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礬冰納米乳對(duì)增生性瘢痕VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1與MMP-2表達(dá)的影響

2022-03-24 13:27:04范洪橋胡金輝劉麗芳吳雨薇
關(guān)鍵詞:明顯降低曲安纖維細(xì)胞

范洪橋 胡金輝 劉麗芳 吳雨薇

〔摘要〕 目的 觀察礬冰納米乳對(duì)增生性瘢痕血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、血管生成素-1(angiopoietin-1, Ang-1)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1)與基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinase-2, MMP-2)表達(dá)的影響。方法 通過(guò)燒傷大鼠背部皮膚建立增生性瘢痕模型。144只SPF級(jí)SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為空白對(duì)照組、模型組、曲安奈德組及低、中、高劑量組(礬冰納米乳8.15、16.3、32.6 mg/mL),每組24只。連續(xù)給藥35 d(除空白對(duì)照組外)。明顯分別在第14、21、28、35天4個(gè)不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)采用空氣栓塞法每組隨機(jī)處死6只大鼠。采用HE染色法檢測(cè)成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度;采用Westernblot檢測(cè)VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)空白對(duì)照組比較,模型組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度及VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯升高(P<0.05)。除14 d外,與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)模型組比較,曲安奈德組與低、中、高劑量組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度及VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)曲安奈德組比較,中劑量組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度及VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05);低、高劑量組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度及VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均升高,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。模型組中,與前一時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,成纖維細(xì)胞密度均明顯升高(P<0.05)。曲安奈德組與低、中、高劑量組中,與前一時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,成纖維細(xì)胞密度均明顯降低(P<0.05)??瞻讓?duì)照組中,21 d與14 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯升高(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。模型組中,28 d與21 d比較,TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)明顯升高(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯升高(P<0.05)。曲安奈德組中,28 d與21 d比較,TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)明顯降低(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。低劑量組中,35 d與28 d比較,TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。中劑量組中,28 d與21 d比較,TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)明顯降低(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 礬冰納米乳能降低增生性瘢痕模型大鼠成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度及VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá),防治增生性瘢痕,以中劑量礬冰納米乳療效最佳。

〔關(guān)鍵詞〕 礬冰納米乳;血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子;血管生成素-1;轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β1;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2;增生性瘢痕

〔中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)〕R269? ? ? ?〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼〕A? ? ? ? 〔文章編號(hào)〕doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2022.03.003

〔Abstract〕 Objective To observe the effects of alum ice nanoemulsion on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in hypertrophic scar. Methods Hypertrophic scar model was established by burn rat dorsal skin. 144 SD rats (SPF grade) were divided into blank control group, model group, triamcinolone group, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose group (alum ice nanoemulsion 8.15, 16.3, 32.6 mg/mL), with 24 rats in each group. Continuous administration for 35 days (except for blank control group). Six rats in each group were randomly killed by air embolization at 4 different time points on day 14, 21, 28 and 35, respectively. The number density of fibroblasts was detected by HE staining. The protein expression levels of VEGF, ANG-1, TGF-β1 and MMP-2 were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with blank control group at the same time point, the number density of fibroblasts and the protein expression of VEGF, Ang-1, TGF-β1 and MMP-2 were significantly increased in model group (P<0.05). Compared with model group at the same time point except the day 14, the number density of fibroblasts and the protein expression of VEGF, Ang-1, TGF-β1 and MMP-2 were decreased in triamcinolone group, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose group (P<0.05). Compared with triamcinolone group, the number density of fibroblasts and the protein expression of VEGF, Ang-1, TGF-β1 and MMP-2 were decreased in low-dose group at the same time point; the number density of fibroblasts and the protein expression of VEGF, Ang-1, TGF-β1 and MMP-2 were significantly increased in low-dose and high-dose group, and there was no statistical significance (P>0.05). In model group, compared with the previous time point, the density of fibroblast was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the previous time point, the density of fibroblasts in triamcinolone group, low, medium and high dose groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In blank control group, the protein expression levels of VEGF, ANG-1 and TGF-β1 were significantly increased on day 21 compared with day 14 (P<0.05); compared with day 28, the protein expression leves of VEGF and ANG-1 were significantly decreased on day 35 (P<0.05). In the model group, the expression of TGF-β1 protein was significantly increased on day 28 compared with day 21 (P<0.05); the protein expression levels of VEGF and ANG-1 were significantly increased on day 35 compared with day 28 (P<0.05). In triamcinolone group, the expression of TGF-β1 protein was significantly decreased on day 28 compared with day 21 (P<0.05); compared with day 28, the protein expression levels of TGF-β1 and MMP-2 were significantly decreased on day 35 (P<0.05). In the low-dose group, the protein expression levels of TGF-β1 and MMP-2 were significantly decreased on day 35 compared with day 28 (P<0.05). In the medium-dose group, the expression of TGF-β1 protein was significantly decreased on day 28 compared with day 21 (P<0.05); compared with day 28, VEGF and ANG-1 protein expression levels were significantly decreased on day 35 (P<0.05). Conclusion Alum ice nanoemulsion can reduce the number density of fibroblasts and the protein expression of VEGF, Ang-1, TGF-β1 and MMP-2 in hypertrophic scar model rats, and prevent hypertrophic scar formation, with the best effect in medium-dose alum ice nanoemulsion.

