谷 豐,陳雪嬌,魏翠蘭,周明華,李保國
·農(nóng)業(yè)水土工程·
砂姜黑土鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核剖面分布特征及其對土壤持水性的影響
谷 豐1,2,陳雪嬌3,魏翠蘭2,4,周明華1,李保國2※
(1. 中國科學(xué)院水利部成都山地災(zāi)害與環(huán)境研究所,中國科學(xué)院山地表生過程與生態(tài)調(diào)控重點(diǎn)實驗室,成都 610041;2. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土地科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部華北耕地保育重點(diǎn)實驗室,自然資源部農(nóng)用地質(zhì)量與監(jiān)控重點(diǎn)實驗,北京 100193;3. 四川大學(xué)建筑與環(huán)境學(xué)院,成都 610065;4. 江蘇開放大學(xué)環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)院,南京 210036)
鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核是砂姜黑土重要的成土特征,直接影響土壤結(jié)構(gòu)和水分運(yùn)移,但目前關(guān)于鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對土壤持水性作用機(jī)制的研究主要集中在實驗室尺度,而且報道較少?;诖?,該研究在田間尺度上研究了鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核剖面垂直分布特征及其對土壤持水性的影響。結(jié)果表明:鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核主要分布在20 cm以下的土層,其含量和粒徑均隨土層深度的增加呈現(xiàn)增大趨勢,>80~100 cm土層鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)可達(dá)11.42%。2~5、>5~8、>8~30 mm的鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核飽和含水率分別為0.25、0.22和0.20 cm3/cm3,均遠(yuǎn)低于土壤飽和含水率。土壤飽和含水率、田間持水量和萎蔫點(diǎn)均隨鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量的提高而逐漸降低。但是含鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核土層土壤有效持水量與鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量呈現(xiàn)顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核有利于改善砂姜黑土黏重的土壤質(zhì)地。研究結(jié)果可為深入了解砂姜黑土水分運(yùn)動規(guī)律及中低產(chǎn)田改良提供理論依據(jù)。
土壤;含水率;顆粒;砂姜黑土;鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核;空間分布;持水性;水分特征曲線
砂姜黑土是中國主要的中低產(chǎn)田類型之一,總面積約為400萬hm2,主要分布于山東、河南、江蘇、安徽和湖南等地[1]。土壤剖面中明顯的姜狀鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核,以及暗色黑土層是砂姜黑土的主要特征[2]。鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核又稱石灰結(jié)核或砂姜,它由分散的碳酸鹽與土壤顆粒在硅酸、二氧化物、三氧化物、鐵和錳等吸附性物質(zhì)的表面膠結(jié)而成[3]。鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核主要分布于砂姜黑土20 cm以下土層[1],其含量隨土層深度的增加逐漸升高,同時具有強(qiáng)烈的空間變異性,變異系數(shù)甚至可以超過100%[4-6]。作為粒徑較大的粗粒介質(zhì)(粒徑大于2 mm),鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核不僅能導(dǎo)致土壤的非均質(zhì)性,而且會嚴(yán)重影響土壤結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育[7-9]。
土壤持水性質(zhì)是計算土壤水分和養(yǎng)分運(yùn)移的關(guān)鍵,也是制定精準(zhǔn)灌溉措施的基礎(chǔ)。粗粒介質(zhì)自身孔隙及其對土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的影響必然會引起土壤持水性質(zhì)的變化。研究表明[10-11],土壤有效持水量隨土壤粗粒介質(zhì)含量的增加而降低。粗粒介質(zhì)內(nèi)部孔隙也可持有一定水分,但其含水率可能低于土壤[10,12],也可能高于土壤[13],這與粗粒介質(zhì)的類型、尺寸、孔隙度以及風(fēng)化程度等密切相關(guān)。
