楊玉樂
(合肥市第一中學(xué) 安徽合肥 230601)
在學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中,學(xué)生是活動(dòng)的主體,學(xué)生的主體作用主要表現(xiàn)為主體能動(dòng)性、主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性的充分發(fā)揮。2020年教育部印發(fā)的《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》指出,教師要轉(zhuǎn)變課堂角色,從單一的知識(shí)傳授者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷W(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的指導(dǎo)者、組織者、促進(jìn)者、參與者和合作者,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)展自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,使學(xué)生真正成為學(xué)習(xí)的主人。
在高中英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中,很多教師努力改變“重結(jié)果,輕過(guò)程”的寫作教學(xué),注重讀寫結(jié)合,加強(qiáng)對(duì)寫作過(guò)程的指導(dǎo)。然而,由于高中教學(xué)時(shí)間緊,任務(wù)重等原因,師生對(duì)作文的反饋重視并不夠。一方面,老師對(duì)學(xué)生作文的反饋常停留在“錯(cuò)”與“對(duì)”層面,往往只標(biāo)出或修改個(gè)別語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,打個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)。另一方面,部分學(xué)生在拿到作文本后,不仔細(xì)閱讀老師的反饋而是把作文放一邊,教師花了大量時(shí)間批閱,卻沒有得到學(xué)生的重視,反饋是無(wú)效的。這就導(dǎo)致,老師要么不再總結(jié)反饋,這樣,學(xué)生自然就失去了反思和再提高的機(jī)會(huì);要么用幾分鐘草草指出普遍錯(cuò)誤,很少涉及語(yǔ)篇層次的錯(cuò)誤,很少能告訴學(xué)生“為什么”和“如何改”。邵黎勵(lì)、李琦在《基于教材資源的高三寫作講評(píng)》一文中指出:“講評(píng)時(shí)以講授方法為主,未依托閱讀文本對(duì)學(xué)生的習(xí)作修改策略進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),這些問題造成學(xué)生分析、判斷、綜合與表達(dá)等一系列學(xué)習(xí)能力的缺失,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生對(duì)習(xí)作修改方向不明確,不能有效提高習(xí)作的質(zhì)量?!边@樣的作文反饋易于導(dǎo)致以下結(jié)果:
一是,對(duì)錯(cuò)誤分析的層次是“淺”的。在課堂反饋時(shí),老師常常只關(guān)注語(yǔ)言的正確性,對(duì)用詞的準(zhǔn)確和得體度指導(dǎo)不足,且很少結(jié)合語(yǔ)篇開展深層次的指導(dǎo)。這就導(dǎo)致學(xué)生缺乏對(duì)文章主旨和謀篇布局的深入思考,寫作水平提高緩慢。
二是,評(píng)價(jià)主體是“單”的。僅是老師對(duì)全班作文的典型錯(cuò)誤做概括講解,這一過(guò)程幾乎沒有學(xué)生的參與,學(xué)生只是被動(dòng)的聽講,他們作為評(píng)價(jià)主體的作用被忽略。學(xué)生沒有自主、合作、探究的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),學(xué)生的思辨能力等也得不到有效的培養(yǎng)。
三是,學(xué)生對(duì)作文錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)是“散”的。通常老師在講學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤時(shí),常會(huì)圍繞一些句子或用詞的錯(cuò)誤簡(jiǎn)單地提出如何修改和為什么這樣修改,并沒有給學(xué)生時(shí)間去討論和思考錯(cuò)因及如何應(yīng)對(duì),導(dǎo)致部分學(xué)生對(duì)同類錯(cuò)誤會(huì)犯多次。
四是,學(xué)生修改錯(cuò)誤的思路是“窄”的。對(duì)一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的修改,可能會(huì)有多種方法,但老師提出的修改建議是有限的,同時(shí),由于學(xué)生對(duì)錯(cuò)誤的修改思考不足,話題詞匯拓展有限,他們常感到話題詞匯匱乏,不得不重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞匯或語(yǔ)塊等。長(zhǎng)此以往,學(xué)生寫作的能力自然是提升緩慢,短文改錯(cuò)能力較弱。