〔Keywords〕 alum ice nanoemulsion; vascular endothelial growth factor; angiopoietin-1; transforming growth factor-β1;

matrix metalloproteinase-2; hypertrophic scar

增生性瘢痕作為臨床上最常見(jiàn)的病理性瘢痕,主要是由于燒傷后組織過(guò)度再生和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)過(guò)度沉積所導(dǎo)致,伴有疼痛與瘙癢等不適,也伴有不同程度的外觀的損害和功能的障礙,影響患者的生活和工作質(zhì)量,影響患者的社會(huì)交往。糖皮質(zhì)激素、5-氟尿嘧啶和激光三者聯(lián)合運(yùn)用,被證實(shí)是治療增生性瘢痕的最強(qiáng)搭配[1],糖皮質(zhì)激素、5-氟尿嘧啶等長(zhǎng)時(shí)間使用都存在不同程度的毒副作用。近年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),增生性瘢痕形成過(guò)程中有大量的新生血管與較明顯的血管密度增加[2-4]。采用藥物抑制血管新生能夠達(dá)到抑制增生性瘢痕形成的效果[5-8]。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),礬冰納米乳能夠激活、促進(jìn)燒傷創(chuàng)面愈合且具有防止瘢痕形成的作用[9-10],推測(cè)礬冰納米乳防治增生性瘢痕的可能作用機(jī)制與抑制血管生成有關(guān)。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)擬通過(guò)建立大鼠增生性瘢痕模型,探討礬冰納米乳抑制增生瘢痕形成的作用機(jī)制,為臨床防治瘢痕提供“簡(jiǎn)、便、效、廉”的藥物。

1 材料與方法

1.1? 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

體質(zhì)量180~220 g的SPF級(jí)SD大鼠,鼠齡6~8周,雌雄不限,由湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK(湘)2019-0004。飼養(yǎng)于湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,環(huán)境許可證號(hào):SYXK(湘)2013-0005。

1.2? 藥品及試劑

礬冰納米乳由湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)院制備(批號(hào):20190001),采用8.15、16.3、32.6 mg/mL低、中、高3種不同劑量;醋酸曲安奈德乳膏由新和成控股集團(tuán)有限公司生產(chǎn)(批號(hào):20190311)。小鼠抗血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)單克隆抗體(批號(hào):19003-1-AP)、山羊抗血管生成素-1(angiopoietin-1, Ang-1)多克隆抗體(批號(hào):23302-1-AP)、小鼠抗TGF-β1單克隆抗體(批號(hào):21898-1-AP)、小鼠抗MMP-2單克隆抗體(批號(hào):10373-2-AP)均購(gòu)于北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司。

1.3? 礬冰納米乳的制備方法

取冰片2.5 g,研細(xì),加入油酸乙酯6 g,攪拌使其溶解,再向其中加入乳化劑16 g,攪拌混勻,然后向其中緩緩加入蒸餾水,邊加邊攪拌,開(kāi)始時(shí)隨水量增加而變得黏稠呈凝膠狀,繼續(xù)加入蒸餾水至一定量時(shí)變稀,呈透明至半透明狀,并帶淡藍(lán)色乳光。另取白礬13.8 g,氯化鈉9 g,溶于適量蒸餾水中,濾過(guò),濾液緩緩加入到上述含有冰片等的溶液中,并加蒸餾水至1000 mL,攪拌混勻,濾過(guò),灌封,于115.5 ℃滅菌30 min,即得16.3 mg/mL的中劑量礬冰納米乳。同量藥物,同樣制備流程,蒸餾水分別加至2000、500 mL則為低、高劑量礬冰納米乳。

1.4? 主要儀器

病理切片機(jī)(型號(hào):RM2016,上海徠卡儀器有限公司);顯微鏡、數(shù)碼醫(yī)學(xué)圖像分析系統(tǒng)(型號(hào):BA410、Motic Medical 6.0)均購(gòu)自麥克奧迪公司;掃描儀(型號(hào):V300,愛(ài)普生有限公司);輪轉(zhuǎn)石蠟切片機(jī)(型號(hào):RM2235,德國(guó)萊卡公司);高速離心機(jī)(型號(hào):TDL-5-A,上海安亭科學(xué)儀器廠)。

