李宇 李琛 趙福志 李釗
摘 ? 要:選取139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄作為輸入,研究了恢復(fù)力模型參數(shù)(恢復(fù)力模型、剛度比η、阻尼比ξ、位移延性比μ)和地震動(dòng)特性(周期T、震級(jí)MW、場(chǎng)地、PGA)對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震的輸入能量譜SEI、滯回耗能譜SEH和阻尼耗能譜SED的影響. 研究表明:1)恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期(常規(guī))地震能量譜的影響很大(?。?η對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期和常規(guī)的地震動(dòng)的能量譜的影響都很小;隨著ξ增加,長(zhǎng)周期(常規(guī))地震的SEI的長(zhǎng)周期段譜值增大(減小);隨著μ增加,長(zhǎng)周期(常規(guī))地震的SEH的峰值平臺(tái)段延長(zhǎng)(縮短)且峰值降低(增大). 2)MW越大,結(jié)構(gòu)損傷越大;場(chǎng)地土越軟,能量譜值越大;若已知基準(zhǔn)PGAref的能量譜,其他PGAoth的能量譜可由(PGAoth /PGAref)2調(diào)整得到. 基于以上的參數(shù)影響研究,采用三段式擬合函數(shù),建立了長(zhǎng)周期地震彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜,并擬合了μ和ξ對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震能量譜的影響公式,進(jìn)而得到長(zhǎng)周期地震非彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜.
關(guān)鍵詞:長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng);輸入能量譜;滯回耗能譜;阻尼耗能譜;設(shè)計(jì)譜
中圖分類號(hào):U448.27 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Abstract:A total of 139 long-period ground motion(GM) records are selected to study the effects of the parameters of restoring force models(restoring force models, stiffness ratio η,damping ratio ξ,displacement ductility ratio μ) and GM characteristics (period T,earthquake magnitude MW,site,PGA) on the input energy spectra SEI,hysteretic energy spectra SEH and damping energy spectra SED of the long-period GMs. Therefore, it can be found that: 1) there is a significant(slight) influence of the restoring force model on the long-period (conventional) seismic energy spectra, while there is a slight influence of the restoring force model on the conventional one; there is a slight influence of η on the long-period and conventional seismic energy spectra; with the increase of ξ,the spectral values in the long-period region of the long-period ?SEI increases, but for the conventional one it decreases; with the increase of μ,the peak platform and peak value of the long-period SEH is prolonged and decreases, but for the conventional one they are shortened and increases,respectively. 2)the larger MW results in the greater structural damage,while the softer site soil leads to the larger energy spectra value;the seismic energy spectra with other PGAoth can be obtained by multiplying the known seismic energy spectra with the reference PGAref by the equation of (PGAoth /PGAref)2. Then,based on the above parametric studies,the elastic long-period input energy design spectra are established by using a three-segment fitting function, and the influence formulas of μ and ξ on the long-period spectra are fitted. And then the inelastic long-period input energy design spectra are obtained.
Key words:long-period ground motions(GM);input energy spectra;hysteretic energy spectra;damping energy spectra;design spectra
2003年,在日本十勝?zèng)_地震中,苫小牧地區(qū)(震中距約225 km,PGA = 89.2 gal)的儲(chǔ)油罐被破壞并引發(fā)火災(zāi);北海道許多橋梁也發(fā)生破壞,如Rekifune Bridge跨中豎向位移達(dá)12 cm. 2011年,在東日本大地震中,東京都辦公大樓(震中距約300 km)地下3層的最大加速度僅為74 gal,而頂部(48層)最大位移卻達(dá)65 cm;大阪府辦公大樓(震中距約700 km)頂部(52層)最大加速度僅為131 gal,而最大位移卻達(dá)132 cm. 可見,長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)(遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)卓越周期偏大型地震動(dòng))對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)有較大影響. 此后,學(xué)者們開始真正地關(guān)注長(zhǎng)周期地震,并研究了長(zhǎng)周期地震作用下的超高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)[1-5]、基礎(chǔ)隔震結(jié)構(gòu)[6-7]、隔震橋梁[8]、鋼筋混凝土框架[9-10]和風(fēng)電機(jī)組[11]等長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)的地震響應(yīng). 但是,上述研究?jī)H停留在計(jì)算長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)地震響應(yīng)的初步階段,還未能在長(zhǎng)周期地震作用下進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震設(shè)計(jì). 究其原因,主要是由于缺乏抗震設(shè)計(jì)用的長(zhǎng)周期地震反應(yīng)譜.
