■ 王春竹 編輯
地形云(orographic cloud)
地形云(orographic cloud)是指潮濕空氣經地形抬升至飽和而形成的山地云。氣象出版社2012年出版的《英漢漢英大氣科學詞匯(第二版)》收錄了該詞條并翻譯為地形云。
由上坡風形成的云通常為層狀云,由山地上升氣流引起的多為莢狀或波狀云,而由熱力作用,例如熱源抬升或背風面輻和效應,形成的則多為積云。上坡和波狀云的形狀和大小由地形對氣流的干擾作用決定。因為此類云與地形地貌緊密相關,所以它們一般都是駐云,即便位于同一高度的風力可能非常強。地形上坡云包括層狀云、盔云及焚風墻。對流地形云與地形地貌也密切相關。班塔(1990年)發(fā)現(xiàn),地形與大尺度風及日加熱循環(huán)的相互作用引發(fā)山地氣流,而山地氣流在決定對流單體的形成地點和降水的空間分布方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用……山地氣流不僅控制著暴風雨發(fā)生的地點,而且還控制著其發(fā)生時間。
以地形云為關鍵詞在百度中的搜索結果超過了35萬條,其中最令大家耳熟能詳?shù)氖侵槟吕尸敺宓钠煸?。其實旗云不僅僅是珠峰獨有的奇觀,根據(jù)世界氣象組織國際云圖集(https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/zh-hans/orographic-influences-on-the-windward-side.html),有強風時,可看到在峰頂附近形成的地形云在背風坡飄離山地。這是旗云,不可與從山頂或峰頂吹落的雪相混淆。旗云可見于諸多世界著名山峰的山頂,例如橫跨中國和尼泊爾邊界的珠穆朗瑪峰、中國和巴基斯坦邊界的喬戈里峰、瑞士的馬特洪峰、德國的楚格峰等。而山頂?shù)姆€(wěn)定氣流和低水汽條件則更易形成貢嘎山上的帽狀云。
以orographic cloud為主題詞在Web of Science平臺的web of science core collection數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索可得到108條結果,主要集中在大氣科學(87篇)和環(huán)境科學(26篇)這兩大領域。表1按照引用次數(shù),列出被引75次以上的4篇相關論文信息。
表1 被引75次以上的orographic cloud主題相關論文
與“地形云”相關的衍生詞匯和短語包括:
orographic depression 地形低壓
orographic lifting 地形抬升
orographic precipitation 地形降水
orographic stationary front 地形靜止鋒
orographic storm 地形風暴
156 Long Xingyue,Yuan Shujie,Bai Aijuan,Zou Shuangze,Yu Fei,Peng Yingjie,Gu Xiaoping/ Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Irrigation Volume of Tomatoes in Guizhou Province
Forum
165 Zu Xia,Yu Ping,Zhang Yu,Tang Hongling/ Research on the Construction of Psychological Quality Model of Meteorological Talents
170 Li Jinghua,Wu Ziyu/ The Research Situation of Atmospheric Science in Chengdu University of Information Technology——Based on the Perspective of Bibliometrics
173 Zheng Qiuhong,Wang Weidan,Zhang Dingyuan/ Analysis of Research Fronts of Climate Change Based on Bibliometrics
178 Wu Hong,Ma Xuling,Hu Guihua,Zhao Wenxiu/ A Preliminary Study on the Influencing Factors and Promotion Advices of the Training Effect of Junior forecasters
183 Lyu Minghui,Li Huanlian,Cheng Xiuhu,Yao Xiuping/ Research and Practice of Meteorological Disaster Early Warning Assessment
186 Liu Jing,Cheng Dan,Dai Juan,Ren Yongjian,Chen Zheng hong/Characteristics of Power Load in Wuhan and Its Response to Temperature Changes
189 Ding Sheng,Zhu Yong,Li Gang,Zhang Maosong/ Quantitative Evaluation of Benefits of Special Implementation of Meteorological Services for Agriculture,Rural Areas and Farmers:Take Yuanjiang County in Yunnan Province as An Example
History
191 Jia Pengqun,Wu Xinrui,Ma Jie/ A Century of People’s Meteorological Service in China
199 Ye Mengshu,Sun Nan,Liu Huaiyu/ On the Independent Development of Meteorology in China in Recent 100 Years
Reading
203 Wang Fu,Lu Qifeng,Ni Zhuoya/ The Important Plan of CGMS in Coordinating the Building of Meteorological Satellite Systems
207 Guan Min,Zhang Jiashen,Yao Yi Xin/ The Review of 2020 FENGYUN Satellite User Conference
Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology2021年4期