1.5? 造模方法

首先用備皮刀將大鼠背部皮膚剃毛,再用8%Na2S溶液脫毛,然后用清水沖洗干凈,肉眼觀察無(wú)局部損傷。畫(huà)出待燒面積(待燒面積:根據(jù)體質(zhì)量計(jì)算出大鼠的總表面積乘以待燒面積的百分比);采用3%戊巴比妥鈉(戊巴比妥鈉用量為30 mg/kg)麻醉大鼠;大鼠體位為俯臥位,將四肢用4號(hào)絲線分別固定于手術(shù)臺(tái)兩側(cè)。采用恒溫恒壓電熱燙傷儀,在75 ℃溫度條件下,將一個(gè)直徑為2 cm的圓形燙傷頭置于大鼠背部燒傷10 s,形成大鼠深Ⅱ°燒傷模型[7]。自然愈合后(約21~23 d上皮化)。經(jīng)病理證實(shí)為深Ⅱ°燒傷與增生性瘢痕。見(jiàn)圖1。

1.6? 分組及干預(yù)方法

按照隨機(jī)分組方法,將144只SPF級(jí)SD大鼠分成6組,即空白對(duì)照組、模型組、曲安奈德組、低劑量組(8.15 mg/mL礬冰納米乳)、中劑量組(16.3 mg/mL礬冰納米乳)、高劑量組(32.6 mg/mL礬冰納米乳),每組24只??瞻讓?duì)照組不進(jìn)行造模處理,其余各組按照造模方法進(jìn)行造模,經(jīng)病理證實(shí)造模成功后24 h,模型組給予0.2 mL生理鹽水,曲安奈德組予以曲安奈德均勻涂抹,直徑約2 cm,厚度約2 mm,低、中、高劑量組分別涂抹相同面積和厚度的低、中、高劑量礬冰納米乳,每天2次,每次0.2 mL,連續(xù)給藥35 d。

1.7? 標(biāo)本采集

分別在第14、21、28、35天4個(gè)不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)用空氣栓塞法每組隨機(jī)處死6只大鼠,用手術(shù)刀在大鼠背部距離瘢痕邊緣0.5 cm處切取圓形的瘢痕組織(空白對(duì)照組相同部位取同樣大小的皮膚組織)。取材后,大鼠退出實(shí)驗(yàn)。一部分標(biāo)本在瘢痕最高點(diǎn)縱行切片,每張切片厚度約5 μm,石蠟包埋后,保存?zhèn)溆?。另一部分?biāo)本快速放入凍存管中密封后,放置于-80 ℃冰箱中保存,待3個(gè)不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的標(biāo)本全部收集后統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行Western blot檢測(cè)分析。

1.8? 指標(biāo)檢測(cè)

1.8.1? HE染色計(jì)算成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度? 石蠟切片常規(guī)脫蠟至水;用Weigert氏蘇木素染色約20 min;用蒸餾水洗滌約10 min;用Van Gieson氏染色液染色約1 min;丟棄染液,用95%酒精急速分化約數(shù)秒鐘;無(wú)水酒精分化與脫水,透明,封固;生物顯微鏡下攝取圖像,圖片采集分析。

1.8.2? Western blot檢測(cè)VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2的蛋白表達(dá)? 將瘢痕組織,用干凈的剪刀盡量剪碎,勻漿、離心后提取上清液,采用BCA蛋白濃度測(cè)定。按照說(shuō)明書(shū)要求配置濃縮膠及分離膠,進(jìn)行蛋白電泳后采用半干轉(zhuǎn)印法將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,經(jīng)5%脫脂奶粉封閉、一抗(1∶500) 4 ℃孵育、二抗(1∶1000)室溫孵育、TBST漂洗后顯影及曝光。用EPSON掃描儀掃描膠片,將圖像輸入計(jì)算機(jī),并對(duì)目標(biāo)條帶的蛋白灰度值,利用Image J軟件檢測(cè)與分析。同時(shí)設(shè)置β-actin為內(nèi)參照。

1.9? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

利用SPSS 22.0軟件對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)處理與分析。對(duì)計(jì)量資料采用“x±s”描述,采用頻數(shù)及百分比描述計(jì)數(shù)資料。符合正態(tài)分布和方差齊性,則采用完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)多樣本單因素方差分析,否則則采用多樣本秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1? 對(duì)成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度的影響

與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)空白對(duì)照組比較,模型組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度均明顯升高(P<0.05)。除14 d外,與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)模型組比較,曲安奈德組及低、中、高劑量組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度均明顯降低(P<0.05)。與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)曲安奈德組比較,中劑量組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度均明顯降低(P<0.05)??瞻讓?duì)照組中,與前一時(shí)間點(diǎn)成纖維細(xì)胞密度比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。模型組中,與前一時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,成纖維細(xì)胞密度均明顯升高(P<0.05)。曲安奈德組與低、中、高劑量組中,與前一時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,成纖維細(xì)胞密度均明顯降低(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1、圖2。