因此,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的存在不僅直接影響砂姜黑土的持水、蓄水能力,而且可能降低土壤耕性,甚至限制作物根系的生長和發(fā)育[14]。Gu等[15]在實驗室條件下研究了鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對土壤持水性的影響,結(jié)果表明,土壤田間持水量、萎蔫含水率和有效持水量均隨鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量的增加而顯著降低。目前,關(guān)于田間尺度下鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對土壤持水性影響的報道尚少。基于此,本研究選擇典型砂姜黑土農(nóng)田為試驗區(qū),通過田間調(diào)查,研究田間尺度下鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核在土壤剖面中的垂直分布,結(jié)合室內(nèi)分析探究鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對砂姜黑土土壤持水性質(zhì)的影響,以期為砂姜黑土的改良利用提供理論依據(jù)。
試驗區(qū)位于安徽省阜陽市臨泉縣(115°16'30''E,32°59'05''N)(圖1)。臨泉縣地處淮北平原西部,地勢平坦,海拔31~40 m;屬暖溫帶半濕潤季風(fēng)性氣候,多年(1955—2004年)平均氣溫約為15 ℃,平均降雨量為913 mm。試驗區(qū)土壤類型為砂姜黑土,土壤質(zhì)地類型為黏壤土。當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)的耕作方式為冬小麥-夏玉米輪作,熟制為一年兩熟。
試驗田長150 m,寬50 m,面積為0.75 hm2。根據(jù)前期調(diào)查結(jié)果(圖2),鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核廣泛分布于試驗田中,且空間變異性較強(qiáng)[5]。隨機(jī)挖取3個1 m深的土壤剖面,按照每20 cm一層,0~100 cm土層共分為5層。用鐵鏟在各層采集土壤樣品,風(fēng)干后測定土壤顆粒組成、有機(jī)質(zhì)、鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核質(zhì)量含量及不同粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的持水性。與此同時,用環(huán)刀(100 cm3)在每個土層分別采集3個原狀樣品,用于測定土壤容重和水分特征曲線。
1.3.1 土壤基本理化性質(zhì)
風(fēng)干土樣過2 mm篩后,采用沉降法[16]測定土壤顆粒組成;采用外加熱法[17]測定土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。
1.3.2 鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核粒徑分級、含量及密度
稱取一定量風(fēng)干土壤樣品(0,g),篩分出粒徑大于2 mm的鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核,再分別通過5、8 mm篩,將鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核進(jìn)一步分為粒徑為2~5、>5~8 、>8~30 mm的樣品。用自來水將鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核表面殘留土粒沖洗干凈,置于105 ℃下烘干至恒質(zhì)量,采用式(1)計算鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量。
式中C和W(=1,2,3)分別表示粒徑為2~5、>5~8、>8~30 mm鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量(%,質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))和烘干質(zhì)量(g);為土壤樣品的風(fēng)干含水率,g/g。鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核總含量total為以上3個粒級鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量之和(1+2+3),%。
將各粒級鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核(質(zhì)量為,g)放入去離子水中,浸泡24 h,待充分飽和后取出。利用排水法測定鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核體積(,g),計算鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核密度(ρ=/,g/cm3)。
1.3.3 土壤水分特征曲線測定方法
將土壤原狀樣品飽和后,采用離心機(jī)法[18]測定土壤水分特征曲線。