如何才能提高高中英語(yǔ)作文反饋課的有效性呢?2020年教育部印發(fā)的《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》指出,為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主、合作、探究的學(xué)習(xí)能力,教師要為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)支持和激勵(lì)的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。筆者在主持省級(jí)課題“培養(yǎng)高中生英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)能力的行動(dòng)研究”過(guò)程中,通過(guò)探索高中英語(yǔ)作文講評(píng)課教學(xué),摸索出了一條在教師引領(lǐng)下充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生主體作用的高中英語(yǔ)作文講評(píng)課模式。主要步驟是:1.材料準(zhǔn)備階段,教師在及時(shí)批閱學(xué)生作文的過(guò)程中,把學(xué)生習(xí)作中出現(xiàn)的典型錯(cuò)誤、美句等分類整理并記錄下來(lái),將美篇拍照保存,以備展示;2.課前,將上述內(nèi)容以講印形式發(fā)給學(xué)生,學(xué)生以小組形式思考錯(cuò)誤類型及如何修改;3.課堂上,學(xué)生在老師引導(dǎo)下分析錯(cuò)誤、拓展語(yǔ)塊等;4.根據(jù)老師的反饋,學(xué)生再與同桌商討,互相修改,磨成精品。
筆者以高二下學(xué)期的一節(jié)作文反饋課為例,談?wù)勅绾位诎l(fā)揮學(xué)生課堂主體作用以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主、合作和探究的學(xué)習(xí)能力。
作文題目:學(xué)校網(wǎng)站正在征集關(guān)于學(xué)生身邊先進(jìn)人物事跡的英語(yǔ)短文,請(qǐng)你寫一位你最敬佩的人。
內(nèi)容要點(diǎn):1.敬佩人物的簡(jiǎn)介;2.敬佩的原因。
在作文課上,學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)“頭腦風(fēng)暴”后寫第一稿,根據(jù)“自評(píng)互評(píng)”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完成“同伴互評(píng)”寫第二稿等過(guò)程性寫作教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)后,學(xué)生交上來(lái)的習(xí)作質(zhì)量有了明顯提高,大小寫、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、主謂一致等低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤大大減少。但要把一篇習(xí)作磨成“精品”,仍需老師在語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確和得體、句式的豐富、內(nèi)容的是否圍繞主題等方面給予指導(dǎo)。于是,筆者及時(shí)對(duì)學(xué)生作文進(jìn)行批閱,并開展了一節(jié)作文反饋課。課堂主要活動(dòng)摘錄如下:
活動(dòng)1:激活和鞏固
雖然是反饋課,但激活話題和思維仍是教學(xué)不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。為此,學(xué)生再思考下面三個(gè)問題:
1.Who is your admirable person?
2.Why do you admire him or her?
3.What qualities does an admirable person have?Can you write down some adjectives used todescribe an admirable person?
前兩個(gè)問題是圍繞作文的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容,旨在于對(duì)語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)的再?gòu)?qiáng)化;對(duì)第三個(gè)問題,由于學(xué)生已學(xué)習(xí)了“The Admirable”“Success”等話題,所以學(xué)生以“pair work”形式寫出下列形容詞:
confident,enthusiastic,diligent,hardworking,creative,intelligent,flexible,energetic,optimistic,friendly,devoted,dedicated,selfless,patient,cooperative,pleasant,tolerant,honest,sincere,easy-going,...
