蔣建平
一、命題解讀
高考英語全國卷完形填空要求考生能夠領(lǐng)悟一篇有空缺的文章的語篇大意,考生根據(jù)已學(xué)知識(shí),整體理解,通篇考慮,推導(dǎo)“未知”內(nèi)容,因此,該題具有主觀性測(cè)試和客觀性測(cè)試的雙重優(yōu)點(diǎn)??忌仨氃谝欢ǖ臅r(shí)間內(nèi)讀懂文章,把握作者意圖,推斷文章內(nèi)涵,然后根據(jù)上下文語境,從整體上把握文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系,并結(jié)合所學(xué)的語言知識(shí)和各種常識(shí)選出符合語境和文意的詞匯。
二、解題策略
1. 利用習(xí)慣搭配及固定結(jié)構(gòu)解題
在完形填空題中,對(duì)詞匯知識(shí)的考查主要體現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣搭配及固定結(jié)構(gòu)和同義詞、近義詞的辨析兩方面。習(xí)慣搭配是英語中某種固定的結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài),即所謂的“習(xí)語”,不能隨意改動(dòng)。所以,考生平時(shí)應(yīng)掌握好習(xí)慣搭配。近年來,高考對(duì)詞義辨析題的考查有加大力度的趨勢(shì)。要做好這類題,考生需要有較大的詞匯量、較強(qiáng)的詞匯搭配能力和詞匯辨析能力,特別是在特定的語境中能靈活運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。
【典例鏈接】(2021·全國乙卷)As she was? ?51? ?(leaving) she was eager to say
52? ?to each of us in the nursing team.
52. A. sorry B. hello C. goodbye D. yes
【點(diǎn)石成金】C 本題可以利用習(xí)慣搭配解題。根據(jù)As she was leaving可知,當(dāng)她要離開時(shí),她急切地想和我們護(hù)理隊(duì)的每一個(gè)人說再見。say goodbye to sb是習(xí)慣搭配,意為“和某人告別”,符合語境,故選C。
2. 利用首句信息,推測(cè)語篇主旨
完形填空一般無標(biāo)題,首句一般不設(shè)空。首句往往是全文的關(guān)鍵句,或者稱為主題句,通常起著開啟、概括或貫穿全文的作用。首句可以幫助我們判斷文章的體裁,捕捉文章的要素,預(yù)測(cè)文章的發(fā)展。若首句交代了when、where、who和what,即四個(gè)W,那么這篇文章就是記敘文,很可能就是一個(gè)故事。為了測(cè)試考生對(duì)語篇的理解能力,命題者特別注重選材的趣味性,其結(jié)尾往往出人意料,耐人尋味;若首句提出或解釋說明某事物,一般來說這篇文章就是說明文;若首句提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn),那么這篇文章往往就是議論文。
【典例鏈接】For many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source (來源) of temptation(誘惑). But the? ? 16? ? would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money.
16. A. hope ? ? B. aim ? ? C. urge ? ? D. effort
【點(diǎn)石成金】C 語境:對(duì)于很多人來說,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)裝有400英鎊且無人看管的錢包是很有誘惑力的;對(duì)于一個(gè)饑餓、貧困的流浪漢來說,這誘惑力無疑會(huì)更強(qiáng)烈。故選C。
3. 尋找提示信息,重視語境意義
完形填空主要考查考生對(duì)語境的理解,所以考生在做題時(shí)要有全局觀念,要有連貫性思維,要把每個(gè)設(shè)空處的含義與前后句的意思聯(lián)系起來理解,進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷??瞻滋幥昂笸ǔ?huì)有提示,這種提示多為后面提示前面。
【典例鏈接】(2021·全國甲卷)The seagulls immediately went? ?32? . They rushed to the window, 30 or 40 birds all trying to? ?33? ?at the same time, and pepperoni—everywhere. The curtains were falling down; the lamps were falling down. It was a real? ? 34? ?.