目前,反應(yīng)譜法仍是世界各國(guó)抗震規(guī)范中最主要的抗震設(shè)計(jì)方法,而反應(yīng)譜則是該法的基礎(chǔ). 隨著長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)的日益增多,我國(guó)《建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(GB 50011—2010)[12]、《鐵路工程抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(GB 50111—2006)[13]和《公路橋梁抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(JTGT 2231-01—2020)[14]分別將反應(yīng)譜延伸至 6 s、5Tg和10 s,但仍未能滿足工程應(yīng)用要求,而且反應(yīng)譜下降段也與實(shí)際長(zhǎng)周期反應(yīng)譜的特征不符(即特征周期Tg偏小、下降形式單一和幅值偏小)[15]. 因此,有必要針對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期反應(yīng)譜開展專門研究.
由于傳統(tǒng)地震儀的缺陷和大震級(jí)地震發(fā)生的概率較小,記錄到的長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)時(shí)程并不多[15]. 因此,針對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)反應(yīng)譜的研究還很少:張亮泉等[15]、李宇等[16]、Zhou等[17]對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震的彈性、彈塑性加速度和位移反應(yīng)譜等進(jìn)行了初步探索;陳清軍等[18]則選取了36條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄,對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震的能量譜進(jìn)行了研究. 但是,由于他們所依據(jù)的長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的數(shù)量太少,所得研究結(jié)果不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)意義,而且也沒有詳細(xì)討論長(zhǎng)周期地震的非彈性能量反應(yīng)譜. 因此,本文通過對(duì)比長(zhǎng)周期和常規(guī)地震動(dòng)的特性,選取139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄作為輸入,以期建立長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)的彈性和非彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜.
1 ? 長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)的特征
長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)(臺(tái)灣集集地震的TCU018和TCU094)和常規(guī)地震動(dòng)(El Centro波和天津波)的加速度時(shí)程(t為時(shí)間,a為加速度)如圖1所示. 通過傅里葉變換,可得其傅里葉幅值譜(如圖2所示,f為頻率,B為幅值),可知:常規(guī)地震動(dòng)的卓越頻率分布較寬,且集中在高頻(1~5 Hz);而長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)的卓越頻率分布較窄,且集中在低頻(0.1~1.0 Hz).
將4條地震動(dòng)按同一PGA調(diào)幅后,對(duì)比它們的彈性加速度和位移反應(yīng)譜(Sat為加速度譜值,D為位移譜值,T為周期),從圖3可知:在長(zhǎng)周期段,長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)的譜值要遠(yuǎn)大于常規(guī)地震動(dòng),即長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)(如大跨橋梁、超高層建筑)的影響很大.
2 ? 長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)的選取
根據(jù)長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的挑選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[16-19]:震中距較大;卓越頻率分布較窄,且集中在0.1~1.0 Hz的低頻段;彈性加速度反應(yīng)譜的峰值在中長(zhǎng)周期段. 從PEER、K-NET和KIK-NET中挑選了139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄(6級(jí)以上),并采用地震動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件SeismoSignal進(jìn)行了濾波處理與基線校正,進(jìn)而計(jì)算相關(guān)地震動(dòng)參數(shù).
根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[20]:美國(guó)抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范的vs30(覆蓋層厚度為30 m的剪切波速) ≥ 510 m/s、260 m/s ≤ vs30 < 510 m/s、150 m/s ≤ vs30 < 260 m/s、vs30 < 150 m/s的場(chǎng)地分別對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范[12-14]的場(chǎng)地Site Ⅰ~Ⅳ.因此,可將139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄按中國(guó)抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范[12-14]的場(chǎng)地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行分類,見表1:Site Ⅰ有38條,Site Ⅱ有40條,Site Ⅲ有41條,Site Ⅳ有20條.