同時(shí),老師可作適時(shí)引導(dǎo)和適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充。這樣,學(xué)生能夠在自主學(xué)習(xí)中構(gòu)建和擴(kuò)大相關(guān)話題的詞匯“包”。
活動(dòng)2:改錯(cuò)
在課堂教學(xué)中,老師不要試圖講清楚一切,而是要給學(xué)生時(shí)間,讓他們自己去尋找信息、分析問題、解決問題,因?yàn)榻?jīng)過(guò)他們思考的東西才可能產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)久記憶,并轉(zhuǎn)化為技能。
在課堂上,學(xué)生有10分鐘左右的時(shí)間對(duì)老師發(fā)的材料作個(gè)人修改,接著是同伴間討論,交換修改意見,進(jìn)一步明晰錯(cuò)誤類型,展示討論結(jié)果。
Grammatical and lexical mistakes(由學(xué)生分析后填寫)
1.He has made contribution to the society.
S1:Before “society”,we do not use “the”.
T:Yes.Any other mistake?
S2:We should say “make a contribution” or “make contributions”.
T:Good.Here “contribution” is a countable noun.
受母語(yǔ)影響,學(xué)生有時(shí)會(huì)忽略或沒有弄清英語(yǔ)中名詞的單復(fù)數(shù),尤其是有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)等。同伴的提醒會(huì)增強(qiáng)學(xué)生關(guān)注英語(yǔ)中名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的意識(shí)。
2.We thank her contributions to our country.
S1:No.We say “thank sb for sth”,not “thank sth”.
T:Good!That’s the point.We are supposed to try to grasp what a verb can be followed.Have you learnt similar structures about “因……表?yè)P(yáng)/ 批評(píng)某人”?
S2:Thank sb for sth;praise sb for sth.
S3:Scold sb for sth;punish sb for sth.
T:Well done!(此類回應(yīng)后文省略)
3.He had no hesitation to go to Wuhan.
S1:He went to Wuhan without hesitation.
T:Good.“Have no hesitation” is followed by “in doing sth”.So the sentence can be “He had no hesitation in going Wuhan.”
4.I would appreciate it for what he has done for our country.
S:It seems nothing is wrong.
T:Let’s see,if “appreciate” is followed by “if clause”,we use “it”.For example,I’d appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.But if “appreciate” is followed by “wh-clause”,we can not use “it”.Here we say “I’d appreciate what he has done for our country”.
從上面的錯(cuò)誤可知,部分學(xué)生對(duì)一些動(dòng)詞及詞組的用法掌握不牢,這樣,由學(xué)生自己歸納具有相似用法的動(dòng)詞,既幫助他們鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí),又有助于他們知識(shí)體系的構(gòu)建。
5.He was worth being admired.
S1:“Be worth doing sth” is right.
S2:“Worth” should be followed by doing,not being done.
T:Right!Think about what other sentences we can use to show the same meaning.
S3:He is admirable.Or he deserves admiration.
S4:He is worthy of being admired.
正是這樣以問題為引領(lǐng)的糾錯(cuò),給學(xué)生思考的機(jī)會(huì),拓寬了表達(dá)的方式。
6.In his thirty-ninth,he became famous.
S1:Maybe,the writer wants to say “in his thirties”.
S2:The writer might want to say “at the age of 39”.
7.I’ll work harder and insist on doing it.
S1:I use “keep doing”.But here is no mistake,I think.
S2:Maybe “keep on doing” is also right.
S3:He is diligent and has perseverance.
T:“Insist on doing” 常為“執(zhí)意要做某事”。Here it is right in grammar,but it is better to use “keep or keep on doing” .
學(xué)生在討論中,對(duì)個(gè)別詞及語(yǔ)塊內(nèi)涵有了更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。
8.He has the quality of brave and hardworking.
S1:He has the qualities.
S2:We should say the qualities of bravery and diligence.
S3:Can we say “the qualities of being brave and hardworking”?
T:Good question.Yes,we can say so.Here“of” is a preposition,so it can be followed by a noun or gerund.
9.No only he devoted himself to the cause but also gave love to the country.
S1:The parts connected by “not only...but also” are not equal.
S2:Yes,we should say,he not only devoted himself to... but also gave his love...
T:Yes,“not only... but also...” connects the equal parts in grammatical function.
10.It is no doubt that he is my admirable person.
