張 琨,韓宇寧,李樂洲,周 瑋
實驗室條件下不同鹽度水體去分層試驗
張 琨1,韓宇寧1,李樂洲2,周 瑋2※
(1. 大連海洋大學海洋與土木工程學院,大連 116021;2.大連海洋大學水產(chǎn)與生命學院,大連 116021)
水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖中水體分層在水中形成屏障,阻礙質(zhì)量和能量交換,進而導致水質(zhì)惡化,影響水體中生物的生長。針對此問題,該研究在實驗室條件下對玻璃水槽中2種不同鹽度水體(淡水和4% NaCl溶液)染色,僅依靠浮力作用,觀測水體去分層過程的準備、起動、混合和均勻4個階段;在壓力差的驅(qū)動下,形成“上升流”式的上涌對流,發(fā)現(xiàn)流體上浮至分層界面發(fā)生混合并使躍層增厚,最終引起分層水體失穩(wěn)破壞。依據(jù)試驗結(jié)果總結(jié)出水體分層破壞過程分為準備、起動、混合和均勻4個階段,在給定工況下,100 L/h輸水流量混合作用最強且完全混合的時間最短,25 L/h輸水流量混合作用最弱且完全混合的時間最長。該文發(fā)現(xiàn)在一定鹽度差異下,水體去分層起動時間和完全混合時間的變化規(guī)律對水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)有促進作用。
環(huán)境;養(yǎng)殖;水質(zhì);水體去分層;鹽度分布;混合時間
水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖工程中,自然界的水體分層是困擾生產(chǎn)者的一大難題。水體分層是指天然水體隨深度的增加而呈現(xiàn)密度變化的現(xiàn)象,分層的發(fā)生通常引起環(huán)境的破壞、經(jīng)濟的損失、安全的隱患[1]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在湖泊、水庫、富營養(yǎng)化水塘等水域中,在盛夏季節(jié)出現(xiàn)明顯分層,熱力學分層效應會阻礙表層和底層水體間物質(zhì)交換,形成難以控制的水華,嚴重危害湖水環(huán)境及人類用水安全[2-3]。海水分層還會引起“海水斷崖”,使?jié)撏タ刂?,?963年的“長尾鯊”號核潛艇失事[4]。此外,養(yǎng)殖池塘中的水體分層,常常造成重大的生產(chǎn)損失,養(yǎng)蝦池水分層引起底熱導致蝦病爆發(fā)[5]。因此,自然界中的水體分層是亟待解決的環(huán)境問題之一。
水體分層形成的主要原因是對流不暢,無法打破各層之間的密度差異[6-7]。水體分層會在水中形成一種類似“屏障”作用,阻礙水體質(zhì)量和能量交換,進而引起水質(zhì)惡化[8]。因此,為了保證水體品質(zhì)、環(huán)境和諧,必須對分層的水體進行破壞、消除。水體去分層,即強制干預密度不均的水體充分混合為密度均一的水體[9-10],途徑通常分為三類:1)遮光降低表層水溫,縮小水體溫差而達到混合,但其效果較差且人為遮光成本較高。2)風力擾動強制分層水體發(fā)生混合,但極易受環(huán)境因素制約。3)通過人為充氣、攪水等手段強化水體對流作用,是目前的主流人工去分層技術(shù)。
隨著海洋學的發(fā)展,“上升流去分層技術(shù)”逐漸走入人們視野。機理是將分層水體中的低密度水送至高密度水中,借助浮力作用無需額外的動力源,即可形成上升對流,實現(xiàn)混合水體的目的,理論上可以突破水體深度的限制[11-12]。世界著名的“秘魯漁場”就是上升流混合水體去分層的代表,沿岸強大的秘魯寒流在東南信風的吹拂下形成上升流,底層冷水攜帶大量營養(yǎng)物與表層水混合,消除了海洋躍層的同時為魚類繁殖、生長提供了良好的生存條件[13]。Tsubaki等[14]在解決海洋躍層問題時提出,根據(jù)“鹽指”現(xiàn)象(分層界面處,高溫、高鹽的水向下呈指狀分布)在海洋中插入豎管并提供初始的管涌作用,就可依靠上升流消除海洋躍層,能量消耗低且環(huán)保,但該方法作用較為局限。
池塘分層具有短期性、間歇性、局部性等特點,因而在實驗室條件下采用替代溶液并添加染色示蹤劑是觀察流體運動過程的最直接、最有效的手段。本試驗用淡水-氯化鈉溶液制造鹽度分層,采用彩液示蹤法,選取高錳酸鉀溶液作為示蹤劑將上層淡水染色。在外界作用下,強制向下層水體輸送染色淡水,觀察記錄水體的運動狀態(tài)及分層水體失穩(wěn)過程,探究強制對流去分層的機理。
試驗材料選取亞克力管1根(長55 cm、內(nèi)徑2.5 cm),亞克力連通器1個(管內(nèi)徑2 cm、入水口管長13 cm、出水口管長19 cm),分流器1個(4孔分流、內(nèi)徑4 mm),塑料軟管4根(長2 m、內(nèi)徑4 mm)、塑料薄膜若干(長200 cm、寬200 cm),精制鹽若干(GB/T5461),高錳酸鉀粉末若干(KMnO4化學純度≥99%),自來水若干。
玻璃水槽1個(長113 cm、寬32 cm、深48 cm),標本瓶1個(內(nèi)徑17 cm、高20 cm),小型潛水泵1臺(8 W功率),攝像機1臺(紅米note8 pro),白光燈帶1條(長2 m,24 W功率),自吸泵2臺(220 W功率),YSI 1臺(ProPlus),塑料桶2個(容量300 L)。