再以139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄作為激勵(lì),計(jì)算Ⅰ~Ⅳ類場(chǎng)地的動(dòng)力放大系數(shù)β(阻尼比ξ=5%,周期為T),并與規(guī)范[14]的β曲線進(jìn)行對(duì)比(見圖4),從中可知:統(tǒng)計(jì)所得的β曲線與規(guī)范值符合較好. 可見,本文所選用的長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄符合規(guī)范要求.
注意:當(dāng)非彈性SDOF體系的m≠1時(shí),以上各能量譜值應(yīng)乘以m后,才能得到各類能量響應(yīng).
下文將考慮周期(T = 0.01~20 s)、恢復(fù)力模型、屈服后剛度比(η = k1/k2 = 0.0~0.05,k2為二次剛度)、位移延性比(μ = xmax /xy = l.0~5.0,xmax為最大位移,xy為屈服位移)、阻尼比(ξ = 2%~14%)、震級(jí)(MW)、場(chǎng)地、地震峰值加速度(PGA)的影響,利用BISPEC程序,研究長(zhǎng)周期地震的非彈性能量譜(SEI、SEH、SED、SλH、SλD).
3 ? 恢復(fù)力模型參數(shù)的影響
3.1 ? 恢復(fù)力模型
以Ⅱ類場(chǎng)地為例,將40條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA調(diào)幅為0.15g,采用考慮剛度退化的Takeda模型和無剛度退化的雙線性模型(圖5),并取η=0.05、ξ=5%、μ=1.0~5.0,采用BISPEC計(jì)算SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的平均值.
從圖6可知,當(dāng)μ相同時(shí):1)無剛度退化模型的能量譜峰值平臺(tái)段要長(zhǎng)于剛度退化模型的能量譜峰值平臺(tái)段,而且無剛度退化模型的特征周期也要大于剛度退化模型的特征周期;2)在中短周期段,無剛度退化模型的能量譜值要小于剛度退化模型的能量譜值,而在中長(zhǎng)周期段則反之. 可見,相比于剛度退化模型,無剛度退化模型能量譜的峰值平臺(tái)、特征周期和中長(zhǎng)周期段譜值都要長(zhǎng)或大,即采用無剛度退化模型的能量譜值對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行抗震設(shè)計(jì),會(huì)偏于保守.
從圖7可知,當(dāng)μ相同時(shí),在中短周期段,2種模型的SλH和SλD的譜值差距較大,但隨著T的增加,SλH和SλD的譜值逐漸趨于一致. 可見,長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)的周期越長(zhǎng),恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)塑性鉸滯回耗能能力和系統(tǒng)阻尼耗能能力的影響就越小.
文獻(xiàn)[23]研究了恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)常規(guī)地震能量譜的影響,與本文的研究結(jié)果對(duì)比后可知:
1)恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)常規(guī)地震能量譜的影響隨著μ的增加而減小,特別是當(dāng)μ>5 后,恢復(fù)力模型的影響可以忽略;但是,恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震能量譜的影響則隨著μ的增大而越加顯著.
2)不同恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)應(yīng)的常規(guī)地震能量譜的峰值平臺(tái)段的長(zhǎng)度和位置沒有太大區(qū)別;但是,相比于雙線性模型,Takeda模型的長(zhǎng)周期地震能量譜的峰值平臺(tái)段的長(zhǎng)度更短而且更靠后(原點(diǎn)方向).
3.2 ? 屈服后剛度比
以I類場(chǎng)地為例,將38條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA調(diào)幅為0.15g,采用Takeda模型,取μ=1.0~5.0、ξ=5%,采用BISPEC計(jì)算η=0、0.025、0.05的SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的平均值.
從圖8、圖9可知:當(dāng)μ相同時(shí),η對(duì)SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的影響可以忽略,即在統(tǒng)計(jì)長(zhǎng)周期地震能量反應(yīng)譜時(shí),可以不考慮η的影響.