S1:It is no doubt whether he is my admirable person.
S2:No.There is no doubt that...
T:It is a fixed sentence pattern “There is no doubt that...”
11.We don’t have a happy life if we don’t have him.
S:We can use“without him”.
T:Such meaning can be expressed in the subjunctive mood.That is,we can say“ We wouldn’t have such a happy life without him” or “but for him”.This is the Subjunctive Mood.
這類錯(cuò)誤反映了部分學(xué)生對(duì)句法知識(shí)掌握不夠,或運(yùn)用不夠熟練,但他們的積極思考才是最有效的糾錯(cuò)。
12.He saved a lot of sick people fight against the virus.
S1:Here “fright against” seems wrong.
S2:We can use “fright against or fright the virus”.
S3:The form of “fright” is not right.
T:You are right.It should be “He has saved a lot of people,fighting the epidemics”.Here “fighting the epidemic” is used as the adverbial of manner.
從學(xué)生對(duì)錯(cuò)誤的分析中可以看出,部分學(xué)生對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法不夠熟練,這給下一階段的語(yǔ)法教學(xué)一個(gè)提醒。
13.His career is teacher.
S1:A teacher.
S2:“Career” is not “a teacher”.
T:Yes,we can say “His career is teaching” or “He is a teacher”.Remember:表語(yǔ)是主語(yǔ)的說(shuō)明。
一個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)錯(cuò)句提出修改意見,其他同學(xué)可以發(fā)表自己的看法。在探索的好奇心驅(qū)動(dòng)下,學(xué)生的詞法和句法得以強(qiáng)化,話題的詞匯得以拓寬。
懷特海認(rèn)為:“充滿想象力的探索將會(huì)點(diǎn)燃令人激動(dòng)的氣氛,這種氣氛會(huì)帶動(dòng)知識(shí)的變化。事實(shí)不再是進(jìn)赤裸裸的事實(shí),它被賦予了各種可能性,也不再是記憶的負(fù)擔(dān)?!?/p>
Redundancy
1.Of all the humans,the man I admire the most is Lei Feng.
S1:The sentence seems right.
S2:Is it necessary to say“Of all the humans”?
S3:“The man I admire most is Lei Feng” is clear.
2.There is admirable potential in every human being.
S1:Why is such a sentence used?
S2:Maybe the writer wants to say everyone is admirable.
T:What is the theme of your writing?Do you think such a sentence supports your theme?
通過(guò)對(duì)以上句子的分析,學(xué)生對(duì)短文的主題和圍繞主題的支撐細(xì)節(jié)有了更進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí),主題是短文的統(tǒng)領(lǐng),所有的細(xì)節(jié)必須圍繞主題展開,而與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容則可能是“冗余”的。因短文字?jǐn)?shù)有限,無(wú)關(guān)內(nèi)容是必須刪除的。
Logical
1.Many people do surprising things and they are great men.
S:“Do surprising things” is great?
T:Maybe the writer wants to use“amazing” which means “very good”.But even so,the meaning of the sentence is not specific.
S:We can use“so” connect the two sentences.They are cause and result.
2.He is responsible for his work but family.
S1:Does the writer admire such a man?
S2:The writer means,he does more for his work than for his family.
T:Yes.Maybe the writer means that he devotes more time to his work than to his family.
Not specific
1.The people I admire are teachers.
S:The requirement is“a person”,not “a group”.
T:I feel proud,for most of you admire your teachers.Thank you very much!But here based on the requirements,you’d better choose one teacher to describe.The requirement is “writing about one person”.
由此可知,在寫作時(shí),有學(xué)生不注意審題,對(duì)寫作的要求不太清楚,犯“經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義”錯(cuò)誤,通過(guò)對(duì)這些錯(cuò)誤的討論,學(xué)生會(huì)增強(qiáng)審題意識(shí)和短文主題意識(shí)。
Punctuation
1.Zhong Nanshan who is a famous doctor,is someone I admire,for he saves many people’s lives.
