The tomb of the Marquis of Haihun is the best-preserved and most complete tomb at the marquis level or above in the Western Han Dynasty.

1.1 一般資料 收集復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院2003年1月至2017年12月出院診斷為DM/PM合并ARDS的患者共5例。病例中DM/PM診斷均符合1975年Bohan和Peter提出的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(B/P標(biāo)準(zhǔn))[4]及2004年歐洲神經(jīng)肌肉疾病中心(European Neuromuscular Centre，ENMC)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。ARDS診斷采用柏林標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]。

March 2011 to October 2016

Southeast of Guanxi Village,Nanchang City,Jiangxi Province

L iu He (92-59 B.C.),the Marquis of Haihun of the Western Han Dynasty(202 B.C.-8 A.D.),was not a well-known historical figure in China.Although he once sat on the throne of the empire,he was deposed within a month of his reign.He was the shortestreigning emperor of the Western Han Dynasty,and few historical records were left about him.However,the archaeological excavation of his tomb created a sensation.

The tomb of the Marquis of Haihun caused a sensation due to the astonishing volume of gold ware,hence its nickname “Great Gold Tomb.” Archaeologists unearthed 385 gold cakes,50 horseshoe-shaped gold ingots,25 Kirin-toe-shaped gold ingots,and 20 gold plates,for a total weight of more than 120 kilograms and with purity of 99 percent.Yang believes that the tomb had the best-preserved and most concentrated collection of gold relics ever excavated from Han tombs in China.It testifies to why the Western Han Dynasty was regarded by Westerners as a dynasty rich in gold.

40,000 square meters

“The tomb robbers accurately dug towards the center of the tomb from the top of the earth mound,” said Yang Jun.“According to general rituals and customs,there would be something in the middle of the tomb.However,this tomb had the room-like structure of the Western Han Dynasty,and the center of the tomb was empty.They would have succeeded if they had been allowed to keep working for one more day.” Yang is a researcher at the Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and leader of the archaeological excavation of the tomb of the Marquis of Haihun.After the robbery hole was located,he rushed to the scene as soon as possible.

So far,the cemetery of the Marquis of Haihun is the only with real chariots and horses as burial objects ever found in areas south of the Yangtze River in China.The chariot and horse burial pit is located on the west side of the main tomb.Archaeologists found five painted wooden chariots and traces of 20 horses in the pit as well as more than 3,000 pieces of exquisite gold and silver chariot decorations.

通過以上的分析和研究，淡水養(yǎng)殖工作中，為了確保效益的獲取和提升，需要在各個(gè)流程與發(fā)展下，保證工作的嚴(yán)格控制和完善化，在這種情況下，不僅能為養(yǎng)殖行業(yè)發(fā)展提供保障，也能促進(jìn)工作的科學(xué)開展。

To optimally protect the cultural relics,low-oxygen working space technology in aerospace was adopted for the first time during excavation.Yang stressed that protection and restoration of important cultural relics must be carried out in anaerobic or hypoxic state.For that reason,the Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology set up a 20-square-meter hypoxic workshop capable of maintaining pure nitrogen with oxygen of less than one percent and relative humidity that can be adjusted within a range of 20 to 80 percent to reduce the damage to cultural relics caused by normal air composition.Archaeologists must wear oxygen masks to work inside it.

Ahead of Tomb Robbers

In March 2011,the police department in Xinjian District of Nanchang City received a report from residents of Guanxi Village that a group of outsiders had arrived in their village days previously and rented a house from local people.Locals became suspicious of the visitors’ behavior:They went out at night several times in a row,causing village dogs to bark fiercely,and flashes of light were seen on Mount Guodun,about a kilometer southeast of Guanxi Village.

According to clues provided by the villagers,the police arrested a tomb robbery gang and seized the cultural relics they stole along with their tools.

Rated as one of China’s top 10 new archaeological discoveries in 2015;

The tomb robbers’ “l(fā)oss”was a luck for the country’s cultural heritage protection drive.Excavation of the tomb began immediately.As excavation progressed,the mystery as to the owner of the tomb was solved,and he was Liu He,the Marquis of Haihun.“It took a year to remove the soil sealing thetomb,” Yang said.The main tomb chamber was equivalent to building an eight-meter-deep palace in the ground according to the rank of a marquis and then pressing seven meters of soil on top.