不同轉(zhuǎn)速(300、500、700、1 000、2 000、3 000、5 000、7 000和8 700 r/s)下土壤基質(zhì)勢(cm)[18-20]為
式中為重力加速度,本文取值981 cm/s2;為離心機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子角速度,r/s;為水的密度,g/cm3;1和2分別代表自由水面和土壤樣品重心與離心機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子中心的距離,cm。
測定完成后,土壤樣品在105 ℃下烘干至質(zhì)量恒定,計算土壤容重和各轉(zhuǎn)速下的土壤含水率。
1.3.4 鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核水分特征曲線測定方法
采用沙箱法和壓力板法測定2~5、>5~8、>8~30 mm鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的水分特征曲線[12]。首先,將鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核埋入細(xì)砂(粒徑小于1 mm)并裝填入100 cm3環(huán)刀中,以保證鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核與沙箱或壓力板之間的水力連通性;然后將裝填好的樣品用去離子水飽和24 h以上;最后,將樣品放入沙箱或壓力板中測定不同基質(zhì)勢下的鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含水率。共設(shè)定13個基質(zhì)勢梯度,分別為-5、-10、-20、-40、-60、-80、-100、-300、-500、-1 000、-3 000、-5 000和-15 000 cm。
1.3.5 水分特征曲線擬合方法
在Excel 2016軟件中應(yīng)用規(guī)劃求解功能對水分特征曲線測定值進(jìn)行擬合,得到最優(yōu)擬合參數(shù)。本研究采用的水分特征曲線模型為van Genuchten模型[21],公式如下
式中是含水率,cm3/cm3;θ和θ分別為飽和含水率和殘余含水率,cm3/cm3;為測定樣品的基質(zhì)勢,cm;為土壤進(jìn)氣值的倒數(shù),1/cm;為模型曲線形狀參數(shù),無量綱。
土壤重力水含量(Gravitational-water Content,GC)、田間持水量(Field Capacity,F(xiàn)C)、萎蔫含水量(Wilting Point,WP)和有效持水量(Available Water Holding Capacity,AWHC)的計算方法:將土壤水分特征曲線中-330 cm和-15 000 cm基質(zhì)勢下的土壤含水率作為土壤FC和WP[22]。GC為土壤飽和含水率與田間持水量的差值,AWHC為FC和WP的差值。
在Excel 2016軟件中進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理,通過SPSS25.0軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(Analysis of Variance,ANOVA),由最小顯著性差異法(Least-Significant Difference,LSD)表示指標(biāo)間差異的顯著性,并采用Pearson相關(guān)性檢驗分析鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量與土壤性質(zhì)之間的相關(guān)性。
試驗區(qū)土壤剖面中0~20 cm為耕作層,土壤顏色較深,結(jié)構(gòu)較為松散,以團(tuán)粒和塊狀為主(圖3)。20 cm以下土壤緊實度明顯增加,其中>20~40 cm為犁底層,>40~80 cm為過渡層,土壤呈現(xiàn)黃白并夾雜黑色,主要土壤結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)棱柱狀。當(dāng)土壤深度大于80 cm時,土壤顏色以黃白色為主,這些變化與土壤容重、有機(jī)質(zhì)以及鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的含量分布密切相關(guān)。表層以下土壤(>20~100 cm)容重為1.57~1.61 g/cm3,顯著高于表面耕作層容重(1.23 g/cm3)(表1),因此土壤緊實度增加。試驗區(qū)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量總體偏低(表1),在全國第二次土壤普查養(yǎng)分分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中屬于第4~6級,與其他研究中砂姜黑土有機(jī)質(zhì)含量類似[23]。其中,0~20 cm土層有機(jī)質(zhì)含量約為11.40 g/kg,比其他土層高86%~136%,這可能是導(dǎo)致其土壤顏色深于底層土壤的原因之一[23]。
注:同一列不同小寫字母表示差異性顯著(<0.05),下同。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (<0.05), the same below.
