萬(wàn)仁海 徐建華 尚龍華
【摘要】 目的:探討腹腔鏡、膽道鏡、十二指腸鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管術(shù)在膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石中的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法:選擇2020年2月-2021年5月江西省中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院收治的膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石患者80例為研究對(duì)象。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為對(duì)照組與觀察組,各40例。對(duì)照組實(shí)施腹腔鏡膽囊切除+膽道探查+“T”管引流術(shù),觀察組實(shí)施腹腔鏡+膽道鏡+十二指腸鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管術(shù)。比較兩組手術(shù)指標(biāo),統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組肝功能指標(biāo)恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間,分析兩組炎癥細(xì)胞因子[超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)]和致痛物質(zhì)[感覺(jué)神經(jīng)肽P物質(zhì)(SP)]變化趨勢(shì),統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組術(shù)后3個(gè)月并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)中失血量少于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間早于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和總膽紅素恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間均早于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組術(shù)后1、3 d及出院時(shí)hs-CRP、SP水平均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月,觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:針對(duì)膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石者,行腹腔鏡、膽道鏡、十二指腸鏡三鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管術(shù)治療,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,有利于促進(jìn)患者肝功能早期恢復(fù),降低機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)和疼痛程度,且并發(fā)癥少,安全性高。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 腹腔鏡 膽道鏡 十二指腸鏡 免“T”管 膽囊結(jié)石 肝外膽管結(jié)石
Application of Triple-scopy Combined with “T” Tube-Free Surgery in Gallbladder Stones Combined with Extrahepatic Bile Duct Stones/WAN Renhai, XU Jianhua, SHANG Longhua. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(16): 0-052
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the clinical application value of laparoscopic, choledochoscopy and duodenoscope combined with “T” tube-free surgery in gallbladder stones combined with extrahepatic bile duct stones. Method: From February 2020 to May 2021, 80 patients with gallbladder stones combined with extrahepatic bile duct stones treated in Jiangxi General Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine were selected as the research objects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the observation group, 40 cases in each group. The control group was given laparoscopic cholecystectomy + biliary tract exploration + “T” tube drainage surgery, the observation group was given laparoscopic + choledochoscopy +duodenoscope combined with “T” tube-free surgery. The surgical indicators of two groups were compared, the time of liver function indicators to return to normal of two groups were counted, and the inflammatory cytokine [hypersensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP)] and the pain-causing substance [sensory neuropeptide substance P (SP)] change trend of two groups were analyzed, the total incidence of complications in 3 months after operation of two groups were were counted. Result: The operation time and postoperative hospital stay of the observation group were shorter than those of the control group, the blood loss during operation was less than that of the control group, and the postoperative anal exhaust time was earlier than that of the control group (P<0.05). The times of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin returned to normal of the observation group were earlier than those of the control group (P<0.05). The hs-CRP and SP levels of the observation group at 1, 3 d after operation and at discharge were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Two groups were followed up for 3 months after operation, the incidence of complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: For patients with gallbladder stones and extrahepatic bile duct stones, laparoscopic, choledochoscopy and duodenoscope combined with “T” tube-free surgery treatment can be performed with little surgical trauma, which is beneficial to promote the early recovery of patients’ liver function, reduce inflammation and degree of pain, with fewer complications and high safety.