增加鹽度在線監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),包括鹽度傳感器5支(0~7%鹽度測量范圍、準確度±1、分辨率1 s),鹽度控制器5臺(0~7%鹽度測量范圍、確度±1、分辨率1 s)。鹽度傳感器分別垂直、等間距設(shè)置在試驗水槽后壁中軸線0、10、20、30、40 cm處,監(jiān)測各水層鹽度變化數(shù)據(jù)并傳輸至鹽度控制器。
同等溫度條件下300 L塑料桶中將40 g高錳酸鉀加入200 L自來水中配制成1:5 000的KMnO4溶液,將8 kg精制鹽加入200 L自來水中配制成鹽度4%NaCl溶液,兩種溶液分別充分攪拌。
試驗系統(tǒng)由玻璃水槽、回水收集槽、回水部分組成?;厮占塾蓸吮酒拷M成,水平位置上沿與試驗水槽一致;注水部分由小型潛水泵、分流器、塑料軟管、亞克力管構(gòu)成,工作時小型潛水泵在回水收集槽抽水經(jīng)分流器、塑料軟管輸送到試驗水槽預定水層;回水部分由亞克力連通器構(gòu)成,入水口位于實驗水槽表層,出水口位于回水水槽底層,工作時通過虹吸作用保持試驗水槽水位穩(wěn)定。
在回水收集槽中加入染色水體(1∶5 000 KMnO4溶液),用亞克力連通器與試驗水槽建立虹吸關(guān)系。高錳酸鉀溶液用于染色上層水體分層,NaCl溶液屬于透明鹽水分層。試驗所用注水部分為1根塑料軟管,供水流量分別為25 L/h、50 L/h、75 L/h、100 L/h;亞克力管出水口設(shè)置于實驗水槽水平中心處、垂直試驗水槽底部,距底1 cm處。
用水泵將鹽水層(4% NaCl溶液)吸入試驗水槽至20 cm處;然后用塑料薄膜覆蓋;再用水泵將淡水層(1∶5 000 KMnO4溶液)吸入塑料薄膜上方,至40 cm處;最后從一側(cè)將塑料薄膜緩慢拉出。此時,水槽20 cm以下為無色透明的鹽水層,20~40 cm為紫紅色清水層。
試驗裝置如圖1所示。在距離水槽2 m處的中軸線位置處放置攝像機,先開啟錄像,后接通潛水泵電源,完整記錄試驗過程。實驗過程中通過水層界面顏色觀察記錄水體波動、混合過程及相關(guān)現(xiàn)象。
通過輸水管向水槽底層輸送清水形成垂直方向?qū)α鞣绞降幕旌献饔?,圖2用染色的方法記錄了在流量為25 L/h的靜壓力條件下,垂直對流混合的去分層過程,圖中水色的浸染反映了混合過程中水體的運動狀態(tài),水色的深淺則反映了表底層水體混合程度。從穩(wěn)定分層開始到水體混合均勻,混合過程可分為準備階段、起動階段、混合階段、混勻階段。
1.試驗水槽;2.亞克力管;3.鹽度傳感器S1;4.鹽度傳感器S2;5.鹽度傳感器S3;6.鹽度傳感器S4;7.鹽度傳感器S5;8.標本瓶;9.小型潛水泵;10.連通器;11.塑料軟管;12.鹽度控制器
圖2 去分層現(xiàn)象全過程
準備階段:試驗開始,輸水管垂直于水平面,貫穿水槽內(nèi)分層水體(上層紅色清水,下層無色鹽水),輸水管內(nèi)外的分層水體(水色)保持一致(見圖2a)。隨著輸水管上端注入清水(紅色),輸水管內(nèi)外的分層水體(水色)發(fā)生變化,輸水管內(nèi)的分層水體(水色)界面發(fā)生下移,直到分層水體(紅色)界面位于輸水管下端開口處,此時輸水管內(nèi)充滿清水(紅色),但未溢出(見圖2b)。
起動階段:隨著輸水管上端繼續(xù)注入淡水(紅色),輸水管內(nèi)的淡水(紅色)開始從輸水管下端開口處溢出,溢出的淡水(紅色)立刻與高鹽水(無色)混合,呈煙霧狀態(tài)沿垂直和水平兩個方向同時擴散。垂直方向上,淡水(紅色)從輸水管下端開口處開始,圍繞輸水管壁外側(cè)栩栩上升;水平方向,淡水(紅色)從輸水管下端開口處開始,圍繞輸水管以同心圓的形式呈煙霧狀向周圍擴散(見圖2c)。當煙霧狀的混合水體上升到中層水槽水體分層界面(上層紅色淡水,下層無色鹽水)時,垂直方向上停止擴散,繼續(xù)維持水平方向擴散繼,直到覆蓋水槽水體分層界面(見圖2d)。
圖2c中形成垂直方向上浮水,這與Walsh等[18-20]等試驗模擬的上升流相同。分析上升流形成的原因在于管口垂直向下,溢出的淡水重力遠小于周圍鹽水浮力,在浮力的作用下產(chǎn)生向上的加速度,這與Middleton等[21-23]等學者報道流體在密度差環(huán)境下形成上升流的原因一致,因而形成圖2c中垂直方向上升的紅色水團。其次,由牛頓第二定律可知,紅色水團上浮做加速直線運動,隨著流速加快,水團會由規(guī)則的層流狀態(tài)變?yōu)槲闪鳡顟B(tài)[20],由于紊流流動具有隨機性,紅色水團無規(guī)則流動,因此,上浮呈現(xiàn)出圖2c“煙霧狀”。另外,上浮水達到中層界面時,由于上層為淡水,下層為鹽水,造成上浮水在液面處停止上升,也無法向下流動,Stacey等[24-25]也在試驗研究中證實分層的存在明顯阻礙水流上下運動,因此上浮水只能在水平界面方向上繼續(xù)延伸擴散,如圖2d所示。
混合階段:當煙霧狀的混合水體沿水平方向擴散至覆蓋水槽水體分層界面(上層紅色淡水,下層無色鹽水)時,水槽水體分層界面開始出現(xiàn)混合水體形成的過渡區(qū)域(紅色煙霧狀)(見圖2e)。隨著輸水管上端淡水(紅色)的繼續(xù)注入,混合水體的垂直和水平不斷擴散,水槽水體分層界面混合水體形成的過渡區(qū)域(紅色煙霧狀)向下擴散的同時厚度不斷增加,過渡區(qū)域(紅色煙霧狀)呈現(xiàn)自上而下紅色逐漸變淺的現(xiàn)象(見圖2f)。