土壤中黏粒、粉粒和砂粒質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別約為30.56%~39.75%、39.88%~45.34%和18.67%~24.45%(表1),在美國制土壤質(zhì)地分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中屬于粉質(zhì)黏土。從剖面看,不同粒徑的土壤顆粒在不同深度土壤中的分布不盡一致(表1)。例如,黏粒(粒徑小于0.002 mm)含量隨著土壤深度的增加而顯著減少,耕層(0~20 cm)和犁底層(>20~40 cm)的黏粒含量分別是底層(>80~100 cm)土壤的1.30倍和1.27倍。0~40 cm土層中粉粒(0.002~0.05 mm)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)介于39.88%到42.64%之間,顯著低于深度為>40~100 cm的土壤(44.70%~45.34%)。對于砂粒(0.05~2 mm)而言,其含量也隨著土壤深度的增加而呈上升趨勢。各土層中,底層(>80~100 cm)土壤砂粒質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(24.45%)最大,與>60~80cm差異不顯著,但比其他各層(0~60 cm)土壤高20%~31%??傮w而言,試驗區(qū)0~100 cm土壤主要以黏粒和粉粒為主,砂粒質(zhì)量含量較低。研究表明,砂姜黑土黏粒質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)較高(>30%),土壤水分有效庫容較小,且因黏土礦物以2∶1型的蒙脫石為主,這是導(dǎo)致砂姜黑土脹縮性強(qiáng)、宜耕性差的原因之一[24-25]。
試驗田表層(0~20 cm)土壤中鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量極低,僅有少量2~5 mm鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核散落分布(表2),質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)僅占土壤的0.02%。但是隨著土層深度的增加,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,其在>60~80 cm土層中的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)約為3.73%,而在>80~100 cm土層中的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)高達(dá)11.42%??梢姡敖谕菱}質(zhì)結(jié)核主要分布于60 cm以下土壤。相比于0~40 cm土層,>60~100 cm土壤中各粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的含量均最高,尤其是在>80~100 cm時,大顆粒(>8~30 mm)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)可以達(dá)到8.04%,這與鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的發(fā)育過程有關(guān)。研究表明,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核主要形成于干濕交替作用下地下水中的碳酸鹽和成土母質(zhì)中的碳酸鈣(CaCO3)的淋溶及凝結(jié)作用[26]。大粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的形成對土壤環(huán)境條件要求苛刻,且需長時間的積累[6,27]。底層土壤受地下水的影響較多,可能有利于大粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的形成。0~20 cm土壤中各粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量均較低,一方面是由于與深層土壤相比,表層土壤受地下水影響較小,另一方面,也可能與當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民在長期耕作過程中對鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的清理有關(guān)[6]。
土壤含水率隨土壤基質(zhì)勢的增加而逐漸降低,各層土壤的水分特征曲線差異明顯(圖4)。表層(0~20 cm)土壤的飽和含水率(θ)顯著高于>20~100 cm土壤(表 3),這主要是由于表層土壤受耕作影響較大,土壤容重較低(表1)。由于>20~100 cm土壤長期受到機(jī)械壓實作用,且存在一定量的鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核,其容重顯著高于表層土壤,飽和含水率低。對于>20~100 cm間的各層土壤而言,其θ值差異并不顯著(>0.05)。此外,van Genutchen模型的擬合參數(shù)(、、θ)在表層(0~20 cm)土壤與20 cm以下土層之間也表現(xiàn)出顯著的差異性(表 3)。例如,值在0~20 cm時最高,表明表層土壤大孔隙數(shù)量較多[28];相比于其他土層,表層土壤的值最大,這說明當(dāng)土壤基質(zhì)勢降低時,土壤更容易失水[29],因此水分特征曲線的斜率也更大。
表2 不同深度土壤剖面鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量
表層土壤(0~20 cm)重力水遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于>20~100 cm,這與表層土壤大孔隙數(shù)量較多有關(guān)。表層以下(>20~100 cm)土壤重力水隨土層深度的增加呈現(xiàn)升高趨勢。有研究指出,粗顆粒(粒徑>2 mm)的加入會使土壤細(xì)土與粗顆粒之間形成大孔隙,從而增加混合樣品的大孔隙數(shù)量[7,29-30]。Gargiulo等[9]也發(fā)現(xiàn)向變性土中添加粗顆粒,不僅引起大孔隙數(shù)量的增多,而且導(dǎo)致了土壤裂隙的形成。
注:采用 van Genutchen模型擬合,下同。
與重力水的變化趨勢不同,土壤田間持水量和萎蔫點(diǎn)均隨著土層深度的增加呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢,并且在>20~40 cm層達(dá)到最大值(表3)。隨著土層深度的增加,土壤有效持水量逐漸升高。相比于0~60 cm土層,>60~100 cm土壤的有效持水量值提高了43%~120%,這可能與土壤黏粒含量的降低有關(guān)(表1)。
表3 不同深度砂姜黑土水力學(xué)特性參數(shù)