[Key words] Laparoscopy Choledochoscopy Duodenoscope “T” tube-free Gallbladder stones Extrahepatic bile duct stones
First-author’s address: Jiangxi General Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang 330003, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.16.011
膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石其發(fā)病率約占膽石癥總發(fā)病率的90%[1]。治療上則以膽囊切除,膽道鏡檢聯(lián)合“T”管引流為主,雖然其能有效解除結(jié)石困擾,但術(shù)后長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的“T”管引流可能導(dǎo)致機(jī)體水、電解質(zhì)平衡紊亂,同時(shí)留置“T”管期間可能出現(xiàn)管道移位、逆行感染、脫管等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且留置引流期間,給患者生活帶來(lái)較大不便[2]。近年隨著腹腔鏡微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,膽囊結(jié)石、肝內(nèi)外膽管結(jié)石等均可通過(guò)微創(chuàng)手段進(jìn)行治療[3]。針對(duì)膽囊管、膽總管等的探查技術(shù)日益成熟,相對(duì)于常規(guī)的術(shù)后“T”管引流,能達(dá)到一期手術(shù)解決結(jié)石困擾,避免長(zhǎng)時(shí)間留置“T”管給患者帶來(lái)不適甚至并發(fā)癥,而且手術(shù)無(wú)需切開(kāi)Oddi括約肌,有效地保留患者生理功能,更利于術(shù)后早期恢復(fù)[4]。本研究則主要探討腹腔鏡+膽道鏡+十二指腸鏡三鏡聯(lián)合,免“T”管引流治療膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石的臨床價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇2020年2月-2021年5月江西省中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院收治的膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石患者80例為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡18~50歲;既往精神狀況正常;文化程度小學(xué)及以上。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):急性起病;化膿性膽管炎;嚴(yán)重循環(huán)呼吸功能不全;妊娠或哺乳期;其他原發(fā)性或繼發(fā)性肝膽疾病;糖尿病;曾實(shí)施膽道相關(guān)手術(shù)。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為觀察組與對(duì)照組,每組40例。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法 所有患者均在全身麻醉氣管插管下完成手術(shù),并采取三孔法完成手術(shù)操作。對(duì)照組腹腔鏡膽囊切除+膽道探查+“T”管引流術(shù)。術(shù)中仔細(xì)解剖膽囊三角后離斷膽囊動(dòng)脈,游離膽囊管,于膽囊壺腹部夾閉并離斷膽囊管,取出膽囊,隨后膽道鏡置入膽總管行取石術(shù),隨后留置“T”管引流。觀察組實(shí)施腹腔鏡+膽道鏡+十二指腸鏡下免“T”管術(shù)。術(shù)中取頭高腳低位,選擇臍上、劍突下、右鎖骨中線肋緣下分別置入鏡頭和操作鞘卡,暴露膽囊三角并顯露膽囊管上可吸收夾,但暫不離斷膽囊,以便術(shù)中牽拉,隨后分離膽囊動(dòng)脈并離斷,并以膽囊為支點(diǎn)牽拉暴露膽總管,小注射器針頭試穿明確膽汁確認(rèn)膽總管,于膽總管前壁切開(kāi)1 cm左右切口,置入膽道鏡并取出膽總管、左右肝膽管和肝內(nèi)外膽管中結(jié)石,評(píng)價(jià)Oddis括約肌功能及有無(wú)合并狹窄,隨后通過(guò)膽道鏡明視下置入引導(dǎo)絲越過(guò)壺腹部并進(jìn)入十二指腸內(nèi),結(jié)合應(yīng)用十二指腸鏡明視下抓取鼻膽管遠(yuǎn)端將其經(jīng)鼻腔內(nèi)脫出體外,隨后再次確定膽管中鼻膽管位置后妥善固定,最后離斷并切除膽囊管及膽囊。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組手術(shù)指標(biāo)。包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間。(2)比較兩組肝功能指標(biāo)恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間。肝功能指標(biāo)包括谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT,雙抗體夾心法,正常值0~40 U/L)、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST,雙抗體夾心法,正常值0~40 U/L)和總膽紅素(TBIL,酶循環(huán)法,正常值3.4~17.1 μmol/L)。(3)比較兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1 d、術(shù)后3 d和出院時(shí)超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)、感覺(jué)神經(jīng)肽P物質(zhì)(SP)變化趨勢(shì)。hs-CRP采用免疫比濁法檢測(cè),正常值≤10 mg/L;SP采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測(cè),正常值287.43~683.45 pmol/L。(4)統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。并發(fā)癥包括膽漏、膽道出血、結(jié)石殘余及膽道狹窄。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 觀察組,男15例,女25例;年齡19~50歲,平均(35.7±2.9)歲;確診膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石時(shí)間1個(gè)月~3年,平均(1.5±0.2)年。對(duì)照組,男14例,女26例;年齡18~49歲,平均(35.6±2.8)歲;確診膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石時(shí)間1個(gè)月~3年,平均(1.6±0.3)年。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組手術(shù)指標(biāo)比較 觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)中失血量少于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間早于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組肝功能指標(biāo)恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間比較 觀察組谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和總膽紅素恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間均早于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 兩組hs-CRP變化趨勢(shì)比較 兩組術(shù)前hs-CRP水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組術(shù)后1、3 d及出院時(shí)hs-CRP水平均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.5 兩組SP變化趨勢(shì)比較 兩組術(shù)前SP水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組術(shù)后1、3 d及出院時(shí)SP水平均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