32. A. hungry? ? ? B. dead? ? ? ? C. missing? ? ? D. wild
33. A. wake up? ? B. get out? C. take off? ? ? D. break in
34. A. mess? ? B. puzzle? ? ? C. fight? ? ? ? D. challenge
【點(diǎn)石成金】32. D 33. B 34. A 這三道題可以利用語境分析法解題。根據(jù)第32空后的“They rushed to the window, 30 or 40 birds all trying to? ?33? ?at the same time, and pepperoni—everywhere.”可知,它們沖向窗戶,30或40只鳥都試圖同時(shí)飛出去,把意大利辣肉腸弄得到處都是,故第32題選D。(看到有人進(jìn)來,)海鷗立刻變得瘋狂起來。這些海鷗沖向窗戶,要飛出酒店,故第33題選B。再根據(jù)“The curtains were falling down; the lamps were falling down.”可知,意大利辣肉腸被弄得到處都是,窗簾和燈都掉下來了,酒店內(nèi)一片混亂,故第34題選A。gzslib2022040112114. 識(shí)別語篇標(biāo)志,理清邏輯關(guān)系
語篇一般指比句子長的語言單位,如句群、段落、篇章等。語篇與語篇之間往往有表明其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞匯,這些詞匯被稱為“語篇標(biāo)志”。例如:表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的語篇標(biāo)志有firstly、secondly、thirdly、finally等;表示因果關(guān)系的語篇標(biāo)志有thus、therefore、so等;表示改變?cè)掝}的語篇標(biāo)志有by the way等;表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的語篇標(biāo)志有besides、what's more、furthermore等;表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的語篇標(biāo)志有before、so far、meanwhile、later等;表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系的語篇標(biāo)志有but、while、although等。在做完形填空時(shí),考生如果能充分利用這些語篇標(biāo)志,就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡(luò),弄清上下文的關(guān)系。
【典例鏈接】(2020·全國甲卷)“Nicolo,” whose real name cannot be? ?41? ?to the public because of Italy's privacy laws,? ?42? ?(finished) working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
41. A. attached B. allocated C. exposed D. submitted
【點(diǎn)石成金】C 本題可以利用邏輯關(guān)系解題。because of表示因果關(guān)系,設(shè)空處的語境為“因?yàn)橐獯罄碾[私法,所以Nicolo的真實(shí)名字不能暴露給公眾”,故選C。
5. 通過復(fù)現(xiàn)詞和同現(xiàn)詞解題
(1)復(fù)現(xiàn)原則
這類題多為同義詞、近義詞和反義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)或同義詞、近義詞和反義詞的異形的復(fù)現(xiàn)。這類試題主要考查考生的整體篇章意識(shí)和對(duì)上下文的推斷能力。
【典例鏈接】Lamb and mother? ?39? ?(reunited), I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me. This was so? ?40? ?(unexpected) because I had put the handbrake on when I jumped out.? ?41? ?(Obviously) Don had somehow made the? ?42? ?move.
42. A. lamb B. vehicle C. seat D. fence
【點(diǎn)石成金】B 本題可以利用上義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。根據(jù)上文中的the tractor可知,此處指Don以某種方式使車輛(vehicle)動(dòng)了起來。vehicle是tractor的上義詞,故選B。
【典例鏈接】(2019·全國甲卷)A local farmer told them the dog sounded like one
50? ?as lost in the local paper. The ad had a? ?51? ?(phone) number for a town in south-ern Michigan. Ehlers? ?52? ?(called) the number of Jeff and Lisa to tell them he had? ?53? .(found) their dog.
50. A. predicted B. advertised C. believed D. recorded
【點(diǎn)石成金】B 本題可以利用同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。結(jié)合設(shè)空后一句中的The ad以及后面的in the local paper可知,一位當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)場(chǎng)主告訴他們,這只狗好像是在當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙上刊登廣告(advertised)尋找的那只丟失的狗。設(shè)空處與下文中的ad(=advertisement)是同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn),故選B。
(2)同現(xiàn)原則
同現(xiàn),即相關(guān)聯(lián)信息在文章中的呼應(yīng)。同現(xiàn)指意義上相互聯(lián)系的單詞同時(shí)或連續(xù)出現(xiàn)在同一語篇中。一個(gè)語篇,一個(gè)話題,要求有與之相關(guān)的詞匯。
名詞同現(xiàn):與一個(gè)話題或一個(gè)名詞出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)語境的另一個(gè)名詞,如: school—primary school—middle school—college—university;students—pupils—graduates—post-graduates。
動(dòng)詞同現(xiàn):與一個(gè)話題或一個(gè)名詞出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)語境的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,如:school—teach—learn—attend—found—drop out—graduate—be dismissed。
形容詞同現(xiàn):就某一語境而言,出現(xiàn)的形容詞也是有規(guī)律的。就消極情緒而言,可以有:worried—concerned—anxious。
結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn):指一些短語成對(duì)或依次出現(xiàn)在文章中,如:some..., others...;on the one hand..., on the other hand...;former..., latter...;so...that...;not only...but also...;hardly/scarcely...when...;no sooner...than...;be about to do/be doing/had done/be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way...when...。gzslib2022040112116. 利用作者的態(tài)度或感情色彩關(guān)聯(lián)解題
在做高考完形填空題時(shí),我們一定要在快速閱讀文章的過程中,仔細(xì)找出能夠反映作者態(tài)度和感情色彩的重要詞匯,它們往往是名詞、形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。這些詞匯通常是我們做題時(shí)重要的答題線索,可以幫助我們快速確定某些題目的正確答案。
【典例鏈接】(2020·全國乙卷)Since our twins began learning to walk, my wife and I have kept telling them that our sliding glass door is just a window. The? ? 41? ? (reason) is obvious. If we? ? 42? ? it is a door, they'll want to go outside? ? 43? . It will drive us crazy.