在以往的研究中,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的含水率和水力學(xué)特征通常被忽略。本研究結(jié)果顯示,高基質(zhì)勢情況下(基質(zhì)勢為-10~0 cm),小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的含水率要高于大粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核(圖5)。2~5、>5~8、>8~30 mm的鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核飽和含水率分別為0.25、0.22和0.20 cm3/cm3。這主要是因為小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的容重較低(表4),孔隙度較大,能夠保持更多的水分。當(dāng)基質(zhì)勢低于-20 cm時,不同粒級鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的含水率差別不大。由表4可知,基于van Genutchen 模型的鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核水分特征曲線擬合的決定系數(shù)(2)不小于0.95,具有較好的擬合效果。不同粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核水分特征曲線值由大到小為2~5、>5~8、>8~30 mm。隨著鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核粒徑的增大,其飽和含水率和殘余含水率值均顯著降低,這主要與小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核密度較低、孔隙度較高有關(guān)。在小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的形成過程中,較低的土壤溶液結(jié)晶度是造成其低密度的主要原因[26]。
因表層土壤極易受耕作的影響,且鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量極低,本研究僅選取>20~100 cm土壤,對其鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量及其他土壤性質(zhì)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析(表5)。結(jié)果表明,隨著鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量的增多,土壤持水性能,如飽和含水量、FC、WP以及殘余含水率等均呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢。其中,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核總含量total與FC、WP之間分別具有極顯著(<0.01)和顯著(<0.05)的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,這可能是由于鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核密度顯著高于常規(guī)土壤容重,導(dǎo)致土壤持水性降低。此外,在所有基質(zhì)勢范圍內(nèi)(-15 000~0 cm),鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含水率均低于原狀土壤(圖 4~圖5),這也是造成砂姜黑土具有較低持水性的重要原因之一。Gu等[15]的研究結(jié)果表明,土壤含水率隨著鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量的增多而逐漸降低。Tetegan等[11]、Ceacero等[8]和付同剛等[31]在其他含粗粒介質(zhì)土壤如礫石土壤的研究中也得到了類似的結(jié)果。
表4 不同粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核水力學(xué)特性參數(shù)
除>8~30 mm外,其他粒徑(2~5和>5~8 mm)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量以及鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核總量均與土壤AWHC呈現(xiàn)顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系(<0.05,表5)。這與之前人工裝填土壤的研究結(jié)果表現(xiàn)不一致[15],是因為鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核引起的FC的減少量低于WP的減少量,二者的差值,即AWHC隨著鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量的增加而增多??梢姡啾扔贔C,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對土壤WP的負(fù)作用更強(qiáng)。除自身持水特性之外,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核還可能通過影響土壤質(zhì)地來改變土壤的持水性能。各粒級鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核及其總量均與土壤砂粒含量呈顯著正相關(guān),而與黏粒含量間具有顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(<0.05,表5),這可能是由于砂姜黑土砂粒中含有少量粒徑小于2 mm的鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核。鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核凝結(jié)的同時可能將土壤顆粒結(jié)合在一起,提高了土壤砂粒含量。一般而言,壤質(zhì)土壤AWHC要高于砂質(zhì)和黏質(zhì)土壤[32]。因此,小顆粒鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核的增多可能有助于改善砂姜黑土黏重的土壤質(zhì)地。由于鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核主要分布在耕層以下土壤中,深耕可能是改良砂姜黑土耕層結(jié)構(gòu)、提高土壤AWHC并促進(jìn)作物根系生長的有效措施之一。
表5 20~100 cm土壤鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量與其他土壤性質(zhì)間相關(guān)系數(shù)
注:**表示在0.01水平下相關(guān)性顯著;*表示在0.05水平下相關(guān)性顯著。
Note: ** indicates significant correlations at the 0.01 level, * indicates significant correlations at the 0.05 level.
