文、圖/王志偉 孟娟
寧津縣蟋蟀堪稱中華一絕,在斗蟋比賽中屢屢奪魁,稱霸賽場。The crickets in Ningjin County can be called the best in China.Ningjin cricket have repeatedly won the championship in the cricket fighting competition and dominated the arena.
齊魯大地素有“蟋蟀王國”之雅稱,德州市寧津縣則是鑲嵌在蟋蟀王國桂冠上的一顆璀璨明珠。寧津縣具有適宜蟋蟀生長繁衍的得天獨(dú)厚的氣候、水質(zhì)、土壤等條件,這里的蟋蟀兼具南北蟲的特點(diǎn)于一身,既有南方蟋蟀個大、頭大、頂大、腿大、皮色好的優(yōu)點(diǎn),又有北方干旱區(qū)蟲兇悍的斗性與持久的耐力。行內(nèi)至今流傳著“自古名蟋蟀出寧津”的俗語,寧津縣也因此享有“中華蟋蟀第一縣”的美譽(yù)。
2010年,寧津縣政府投資300萬元建立蟋蟀文博館,突出收藏、研究、展示三大功能,集玩蟋、斗蟋、鑒定、培訓(xùn)、收藏、研究、觀賞、交流、比賽于一體。館內(nèi)收藏蟋蟀罐216對、各類蟋蟀用具39種、蟋蟀標(biāo)本71個,以多媒體動畫、浮雕、圓雕、展板、名人字畫等多種形式進(jìn)行展示。
走進(jìn)寧津縣蟋蟀文博館,主題墻上的“中華蟋蟀第一縣”七個大字映入眼簾,是由中國蟋蟀協(xié)會會長吳繼傳教授所題。1991年,寧津在全國第一個舉辦了“蟋蟀文化節(jié)”。2009年,寧津被中國蟋蟀協(xié)會命名為“中華蟋蟀第一縣”。2013年5月,寧津斗蟋風(fēng)俗入選山東省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。
該館包含了關(guān)于寧津蟋蟀起源的仿銅浮雕區(qū)、歷史文化區(qū)、蟋蟀標(biāo)本、斗蟋堂(斗蟋體驗(yàn)區(qū))、蟋蟀罐的制作工藝流程、名人字畫區(qū)6個展區(qū)。腳下的多媒體動漫互動地面,活靈活現(xiàn)地展現(xiàn)了蟋蟀嬉戲、打斗的場面,人們在蟋蟀清脆悅耳的鳴聲中,探索著寧津的蟋蟀文化。
寧津縣的蟋蟀中最出名的是大青翅子。大翅子在蟋蟀中為異形福相,是蟋蟀中的佼佼者。一般地區(qū)翅子的產(chǎn)量極少,可稱百里或千里挑一,在北方如北京,幾百條蟋蟀中也找不出一條翅子。而在寧津縣,如果當(dāng)年雨水好,翅子的比例能達(dá)到5%,個別村子更是高達(dá)8%。寧津縣翅子的皮色以大青翅為主,其次為紫翅子,麻頭與黃翅子相對少見。寧津縣的翅子能咬善斗,咬法多樣,靈活且有后勁,多出“將軍”。有人用寧津縣的翅子出戰(zhàn),十有八勝。全國大賽中的名蟲,寧津縣的蟋蟀至少占到3成,近年來多次在全國大賽中奪冠。文博館中陳列著由寧津的蟋蟀名蟲制作而成的蟋蟀標(biāo)本,其中被稱為“陶然五虎將”的五只蟋蟀,2010年在北京“陶然杯”大賽的團(tuán)體賽中全部獲勝。
來到斗蟋體驗(yàn)區(qū),3個展柜里面陳列的是從蟋蟀捕捉、飼養(yǎng)到打斗所用到的所有用具,墻上的10幅圖片再現(xiàn)了蟋蟀打斗的真實(shí)場景。蟋蟀比賽并不是隨便把兩只蟋蟀放在一起打斗,而是要挑選個頭相近的兩只蟋蟀進(jìn)行比賽,而且要集中進(jìn)行三天關(guān)養(yǎng)方可參賽。
斗蟋之前,“熱身運(yùn)動”不可少。工作人員要用芡草去撩撥蟋蟀的牙齒,它們被撩撥得很興奮,隨之起了斗性。然后,把攔板打開,兩只蟋蟀就會進(jìn)行激烈的撕咬。在經(jīng)過咬合后,有一方蟋蟀會被打得不開牙,垂頭喪氣,甚至僵在當(dāng)場一動不動,或者是圍著“戰(zhàn)場”轉(zhuǎn)圈,再也不會攻擊。獲勝的蟋蟀則仰頭挺胸,趾高氣揚(yáng),還振翅長鳴,奏著“凱旋曲”,仿佛在向主人邀功請賞。
寧津斗蟋風(fēng)俗是黃河中下游地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化的典型代表,寧津縣自古就有“蟋蟀之鄉(xiāng)”的美譽(yù)。作為一項(xiàng)民間娛樂活動,捕、養(yǎng)、斗蟋在寧津縣由來已久。寧津斗蟋風(fēng)俗發(fā)源于南北朝末期,發(fā)展于唐宋,在明清達(dá)到頂峰,寧津縣蟋蟀也被歷代奉為皇宮貢品。
寧津縣蟋蟀分布在寧津縣各個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),種類繁多,其中以生性好斗的斗蟋為佳,堪稱中華一絕,在以往全國及國際大賽中,寧津縣蟋蟀多次力挫群雄,奪得冠軍,體健力足、勇猛善戰(zhàn)的獨(dú)特風(fēng)姿深受眾多斗蟋愛好者的青睞。