In general,the entire cemetery has a trapezoidal layout,with an area of about 46,000 square meters.It consists of two main tombs—one for Marquis Liu He and the other for his wife,as well as seven auxiliary tombs,a burial pit,and tomb walls,gates,bedrooms,ancestral halls,wing rooms,temples,and dwellings for tomb keepers.The cemetery has a complete road system and drainage facilities.

由于塌方段地質(zhì)條件復(fù)雜，各孔和各測(cè)點(diǎn)間的巖體變形模量和彈性模量差異相對(duì)較大。水泥灌漿后和化灌前，圍巖近20個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)的巖體變形模量總體在1.7 GPa～8.6 GPa之間，均值為5.0 GPa。復(fù)合灌漿后34個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)的巖體變形模量在1.4 GPa～9.8 GPa之間，均值為5.3 GPa，灌漿后巖體的變形模量略有提高，但總體提高不明顯。

“Great Gold Tomb”

Western Han Dynasty

Listed as one of China’s 100 great archaeological discoveries in the past 100 years in 2021

Some 5,200 bamboo slips were unearthed from the tomb.Among them,archaeologists discovered the chapter“Knowing” of

that had beenmissing for 1,800 years.

據(jù)國(guó)家郵政局網(wǎng)站消息，為規(guī)范智能快件箱寄遞服務(wù)，推動(dòng)快遞市場(chǎng)健康發(fā)展，國(guó)家郵政局起草了《智能快件箱寄遞服務(wù)管理辦法（征求意見稿）》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《意見稿》)，向社會(huì)公開征求意見?！兑庖姼濉分赋?，對(duì)在約定保管期內(nèi)的快件，智能快件箱運(yùn)營(yíng)企業(yè)不得向用戶收費(fèi)。

The archaeological excavation of the tomb has helped people learn more about Liu He and the hidden history of his short time on the throne.In historical records,Liu was labeled as “doing fatuous things and possibly endangering the country,” but the archaeological discoveries sent a different message.“We found no evidence for anything fatuous,”said Xin Lixiang,head of the expert team for the archaeological excavation of the tomb of the Marquis of Haihun and former director of the Committee of Qin and Han Archaeology of the Chinese Society of Archaeology.He said that the unearthed cultural relics show Liu He had been well educated,verifying a depiction of him “holding a pen and bamboo slips” in historical records.He argued that Liu He’s ouster may have been the result of power struggle in the royal court.

陳漫(1971-),女,漢族，四川成都人，本科，經(jīng)濟(jì)師，新疆新能物業(yè)服務(wù)有限責(zé)任公司綜合管理部負(fù)責(zé)人，研究方向：經(jīng)濟(jì)管理。

目前，鹽堿地改良探索實(shí)踐了流轉(zhuǎn)企業(yè)的新型經(jīng)營(yíng)合作模式，為農(nóng)企雙贏提供了有力保障。科研院校初步篩選和試驗(yàn)了一批具有較好耐鹽堿性的牧草、糧經(jīng)作物、綠肥等優(yōu)良新品種。優(yōu)選了一批生物型、化學(xué)型的復(fù)合生態(tài)改良劑與調(diào)理制劑，暗管排鹽、上膜下秸、節(jié)水灌溉等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)初見成效。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施企業(yè)試驗(yàn)示范地塊的牧草、食葵、水稻等作物在輕、中度鹽堿地上長(zhǎng)勢(shì)良好，對(duì)比試驗(yàn)效果顯著。鹽堿地水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖、地下水抽咸換淡、油菜覆膜播種等特色技術(shù)的試驗(yàn)工作進(jìn)展順利。

The excavation of cultural relics is only the first step of archaeology.The excavation of the tomb of the Marquis of Haihun lasted five years,but represents only the start of archaeological research of the tomb.According to Yang Jun,the cultural relics unearthed from the tomb are so diverse and numerous,and they would be difficult to protect.He estimated a decade or two for complete research and protection,insisting that the task would stretch beyond a single generation of researchers.Perhaps it will take two generations to finish this project.