圖2e中形成明顯的過渡帶,這與海洋中的溫躍層(變溫層)類似[26],Maxworthy等[27-28]學者在試驗研究中將這種現(xiàn)象定義為分層過渡區(qū)。隨著試驗的進行,上浮水團不斷水平擴散后堆積,造成躍層的厚度()逐漸增厚,結(jié)合浮力強度[25]公式(1)分析,浮力頻率越小,躍層強度越弱,即躍層越不穩(wěn)定。因此,躍層厚度從試驗開始(約0 cm)不斷增厚(圖2f),混合階段內(nèi)越來越小,躍層變得越來越不穩(wěn)定。
式中是重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2;ρ為躍層上邊界密度,近似為1.0×103kg/m3;ρ為躍層下邊界密度,近似為1.029×103kg/m3;為躍層厚度,cm。
混勻階段:隨著過渡區(qū)域(紅色煙霧狀)的不斷增厚并下沉,仍然可見過渡區(qū)域明顯的自上而下紅色逐漸變淺的現(xiàn)象(見圖2g),直到達到水槽水體的底層開始,過渡區(qū)域(紅色煙霧狀)明顯的自上而下紅色逐漸變淺的現(xiàn)象開始減弱,最終過渡區(qū)域(紅色煙霧狀)消失,水槽水體全部呈現(xiàn)一致的顏色(見圖2h)。
該階段是混合階段的延續(xù),過渡區(qū)域逐漸向下增厚直至達到下端開口高度處,該階段過渡區(qū)域內(nèi)相鄰水層密度逐漸趨于一致,因此,表現(xiàn)出水色逐漸均勻、分層徹底消失的現(xiàn)象。另外,當中層與底層水體密度接近時,上浮的淡水只得不斷堆積于中層以上,以此類推直至表層完全混勻,但受限于上層淡水染色,無法觀察到混合過程,后期可通過鹽度在線監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)反映混勻程度。
消除水體分層的手段,其本質(zhì)均是水體對流作用所引起的傳質(zhì)現(xiàn)象,不同的對流方式所產(chǎn)生的去分層混合過程也有差異[29-31]。本試驗在穩(wěn)定的分層水體中向鹽水(高密度)區(qū)輸送淡水(低密度),在壓力差的作用下,形成“上升流”式的上涌對流作用[32-33],上升流可以促進不同水層的水體交換[34],流體上浮至分層界面發(fā)生混合并使得躍層增厚,最終造成分層水體失穩(wěn)破壞。
圖3顯示了輸水管向水槽底層輸送不同流量的淡水時,5組在線監(jiān)測傳感器記錄的表層、次表層、中層、次底層、底層鹽度變化過程。由試驗數(shù)據(jù)比較可知,輸水流量對槽內(nèi)水體的去分層作用有明顯的影響:100 L/h流量混合作用最強,完全混合的時間最短,25 L/h流量混合作用最弱,完全混合的時間最長。
根據(jù)圖3的4組流量下各水層(除中層外)起動的觀測時間數(shù)據(jù)做圖4a,顯示了靜壓力下各組垂直對流引發(fā)水體啟動混合作用的層次順序均為:次底層、底層、次表層、表層;調(diào)用傳感器存儲的大數(shù)據(jù),擬合輸水量各水層啟動混合影響的冪函數(shù)曲線關(guān)系式如下:
()次底層=(2.82 ± 0.19) + (81.33 ± 10.55)×
(0.93 ± 0.01)R2=0.999 62 (2)
()底層=(9.67 ± 0.92) + (459.78 ± 150.44)×
(0.91 ± 0.01)R2=0.999 09 (3)
()次表層=(11.28 ± 1.02) + (169.18 ± 14.47)×
(0.95 ± 0.00)R2=0.999 47 (4)
()表層=(23.63±2.27)+(299.03±23.47)×
(0.96 ± 0.00)R2=0.999 44 (5)
式中()代表混合時間,min;代表流量,L/h;2代表決定系數(shù)。
圖3 4組流量下各水層鹽度變化情況
圖4 流量隨時間的變化關(guān)系
根據(jù)圖3的四組流量下水槽水體充分混合的觀測時間數(shù)據(jù)做圖4b,調(diào)用傳感器存儲的大數(shù)據(jù),擬合出靜壓力下垂直對流引發(fā)水體混合時,輸水量與充分混合所需時間關(guān)系也呈冪函數(shù)曲線關(guān)系,流量越大各水層混合所需的時間越少,流量越小所需時間越多。
()混勻=(11.38±1.78×10-15)+(?285.20±2.91×10-15)×
(0.98±6.258×10-19)2=0.999 99(6)
總結(jié)試驗數(shù)據(jù),得到擬合計算式(2)~(5),可歸納輸水量分別對次底層、底層、次表層、表層的啟動時間影響的冪函數(shù)曲線;計算式(6)給出了輸水量與充分混合所需時間的關(guān)系。在實驗室給定工況下獲得的這些函數(shù)關(guān)系,對僅在浮力作用下的水體去分層理論有一定的探索,有助于應用在生產(chǎn)實踐。
本文使用水體染色法,在水槽條件下觀測了水體去分層過程。從水色明顯分層開始垂直向下輸?shù)?,?jīng)歷了管內(nèi)充滿紅色水團但未溢出的準備階段,紅色水團溢出后煙霧狀栩栩上浮并在分層界面水平擴散開來的起動階段,分層界面紅色變淺逐漸向下增厚形成過渡區(qū)域的混合階段,最終達到水色一致的混勻階段。總結(jié)獲得如下結(jié)論:
1)根據(jù)觀測現(xiàn)象,將僅在浮力作用下的水體去分層過程分解為準備、起動、混合和均勻4個階段。
2)消除水體分層,本質(zhì)是水體對流作用所引起的質(zhì)量傳遞現(xiàn)象。在壓力差的驅(qū)動下,向穩(wěn)定的鹽水區(qū)輸送淡水形成“上升流”致使躍層增厚,最終造成分層水體失穩(wěn)破壞。在本試驗工況下,100 L/h輸水流量混合作用最強,完全混合的時間最短,25 L/h輸水流量混合作用最弱,完全混合的時間最長。
總結(jié)歸納4組實驗數(shù)據(jù),得到輸水量對次底層、底層、次表層、表層啟動時間的影響規(guī)律,和輸水量與充分混合所需時間的關(guān)系,實現(xiàn)對更多工況的準確預測,對于指導生產(chǎn)實踐有所幫助。
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Effects of different salinity on water delamination under laboratory conditions
Zhang Kun1, Han Yuning1, Li Lezhou2, Zhou Wei2※
(1.,,116021,;2.,,116021,)
Salinity stratification has caused the uneven distribution of nutrients in the water body for aquaculture. A barrier layer can be normally formed to hinder the exchange of quality and energy, leading to the deterioration of water quality. Therefore, stratification can pose a great threat to the growth of organisms in the water body. In this study, two kinds of water bodies were dyed with different salinity in a glass tank in the laboratory. Four stages of water body delamination were observed: preparation, start-up, mixing, and homogenization, when depending only on buoyancy. Among them, the pressure difference was driven to form the upwelling convection of the "upwelling" type. The upwelling was then floated up to the layered interface for the mixing and thick thermocline. Eventually, the layered water body triggered the instability and destruction. The experimental system consisted of a glass tank, a backwater collecting tank, a water injection, and a backwater part. Specifically, the glass tank was the main body of the system. The backwater collecting tank was composed of sample bottles, whose upper edge of the horizontal position was aligned with the experimental tank. The water injection part also included the small submersible pump, diverter, plastic hose, and acrylic pipe. The water in the return collection tank was firstly delivered by the small submersible pump, and then carried to the predetermined water layer of the test tank via the diverter and plastic hose. In the backwater part, the inlet of acrylic connectors was set on the surface of the experimental water tank, while the outlet was on the bottom of the backwater tank. The water level of the experimental