寧津蟋蟀體健力足、勇猛善戰(zhàn)的獨(dú)特風(fēng)姿,深受眾多斗蟋愛好者的青睞。Ningjin cricket is favored by many cricket lovers because of its unique demeanor,strong physical strength,bravery and good fighting skills.
寧津縣蟋蟀文博館主題墻上的“中華蟋蟀第一縣”七個大字由中國蟋蟀協(xié)會會長吳繼傳教授所題。The seven characters of “The First County of Chinese Crickets” on the theme wall of the Ningjin County Cricket Cultural Museum were inscribed by Professor Wu Jichuan,President of the China Cricket Association.
寧津縣的蟋蟀何以名揚(yáng)天下,引得眾客商云集于此呢?文博館里一幅關(guān)于寧津蟋蟀起源的仿銅浮雕講述了一個流傳了幾百年的美麗傳說。相傳,北宋徽、欽二帝酷愛蟋蟀,在被金國擄掠路過寧津縣時(shí),由于車翻,收藏的蟋蟀散落,二帝長嘆:“既然不愿北去,你們在此稱雄天下吧。”在八百多年后的今天,寧津縣蟋蟀在數(shù)次斗蟋比賽中屢屢奪魁,稱霸賽場。
文博館里的歷史文化區(qū)還講述了許多關(guān)于蟋蟀的歷史記載及傳說故事。宋代宰相賈似道一生致力于蟋蟀的研究,所著《促織經(jīng)》是史上第一部詳細(xì)研究蟋蟀的著作,而賈似道本人,則被人們稱為“蟋蟀宰相”;《濟(jì)公斗蟋蟀》的傳說為人們所津津樂道,相傳濟(jì)公用一只很小的蟋蟀斗贏豪強(qiáng)地霸的大蟋蟀,為農(nóng)民爭得權(quán)利;蒲松齡的《促織》故事頗具傳奇色彩,一小孩投井自殺之后,靈魂化作強(qiáng)大的蟋蟀,被進(jìn)貢給皇帝得到賞識;《寧津雌蟋逗慈禧》的故事則影射現(xiàn)實(shí),批評封建專權(quán)……
每年立秋后,來自北京、天津、廣州、上海、杭州、南京、蘇州、無錫、徐州、西安等地的蟋蟀愛好者涌入寧津縣,爭相購買蟋蟀。蟋蟀也成了當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民增收的“金蟲”,一只蟋蟀售價(jià)少則幾元幾十元,多則五六百元,甚至上千元、過萬元,在寧津縣柴胡店鎮(zhèn)就流傳著“二月富萬戶,一厘值千金”“小蟋蟀比頭?!钡恼f法。
也正因?yàn)榇?,寧津縣民間自發(fā)形成了大大小小的多個“蟋蟀集市”。寧津縣對蟋蟀市場進(jìn)行規(guī)范改造,現(xiàn)有縣城車站步行街、縣城東關(guān)、孟集等大型交易市場6處。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),全縣蟋蟀交易市場的日交易人次可達(dá)2萬人,日交易額300萬元以上,年交易額3億元左右。同時(shí),捉蟋蟀也成為當(dāng)?shù)匕傩盏囊豁?xiàng)營生,捉蟋蟀能手們被稱為“撬子手”。每年的夏末秋初時(shí)節(jié),不少在外打工的寧津人都會趕回家鄉(xiāng),成宿在玉米圍成的“青紗帳”里鉆進(jìn)鉆出,捉來的蟋蟀清早就會拿到交易市場賣掉。
蟋蟀市場的繁榮極大地帶動了寧津縣旅游、交通、餐飲、住宿等服務(wù)行業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,寧津縣涉及蟋蟀用具加工、住宿餐飲、旅游特色商品等十多個產(chǎn)業(yè)的從業(yè)人員約四萬五千人。
寧津縣蟋蟀文博館弘揚(yáng)了蟋蟀文化,展現(xiàn)了民俗底蘊(yùn)。Ningjin County Cricket Cultural Museum promotes the culture of crickets and shows the heritage of folk customs.
寧津縣蟋蟀文博館內(nèi)收藏有各類蟋蟀用具和蟋蟀標(biāo)本。There are all kinds of cricket utensils and cricket specimens in the Cricket Cultural Museum of Ningjin County.