42. A. admit B. believe C. mean D. realize
43. A. gradually B. constantly C. temporarily D. casually
【點(diǎn)石成金】42. A 43. B 本題可以利用作者的感情色彩關(guān)聯(lián)解題。根據(jù)本段首句可知,作者和妻子撒謊說門是一扇窗戶;再根據(jù)下文中的crazy一詞可知,上文的行為會(huì)使作者和妻子發(fā)瘋。根據(jù)作者的這種情感態(tài)度可知,此處表示“如果我們承認(rèn)(admit)它是一扇門,他們就會(huì)不斷地(constantly)想出去”,故第42題選A,第43題選B。
7. 利用首尾呼應(yīng)關(guān)系解題
記敘文類的完形填空在很多情況下不僅僅是在講一個(gè)故事,而是要通過故事來升華主題,而升華的內(nèi)容往往在文章結(jié)尾處,并與首段內(nèi)容形成首尾呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。因此,我們?cè)谧鲎詈髱椎李}時(shí),要學(xué)會(huì)“回頭看”(重點(diǎn)看首段)。不要過早地放松而忽略了首尾呼應(yīng)關(guān)系,導(dǎo)致在最后一兩道題上留下遺憾。
【典例鏈接】Hannah Taylor is a schoolgirl from Manitoba, Canada. One day, when she was five years old, she was walking with her mother in downtown Winnipeg. They saw a man? ? 36? ? (eating) out of a garbage can. She asked her mother why he did that, and her mother said that the man was homeless and hungry. Hannah was very? ? 37? ? (upset). She couldn't understand why some people had to live their lives without shelter or enough food. Hannah started to think about how she could? ? 38? ? (help), but, of course, there is not a lot one five-year-old can do to solve (解決) the problem of homelessness.
...
Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a? ?55? ?in the world. You can, too!
55. A. choice B. profit C. judgement D. difference
【點(diǎn)石成金】D 本題可以利用首尾呼應(yīng)關(guān)系解題。文章首段講到漢娜在五歲時(shí)看到無家可歸的人在垃圾箱里撿東西吃,她對(duì)此很難過。通過首段尾句“Hannah started to think about how she could? ? 38? ? (help), but, of course, there is not a lot one five-year-old can do to solve the problem of homelessness.”可知,漢娜很想幫助這些人。而末段的“Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a? ?55? ?in the world. You can, too!”這句話與首段呼應(yīng)。根據(jù)文章可知,漢娜是眾多年輕人中的一個(gè)例子,她通過努力對(duì)這個(gè)世界有所影響。make a difference為固定短語,意思是“有影響”。故選D。
8. 利用生活常識(shí)和文化背景解題
完形填空通常是獨(dú)立語篇,它以自身的語篇內(nèi)容提供完整的語篇信息,滲透著各類相關(guān)的常識(shí)與知識(shí)??忌擅畹剡\(yùn)用已經(jīng)掌握的豐富的文化知識(shí)和生活常識(shí),特別是注意中西方文化方面存在的巨大差異,這將會(huì)節(jié)省時(shí)間,幫助考生順理成章地選出正確答案。
【典例鏈接】(2020·全國甲卷)As he often did, he stopped by the “after work auction (拍賣)”? ? 43? ? (run) by the Italian police where things? ? 44? ? on the trains were sold to the highest bidder. There, among many other things, Nicolo spotted two paintings he thought would look? ? 45? ? (nice) above his dining room table. Nicolo and another bidder
46? ? until Nicolo finally won the paintings for $32.
44. A. shown B. found C. kept D. hidden
46. A. battled B. debated C. discussed D. bargained
【點(diǎn)石成金】44. B 46. A 本題可以根據(jù)生活常識(shí)解題。這場(chǎng)拍賣會(huì)是由意大利警察舉辦的,根據(jù)生活常識(shí)可知,所拍賣的這些物品應(yīng)該是警察在火車上發(fā)現(xiàn)(found)的,故第44題選B。在拍賣會(huì)上,當(dāng)然是看哪個(gè)競(jìng)買者出價(jià)高,就賣給哪位競(jìng)買者。因此,Nicolo與另外一個(gè)競(jìng)買者競(jìng)價(jià)、競(jìng)爭(battle)。battle在此用作動(dòng)詞,意為“與……競(jìng)爭”,故第46題選A。
三、備考建議