從土壤水分特征曲線van Genutchen模型擬合參數(shù)及持水參數(shù)上看,和以及GC均與鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)大于0(=0.12~0.64)。這表明鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核具有增加土壤大孔隙的潛力,其原因可能有以下幾個方面:1)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核與土壤細(xì)土之間容易形成大孔隙[29];2)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核等粗顆粒在變性土開裂過程中起到開裂點(diǎn)的作用[9],使土壤裂隙或大孔隙數(shù)量增多;3)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核在土壤中可充當(dāng)骨架,減少壓實作用[18];4)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量高的土層其砂粒含量也較高,從而增加了土壤大孔隙的數(shù)量。
總體上看,較高的黏粒含量是造成砂姜黑土耕層土壤(0~20 cm)持水能力較差,土壤AWHC較低的主要原因。而對于耕層以下土壤(>20 cm)而言,機(jī)械壓實作用和大量鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核導(dǎo)致土壤容重較高,土壤持水量偏低。鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對砂姜黑土持水性的影響主要集中在耕層以下土壤。隨著鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量的增加,土壤飽和含水率、FC和WP均降低,但AWHC顯著提高。這可能是由于小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核本身持水量較高,同時其性質(zhì)與砂粒類似??梢?,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對砂姜黑土持水性的影響并非完全負(fù)面,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核,特別是小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核可通過改善土壤質(zhì)地等性質(zhì)來提高土壤有效持水量。
為便于土壤持水性質(zhì)的評估,前人研究往往研發(fā)土壤轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù),通過土壤質(zhì)地、有機(jī)質(zhì)、容重等基礎(chǔ)理化性質(zhì)便捷地獲取土壤持水參數(shù)[33-34],而未考慮鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核。基于本文研究結(jié)果,鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核對土壤持水性具有不可忽視的影響,以后需綜合考慮鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量和粒徑參數(shù)研發(fā)土壤轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)模型,為砂姜黑土土壤持水性的準(zhǔn)確評估提供技術(shù)理論依據(jù),從而為中低產(chǎn)田改良提供科學(xué)支撐。
本研究以典型砂姜黑土區(qū)土壤剖面為研究對象,探討了土壤持水性及其對鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核空間分布的響應(yīng)特征,主要結(jié)論有:
1)土壤飽和含水率在0~20 cm土層達(dá)到最高,而>20~100 cm各土層之間差異不顯著;土壤重力水含量隨著土層深度呈現(xiàn)先下降后升高的趨勢;土壤田間持水量和萎蔫點(diǎn)的趨勢與之相反;土壤有效持水量隨土層深度呈現(xiàn)逐漸升高趨勢。
2)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含量隨深度增加而增加,0~20 cm土壤中鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)僅為0.02%,而>80~100 cm鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)高達(dá)11.42%。
3)鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核降低了砂姜黑土土壤持水性。雖然鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核本身可持有少量水分,但其含水率遠(yuǎn)低于土壤,大粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核含水率低于小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核。
4)小粒徑鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核可有效改善砂姜黑土黏重的土壤質(zhì)地,提高土壤砂粒含量,提高土壤有效持水量。
本研究對于評估砂姜黑土的持水性質(zhì)、制定精確的灌溉措施、提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力具有重要意義。
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Distribution of calcareous concretion in soil profile and their effects on soil water retention in calcic vertisol
Gu Feng1,2, Chen Xuejiao3, Wei Cuilan2,4, Zhou Minghua1, Li Baoguo2※
(1.,,,610041,; 2.,,,,,,100193,; 3.,,610065,; 4.,,210036,)
Calcic vertisol is a typical kind of low-yield field with a total area of about 4 million hm2in China. Calcareous concretion with particle size larger than 2 mm has been one of the representative characteristics of calcic vertisol. The limitation of soil available water is an important reason for crop failure in this region. Therefore, the curve of soil water retention dominates the estimation of available water content. However, most studies focused on the effects of calcareous concretion on soil water retention of calcic vertisol mainly under laboratory conditions. It is lacking that under field conditions. In this study, both field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to explore the effect of calcareous concretion distribution in 0-1 m soil profile on soil water retention. Firstly, the spatial distribution of calcareous concretion was investigated in the study plot with 150 m length, 50 m width, and 1 m depth. After then, soil profiles (0-1 m soil depth) were chosen to divide into 5 layers with a 20 cm interval. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in each layer. Physicochemical properties were evaluated to measure the distribution of soil particle size, size and content of calcareous concretion, bulk densities of soil, and calcareous concretions. Meanwhile, the curves of soil water retention were determined usinghigh speed centrifuge. A pressure plate method was conducted to measure water retention curves in calcareous concretion. The results showed that the mass contents of clay, silt, and sand were 30.56%-39.75%, 39.88%-45.34%, and 18.67%-24.45%, respectively, which belonged to silty clay soil in the classification standard of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Clayey particles decreased, but sandy particles increased significantly with the increase of soil depth. Calcareous concretion was mainly distributed in the soil depth of >20-100 cm, where the content and size increased as soil depth increased. Calcareous concretions content in the surface soil (0-20 cm) was very low (with mass content 0.02%), where only a few calcareous concretions of 2-5 mm were discovered. The maximum content of calcareous concretion was detected at > 80-100 cm (up to 11.42%), where the calcareous concretion content was 8.04% in the size of >8-30 mm. Soil bulk density ranged from 1.23-1.61 g·cm-3. The densities of calcareous concretions were 2.01, 2.21, and 2.23 g/cm3with the size of 2-5 mm, >5-8 mm, and >8-30 mm, respectively. Soil bulk density increased along with the calcareous concretion content increasing. Water retention curves of soil and calcareous concretion were well fitted by the van Genuchten model, with the determination coefficient larger than 0.95. The saturated water content of surface soil (0-20 cm) was significantly higher than that of 20-100 cm soil. Nevertheless, the Gravitational-water content in the surface soil (0-20 cm) was much larger than that in the soil of > 20-100 cm, which was related to macropores formed during tillage. In the subsurface (>20-100 cm), soil gravitational-water content and available water-holding capacity increased with the increase of soil depth, but the field capacity and wilting point decreased. Calcareous concretion maintained a non-negligible amount of water, 0.25, 0.22, and 0.20 cm3/cm3in the particles with the size of 2-5 mm, >5-8 mm, and >8-30 mm, respectively. But the water-holding capacities of calcareous concretion were significantly lower than that of soil. The effects of calcareous concretion on water-holding capacity mainly occurred in the subsurface soil. Soil saturated water content, field capacity, and wilting point decreased with increasing calcareous concretion. Interestingly, calcareous concretion content was positively correlated with the soil sand content, but negatively correlated with the soil clay content. Calcareous concretion can bind soil particles together to prevent sand weathering, and thereby effectively improve soil texture. More calcareous concretion led to higher sand contents, and thus increased the available water-holding capacity in soil. This finding can provide a theoretical basis to accurately assess the soil water-holding capacity in calcic vertisol for precision irrigation and high crop productivity.
soils; soil moisture; particles; calcic vertisol; calcareous concretion; spatial distribution; water retention; water characteristic curve
谷豐,陳雪嬌,魏翠蘭,等. 砂姜黑土鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核剖面分布特征及其對土壤持水性的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2021,37(6):73-80.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.06.010 http://www.tcsae.org
Gu Feng, Chen Xuejiao, Wei Cuilan, et al. Distribution of calcareous concretion in soil profile and their effects on soil water retention in calcic vertisol[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(6): 73-80. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.06.010 http://www.tcsae.org
2020-11-24
2021-01-19
國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃項目(2016YFD0300801);國家水體污染控制與治理科技重大專項(2017ZX07101001)
谷豐,博士,研究方向為土壤結(jié)構(gòu)與水分運(yùn)動。Email:guf@imde.ac.cn
李保國,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向為土壤過程定量化。Email:Libg@cau.edu.cn
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.06.010
S152.7+1
A
1002-6819(2021)-06-0073-08