2.2? 對(duì)VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)的影響

與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)空白對(duì)照組比較,模型組VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2的蛋白表達(dá)均明顯升高(P<0.05)。與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)模型組比較,曲安奈德組及低、中、高劑量組VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)曲安奈德組比較,中劑量組VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05);低、高劑量組VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均升高,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)??瞻讓?duì)照組中,21 d與14 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯升高(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。模型組中,28 d與21 d比較,TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)明顯升高(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯升高(P<0.05)。曲安奈德組中,28 d與21 d比較,TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)明顯降低(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。低劑量組中,35 d與28 d比較,TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。中劑量組中,28 d與21 d比較,TGF-β1蛋白表達(dá)明顯降低(P<0.05);35 d與28 d比較,VEGF、Ang-1蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖3-10。

3 討論

增生性瘢痕可由深度燒傷、嚴(yán)重外傷或感染后皮膚的異常修復(fù)引起[11-12],主要是由于真皮內(nèi)成纖維細(xì)胞異常增生及細(xì)胞外間質(zhì)沉積過(guò)多。治療增生性瘢痕有諸多方法與藥物,但多數(shù)治療手段均存在副作用,原因在于增生性瘢痕確切的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不十分清楚,所以闡明增生性瘢痕的發(fā)病機(jī)制與尋求治療增生性瘢痕的中藥已成為迫切需要。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)增生性瘢痕與正常皮膚相比,VEGF與微血管密度明顯升高[13],說(shuō)明增生性瘢痕與血管生成關(guān)系密切。VEGF參與包括血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、存活與血管新生等血管生成的幾乎所有步驟[14-15]。VEGF在增生期瘢痕中呈高表達(dá),抗VEGF治療可顯著減少血管生成,降低增生性瘢痕的形成的概率[16-18]。繼VEGF后,血管生成素是調(diào)節(jié)血管生長(zhǎng)和保持血管穩(wěn)定性的另一個(gè)重要因子。有研究[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)VEGF、Ang-1、Ang-2、Tie-2的表達(dá)在早期瘢痕中顯著升高,表明Ang/Tie-2系統(tǒng)促進(jìn)創(chuàng)傷的正常愈合和瘢痕形成。TGF-β1具有多種生物學(xué)作用,它不僅有助于傷口的正常愈合,而且與多種纖維化疾病和增生性瘢痕有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常皮膚組織相比,增生性瘢痕中TGF-β1 mRNA呈高表達(dá),提示TGF-β1可促進(jìn)增生性瘢痕的形成[20-21]。在增生性瘢痕形成的過(guò)程中起關(guān)鍵作用的是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)。MMP-2的活性能夠促進(jìn)增生性瘢痕成纖維細(xì)胞的遷移能力[22]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)模型組VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯高于空白對(duì)照組(P<0.05),與上述研究結(jié)果一致。

礬冰納米乳是以本院院內(nèi)制劑礬冰液為基礎(chǔ)藥物,納米乳為載體,以水相載白礬、油相載冰片制備成的水包油型復(fù)合納米乳。它對(duì)礬冰液分散不均勻,易結(jié)晶等不足進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)。前期發(fā)現(xiàn)礬冰納米乳具有良好的促進(jìn)燒傷創(chuàng)面愈合及防止瘢痕形成的作用[9],但預(yù)防瘢痕的具體作用機(jī)制尚不明確。本實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步將礬冰納米乳作用于大鼠增生性瘢痕模型,結(jié)果顯示曲安奈德與不同劑量礬冰納米乳都能明顯降低成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度及VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)(P<0.05)。與曲安奈德組比較,中劑量組成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)密度及VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P<0.05),表明中劑量組可以明顯抑制增生性瘢痕組織中的血管生成,達(dá)到防治增生性瘢痕的目的。

綜上所述,礬冰納米乳可以抑制大鼠增生性瘢痕形成,這種影響可能是礬冰納米乳具有抑制增生性瘢痕血管生成相關(guān)因子VEGF、Ang-1、TGF-β1、MMP-2表達(dá)的作用,但具體的作用機(jī)制有待于深入研究。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[8] WILGUS T A. Vascular endothelial growth factor and cutaneous scarring[J]. Advances in Wound Care, 2019, 8(12): 671-678.

[9] 劉麗芳,張陽(yáng)德,周? 青,等.礬冰納米乳治療淺Ⅱ度燒傷60例臨床觀察[J].中醫(yī)雜志,2010,51(10):895-897.

[10] 劉麗芳,張琳玲,周? 亮,等.礬冰納米乳對(duì)大鼠燙傷模型的療效及創(chuàng)面EGF表達(dá)的影響[J].中成藥,2011,33(4):574-577.

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