S1:This attributive clause is not right.
T:Yes.The antecedent (先行詞) “Zhong Nanshan” is a proper noun,which can be followed by a non-restrictive attributive clause.So we can polish it like this:“Zhong Nanshan,a famous doctor,is the person...”
不能正確使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是寫作中的“低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤”,上述錯(cuò)誤反映出學(xué)生對(duì)專有名詞需使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的要求掌握不牢。
2020年教育部印發(fā)的《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》指出,自主、合作、探究式學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、提高學(xué)生課堂活動(dòng)的參與度、促進(jìn)師生間的合作交流具有重要作用,而學(xué)生能否有效地開展自主、合作與探究式學(xué)習(xí)是衡量他們學(xué)習(xí)能力發(fā)展水平的重要指標(biāo)。
學(xué)生作為課堂活動(dòng)參與的主體,對(duì)自己各類錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行分析,有利于調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生參與課堂活動(dòng)的積極性,提高學(xué)生自主、合作和探究等方面的學(xué)習(xí)能力。整個(gè)教學(xué)過(guò)程也成為學(xué)生主體參與、自我評(píng)價(jià)、同伴互評(píng)、相互激勵(lì)和共同提高寫作能力的過(guò)程。
活動(dòng)3:欣賞
學(xué)生做小組活動(dòng),每小組推薦一至兩個(gè)“亮句”。老師幫助歸納出以下句子:
1)What moves/touches me is that...
2)He is so/such...that...
3)It is he/she that...
4)Such is...,an admirable teacher.
接著,學(xué)生從結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言、內(nèi)容及書寫等方面來(lái)賞析優(yōu)秀的作文,這讓部分同學(xué)既看到差距,也有了榜樣。
在整個(gè)寫作講評(píng)教學(xué)中,如果老師一味指導(dǎo)學(xué)生糾錯(cuò),容易讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生挫敗感,甚至畏難情緒。因此,老師應(yīng)強(qiáng)化學(xué)生習(xí)作的亮點(diǎn),幫助學(xué)生樹立寫作信心,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生相互學(xué)習(xí)?!傲辆洹焙兔牢牡男蕾p會(huì)不斷提升班級(jí)整體作文的質(zhì)量。
活動(dòng)4:重寫
“一篇好的文章,往往要經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)次的修改才能定稿,而成功也往往屬于能夠耐心修改的作者?!壁w玉書也強(qiáng)調(diào),寫作能力需要再修改評(píng)價(jià)和反饋再修改的過(guò)程中提高。基于反饋課上對(duì)錯(cuò)誤的分析,學(xué)生對(duì)短文的主題、結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容等有了更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)用詞和句式有了較寬視野?;谥v義上的互評(píng)量表,學(xué)生完成了對(duì)作文的再打磨。
同伴互評(píng)這一模式體現(xiàn)了新課程所倡導(dǎo)的“評(píng)價(jià)主題多元化”和“評(píng)價(jià)形式多樣化”的理念,能有效將評(píng)價(jià)融入教學(xué)過(guò)程,發(fā)揮評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)學(xué)生的激勵(lì)和促進(jìn)作用。
凸顯學(xué)生主體作用的作文反饋課,加深了他們對(duì)錯(cuò)因的認(rèn)識(shí),豐富了話題語(yǔ)塊,內(nèi)化了短文主題和結(jié)構(gòu),拓寬了糾錯(cuò)思路。同時(shí),師生共同參與評(píng)析,在一定程度上有效解決了教師無(wú)法完成的對(duì)學(xué)生個(gè)性化錯(cuò)誤的深層分析和指導(dǎo),激發(fā)了學(xué)生參與課堂活動(dòng)的熱情,強(qiáng)化了他們的深度學(xué)習(xí)意識(shí),優(yōu)化了學(xué)習(xí)策略,促進(jìn)了綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言技能及分析問題和解決問題能力的提高,保障了學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)在課堂的落地生根。