文獻(xiàn)[24]研究了η對(duì)常規(guī)地震能量譜的影響,從中可知:η對(duì)常規(guī)地震的能量譜譜值的影響很小. 這與η對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震的能量譜的影響結(jié)論相同. 可見,無論是何種類型的地震動(dòng),η對(duì)地震能量譜的影響都是可以忽略的.
3.3 ? 阻尼比
以I類場(chǎng)地為例,將38條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA調(diào)幅為0.15g,采用Takeda模型,取η=0.05,μ = l.0~5.0,采用BISPEC計(jì)算ξ=2%、5%、10%、14%時(shí)的SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的平均值.
從圖10、圖11可知:隨著ξ增大,SEI峰值、SEH和SλH都逐漸減小,SEI長(zhǎng)周期段譜值、SED和SλD都逐漸增大,而SEI峰值平臺(tái)長(zhǎng)度和特征周期則變化較小. 可見,ξ的增大,對(duì)SEI有削峰作用,并會(huì)增大SEI長(zhǎng)周期段譜值,但不改變SEI峰值平臺(tái)長(zhǎng)度和特征周期;另外,隨著ξ增大,塑性鉸的滯回耗能能力降低,而系統(tǒng)的阻尼耗能能力提高.
文獻(xiàn)[24]研究了ξ對(duì)常規(guī)地震能量譜的影響,與本文的研究結(jié)果對(duì)比后可知:ξ對(duì)常規(guī)地震和長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEH和SED影響相同(隨著ξ增大,不同類型地震的SEH減小而SED增大);但是,ξ對(duì)不同類型地震的SEI長(zhǎng)周期段的影響則不同(隨著ξ增大,常規(guī)地震的SEI的長(zhǎng)周期段的譜值減小,而長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEI的長(zhǎng)周期段的譜值則增大).
3.4 ? 位移延性比
以Ⅱ類場(chǎng)地為例,將40條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA調(diào)幅為0.30g,采用Takeda模型,取η=0.05、ξ=5%,采用BISPEC計(jì)算μ=1.0~5.0時(shí)的 SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的平均值.
從圖12可知:隨著μ的增大,SEI和SED的峰值減小,SEH峰值變化較小,SEI和SEH的峰值平臺(tái)段增長(zhǎng),并往短周期方向移動(dòng),它們的特征周期也相應(yīng)減小. 可見,μ的增大,對(duì)SEI和SED有削峰作用,并使SEI和SEH的峰值平臺(tái)段往短周期方向移動(dòng),并減小它們的特征周期.
從圖13可知,當(dāng)其他條件相同時(shí),在中短周期段,隨著μ的增大,SλH增大而SλD則減小;但隨著T的增加,SλH和SλD的譜值逐漸趨于一致. 可見,隨著μ的增加,塑性鉸的滯回耗能能力都提高,而系統(tǒng)的阻尼耗能能力則降低;另外,長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)的周期越長(zhǎng),μ對(duì)塑性鉸滯回耗能能力和系統(tǒng)阻尼耗能能力的影響就越小.
文獻(xiàn)[24]研究了μ對(duì)常規(guī)地震能量譜的影響,與本文的研究結(jié)果對(duì)比后可知:μ對(duì)常規(guī)地震和長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEI和SED的影響規(guī)律相同(隨著μ增大,SEI和SED都逐漸減?。?,但對(duì)與μ聯(lián)系最緊密的SEH的影響規(guī)律則不同(隨著μ增大,常規(guī)地震的SEH的峰值平臺(tái)段后移(往原點(diǎn)方向))、平臺(tái)段縮短、峰值增大,相反地,長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEH的峰值平臺(tái)段后移、平臺(tái)段延長(zhǎng)、峰值降低).
4 ? 地震動(dòng)特性的影響
4.1 ? 震級(jí)
保持139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的原始PGA不變,并將它們按照MW = 6.5~6.9、7.0~7.4和7.5~9.0分組. 再采用Takeda模型,取η=0.05、ξ=5%、μ=2.0,用BISPEC計(jì)算SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的均值.