water tank was kept stable by the siphoning during operation. The salinity change was recorded on the surface, subsurface, middle, sub bottom, and bottom layer. Five groups of sensors were used to online monitor the process, when the water pipe was delivered the fresh water of different flows to the bottom layer of the tank. The results show that there was a significant impact of the water delivery flow on the delamination of the water body in the tank. Furthermore, there was the strongest mixing effect of 100 L/h flow, and the shortest time of complete mixing. By contrast, there was the weakest mixing effect of 25 L/h flow, and the longest time of complete mixing. A large amount of experimental data was summarized to obtain the fitting formulas. The function curve was then achieved in the impact of water delivery on the start-up time of the sub bottom, bottom, sub surface, and surface layer. A specific relationship was obtained between the water delivery volume and the time required for the full mixing under the given working conditions in the laboratory. The layered destruction of the water body was summarized to determine the influence of the water delivery flow on the salinity, starting, and mixing time of the water layer. The finding can also provide a strong reference for aquaculture production.
environment; breed; water quality; delamination of water body; salinity distribution; mixing time
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.17.026
S96
A
1002-6819(2022)-17-0240-06
張琨,韓宇寧,李樂洲,等. 實驗室條件下不同鹽度水體去分層試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報,2022,38(17):240-245. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.17.026 http://www.tcsae.org
Zhang Kun, Han Yuning, Li Lezhou, et al. Effects of different salinity on water delamination under laboratory conditions[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2022, 38(17): 240-245. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.17.026 http://www.tcsae.org
2022-05-12
2022-08-24
大連市科技創(chuàng)新基金項目(2020JJ26SN063);遼寧省興遼英才項目“海參安全高效智慧養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)研究項目”(XLYC1808029)
張琨,博士,副教授,碩士生導師,研究方向為流動與傳熱傳質(zhì)。Email:zhk@dlou.edu.cn
周瑋,博士,碩士生導師,研究方向為水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖和產(chǎn)業(yè)化技術(shù)。Email:zhouwei@dlou.edu.cn