Ningjin County has unique climate,water quality,soil and other conditions suitable for the growth and reproduction of crickets.The crickets here have the characteristics of both the north and the south.They not only have the advantages of big southern crickets,big head,big top,big legs and good skin color,but also the tenacious,fierce fighting and lasting endurance of the northern arid region.
In 2010,the Ningjin County Government invested RMB 3 million to build the Cricket Cultural Museum,highlighting the three functions of collection,research and display,integrating cricket playing,cricket fighting,identification,training,collection,research,viewing,communication and competition.
There are 216 pairs of cricket jars,39 kinds of various cricket utensils,and 71 cricket specimens in the museum,which are displayed in various forms such as multimedia animations,relief sculptures,round sculptures,exhibition boards,and famous calligraphy and paintings.
Because of its large area,rich content and rich exhibits,Ningjin Cricket Cultural Museum was named“the world’s largest cricket-themed exhibition hall” by Shanghai World Guinness Headquarters in June 2011 -the first Chinese cricket culture museum.
Crickets in Ningjin County account for at least 30% of the famous insects in the national competition,and they have won many national competitions in recent years.
The museum displays cricket specimens made of famous insects in Ningjin. Among them,five crickets known as “Tao Ran five tiger generals” participated in and won all the team competitions in the “Tao Ran Cup” competition in Beijing in 2010.
Ningjin County folk spontaneously formed a large and small number of “cricket markets”.
The prosperity of the cricket market has greatly driven the rapid development of tourism,transportation,catering,accommodation and other service industries in Ningjin County;it employs nearly 45,000 people in more than 10 industries,such as cricket equipment processing,accommodation,catering and tourism products.