從圖14可知,隨著MW的增大,SEI、SEH、SED隨之增大. 這是因?yàn)镸W越大,地震釋放的能量就越多,使得結(jié)構(gòu)地震能量響應(yīng)也越大.
從圖15可知:隨著MW的增大,SλH減小而SλD增大. 可見,MW越大,結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷也就越大,塑性鉸的滯回耗能能力下降,結(jié)構(gòu)將主要依靠阻尼來消耗地震能量.
4.2 ? 場(chǎng)地
將139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA調(diào)幅為0.30g,采用Takeda模型,取η=0.05、ξ=5%、μ=3.0,采用BISPEC計(jì)算I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ類場(chǎng)地的SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的平均值.
從圖16可知:隨著場(chǎng)地土質(zhì)的變軟,SEI、SEH、SED隨之增大. 這是因?yàn)閳?chǎng)地土越軟,場(chǎng)地與長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)的卓越周期就越接近,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)地震能量響應(yīng)的放大.
從圖17可知:隨著場(chǎng)地土變軟,SλH減小而SλD增大. 可見,場(chǎng)地土越軟,塑性鉸的滯回耗能能力就越低,而系統(tǒng)的阻尼耗能能力則提高.
4.3 ? PGA
以Ⅱ類場(chǎng)地為例,將40條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA分別調(diào)幅為0.05g、0.10g、0.30g和0.40g,采用Takeda模型,取η=0.05、ξ=5%、μ=1.0~5.0,采用BISPEC計(jì)算SEI、SEH、SED、SλD、SλH的平均值.
從圖18、圖19可知:隨著PGA的增大,SEI、SEH、SED隨之增大;同一PGA下,隨著μ的增大,SEI、SEH、SED逐漸減小;若結(jié)構(gòu)的μ相同,則可忽略PGA對(duì)SλH和SλD的影響;另外,若以0.10g的SEI為基準(zhǔn),則:
SEI,0.05g /SEI,0.10g ≈(0.05g /0.10g)2,
SEI,0.30g /SEI,0.10g ≈(0.30g /0.10g)2,
SEI,0.40g /SEI,0.10g ≈(0.40g /0.10g)2. ? ? ?(7)
可見,若已知某基準(zhǔn)PGAref下的SEI,ref,則其他PGAoth下的SEI,oth可根據(jù)PGAoth與PGAref比值的平方調(diào)整得到.
5 ? 長(zhǎng)周期地震輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜
5.1 ? 長(zhǎng)周期地震彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜
以139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄作為輸入,采用BISPEC計(jì)算四類場(chǎng)地的長(zhǎng)周期地震彈性輸入能量譜S′ EI的平均值NE1(見圖20,PGAref = 0.25g,對(duì)于長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)取ξ = 2%),再采用三段式擬合函數(shù)[18,25]和最小二乘法對(duì)NE1進(jìn)行擬合:
式中:NEI為NEI 的擬合值,即下文的長(zhǎng)周期地震彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜;NEI max為NEI的平臺(tái)段峰值;T1為峰值平臺(tái)起始周期;Tg為峰值平臺(tái)結(jié)束周期;r為衰減指數(shù);Δmin為最小誤差.
在此基礎(chǔ)上,可得四類場(chǎng)地NEI的擬合參數(shù)(見表3),并繪制NEI(見圖20),而其他PGA下的NEI可根據(jù)4.3節(jié)結(jié)論,由PGAoth與PGAref比值的平方調(diào)整得到.
5.2 ? 長(zhǎng)周期地震非彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜
5.2.1 ? μ和ξ對(duì)非彈性輸入能量譜形狀的影響
以Ⅱ類場(chǎng)地為例,將40條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA調(diào)幅為0.25g,采用Takeda模型,并取η = 0.05、ξ = 2%,用BISPEC計(jì)算μ = 1.0 ~ 6.0的非彈性輸入能量譜(SEI,ξ=2%,μ)和彈性輸入能量譜(SEI,ξ=2%,μ=1)的比值R1(見圖21),對(duì)其擬合后得:
以Ⅱ類場(chǎng)地為例,將40條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄的PGA調(diào)幅為0.25g,采用Takeda模型,取η=0.05、μ=4.0,再用BISPEC計(jì)算不同ξ的非彈性輸入能量譜(SEI,ξ,μ = 4)和ξ = 2%的非彈性輸入能量譜(SEI,ξ=2%,μ = 4)的比值R2(圖22),對(duì)其擬合后得:
同理,其他三類場(chǎng)地的β擬合公式也可用上述方法獲得.