較術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月,觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(字2=7.314,P=0.007),見(jiàn)表5。
3 討論
膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石屬于臨床常見(jiàn)結(jié)石性疾病,以往實(shí)施的膽囊切除+膽總管切開(kāi)取石聯(lián)合“T”管引流是治療主流[5],其雖能有效清除結(jié)石,適應(yīng)范圍廣,治療方法成熟,安全性高,且通過(guò)留置的“T”管還能達(dá)到一定的術(shù)后引流微小殘留結(jié)石的目的[6],然而該術(shù)式創(chuàng)傷大,尤其是術(shù)后長(zhǎng)時(shí)間留置“T”管,其以發(fā)生水電解質(zhì)紊亂、酸堿失衡、膽漏、膽道感染等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),并發(fā)癥增多等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7]。腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡聯(lián)合十二指腸鏡治療,一期置入鼻膽管達(dá)到免“T”管引流效果,通過(guò)膽管支撐,減少常規(guī)“T”管引流術(shù)后電解質(zhì)失衡及意外脫管等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8],同時(shí)還最大限度地保留Oddi括約肌功能,顯著改善患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,越來(lái)越受到臨床重視[9]。
本研究針對(duì)膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石患者實(shí)施腹腔鏡聯(lián)合膽道鏡聯(lián)合十二指腸鏡三鏡聯(lián)合,免“T”管治療,相對(duì)于常規(guī)腹腔鏡下膽囊切除、膽道探查、“T”管引流,比較兩組手術(shù)指標(biāo)發(fā)現(xiàn),觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)中失血量少于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間早于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。證明針對(duì)膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石實(shí)施三鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管治療,其手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,更利于術(shù)后恢復(fù)。同時(shí)比較兩組肝功能指標(biāo)恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間發(fā)現(xiàn),觀察組谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和總膽紅素恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間均早于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。說(shuō)明針對(duì)膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石實(shí)施三鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管術(shù)治療,可更有效地促進(jìn)患者損傷的肝功能早期恢復(fù)正常。另外統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組炎癥因子hs-CRP變化趨勢(shì)和致痛物質(zhì)SP變化趨勢(shì)發(fā)現(xiàn),觀察組術(shù)后1、3 d及出院時(shí)hs-CRP、SP水平均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。證實(shí)針對(duì)膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石實(shí)施三鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管術(shù)治療,能更大限度地降低機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng),且手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷相對(duì)較小,患者術(shù)后疼痛程度相對(duì)較低。最后統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況發(fā)現(xiàn),觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。說(shuō)明針對(duì)膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石實(shí)施三鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管術(shù)治療,其并發(fā)癥少,安全性高。
本研究觀察組實(shí)施的腹腔鏡、膽道鏡、十二指腸鏡三鏡聯(lián)合,并一期置入鼻膽管達(dá)到免“T”管引流目的,術(shù)中明視下進(jìn)行肝內(nèi)外膽管探查,有效地針對(duì)肉眼可見(jiàn)結(jié)石進(jìn)行處理[10],顯著提高結(jié)石取出率,更利于術(shù)后殘余微小結(jié)石的排出[11]。而且其手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、操作范圍小,進(jìn)一步降低手術(shù)對(duì)機(jī)體的促進(jìn)而減輕嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)[12]。同時(shí)結(jié)合鼻膽管置入達(dá)到膽道支撐效應(yīng),有效降低膽道壓力,并避免了常規(guī)“T”管引流所致的并發(fā)癥,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少出血量,在達(dá)到充分引流效果同時(shí),達(dá)到一期縫合效果[13]。然而三鏡聯(lián)合操作相對(duì)復(fù)雜,可能因十二指腸鏡置入失敗而導(dǎo)致中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹可能,同時(shí)對(duì)醫(yī)師操作亦提出更高要求[14-20]。
綜上所述,針對(duì)膽囊結(jié)石合并肝外膽管結(jié)石患者,行腹腔鏡、膽道鏡、十二指腸鏡三鏡聯(lián)合免“T”管術(shù)治療,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,有利于促進(jìn)患者肝功能早期恢復(fù),降低機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)和疼痛程度,且并發(fā)癥少,安全性高。
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(收稿日期:2021-12-13) (本文編輯:程旭然)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2022年16期