into the sea in Shandong, the tortuous Yellow River nourishes the land of Shandong, nurtures the people of Shandong, fosters Shandong culture, and shapes the psyche of the Shandong people. Protecting and utilizing the Yellow River cultural relics will help Shandong spread the stories of the Yellow River.
In the past few years, Shandong has put the preservation of the Yellow River cultural heritage high on its agenda and made remarkable achievements. Shandong has chosen extensive preservation over largescale development. It has carried out the following work: coordinated ecological conservation and high-quality development to build an ecological corridor featuring lucid water and lush mountains for tourism along the Yellow River; strictly controlled the capacity of scenic areas to reduce the negative impact of large-scale tourist activities on the natural and ecological environment and the historic and cultural heritage of the Yellow River; strengthened cultural relic preservation, including promoting the development of national archaeological site parks such as Lu State Ancient City and Dawenkou; and managed the preservation and restoration of key cultural relics such as the three Confucius sites in Qufu and the ancient building complex in Mount Tai.
In July 2022, a number of ministries, including the National Cultural Heritage Administration and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, jointly issued thePlan for the Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Relics Along the Yellow Riveras part of their efforts to arrange for the preservation and utilization of cultural relics in the basin. In thePlan, it is proposed to constantly drive Yellow River culture to “go global” and advance the application for World Heritage status for important cultural relics in the basin.
The Yellow River Basin in Shandong Province boasts an abundance of cultural and tourism resources, including 4 World Heritages, 1 site included in the Chinese World Cultural Heritage Provisional List (“Spring City of Jinan Cultural Landscape”), 6 National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities, 141 key cultural heritage sites under state protection, and 17,000 immovable cultural relics. Tourist attractions such as Mount Tai, the three Confucius sites in Qufu, and the No. 1 Spring in China are famous both at home and abroad. A variety of unique cultural and tourism resources and cultural relics, represented by the spectacular scene of the “yellow-blue (river-sea) intersection” at the estuary of the Yellow River, as well as the newborn wetland and wild birds in the Yellow River Delta, play a remarkable role in promoting the ecological conservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin in Shandong.