5.2.3 ? 建立長(zhǎng)周期地震非彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜
對(duì)5.1節(jié)建立的長(zhǎng)周期地震彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜(圖20的NEI)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,以建立長(zhǎng)周期地震非彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜(PEI). 步驟如下:
1)將NEImax乘以β,可得PEI的平臺(tái)峰值PEImax,即PEImax = NEImax × β;
2)將Tg代入式(14)可得K Tg,ξ,μ,再定義譜值調(diào)整系數(shù)γ(式(16)),將NEI的T > Tg段的譜值乘以γ后,可得到PEI的T > Tg段的譜值.
6 ? 結(jié) ? 論
選取了139條長(zhǎng)周期地震動(dòng)記錄作為輸入,研究了恢復(fù)力模型動(dòng)力參數(shù)和地震動(dòng)特性對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震能量反應(yīng)譜的影響,得到以下結(jié)論:
1)相比剛度退化模型,無剛度退化模型能量譜的峰值平臺(tái)、特征周期和中長(zhǎng)周期段譜值都要長(zhǎng)或大;可以忽略η對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震能量反應(yīng)譜的影響;ξ對(duì)SEI有削峰作用,會(huì)增大SEI長(zhǎng)周期段譜值,但不改變SEI峰值平臺(tái)長(zhǎng)度和特征周期;μ對(duì)SEI和SED有削峰作用,會(huì)減小SEI和SEH的特征周期;隨著T或μ的增大,各種因素對(duì)塑性鉸滯回耗能能力和系統(tǒng)阻尼耗能能力的影響減小.
2)與常規(guī)地震能量譜的研究結(jié)果對(duì)比可知: 恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)常規(guī)地震能量譜的影響隨著μ的增大而減小,但恢復(fù)力模型對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震能量譜的影響則十分顯著;無論是何種類型的地震動(dòng),η對(duì)地震能量譜的影響都可以忽略;ξ對(duì)常規(guī)地震和長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEH和SED影響相同,但是,隨著ξ增大,常規(guī)地震的SEI的長(zhǎng)周期段譜值減小,而長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEI的長(zhǎng)周期段譜值則增大;μ對(duì)常規(guī)地震和長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEI和SED的影響相同,但是,隨著μ增加,常規(guī)地震的SEH的峰值平臺(tái)段后移(往原點(diǎn)方向)、平臺(tái)段縮短、峰值增大,而長(zhǎng)周期地震的SEH的峰值平臺(tái)段后移、平臺(tái)段延長(zhǎng)、峰值降低.
3)MW越大,結(jié)構(gòu)損傷也越大,使得塑性鉸滯回耗能能力下降;場(chǎng)地越軟,長(zhǎng)周期地震能量譜值越大,塑性鉸滯回耗能能力降低,而系統(tǒng)阻尼耗能能力則提高;若已知某基準(zhǔn)PGAref下的能量譜,其他PGAoth下的能量譜可根據(jù)PGAoth與PGAref比值的平方調(diào)整得到.
在此基礎(chǔ)上,采用三段式擬合函數(shù),建立了長(zhǎng)周期地震彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜NEI,并擬合了μ和ξ對(duì)長(zhǎng)周期地震能量譜的影響公式,進(jìn)而通過調(diào)整NEI譜值,以得到長(zhǎng)周期地震非彈性輸入能量設(shè)計(jì)譜PEI,可為長(zhǎng)周期結(jié)構(gòu)(如超高層建筑、大跨度橋梁)基于能量的抗震設(shè)計(jì)提供譜依據(jù).
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