云物理與人工影響天氣研究進(jìn)展

Advances in Research on Cloud Physics and Weather Modification

1 人工影響天氣機(jī)理與方法

1 Mechanism and method of weather modification

1.1 Cable-car measurements of vertical aerosol profiles impacted by mountain-valley breezes in Lushan Mountain, East China

In-situ field observations of vertical aerosol profiles for one month in complex terrain (Lushan Mountain,China) were carried out using a cable car, which resolved detailed vertical distributions of mountain aerosols with lowcost operation. Cable-car observations were conducted during the early morning and late afternoon,when mountain and valley winds dominated, respectively. The diurnal aerosol variations at the top and foot of Lushan Mountain were analyzed based on environmental and meteorological stations. The observations indicated that the mountain-valley breezes notably impacted the mountain-area aerosol distribution under weak weather conditions. More uniform aerosol profiles for the afternoon than the morning, with their decreasing rates of PM2.5(particles with diameters less than 2.5 μm) were 1.64 and 2.28 μg m?3hm?1, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10ratio at the mountain top increased from 0.69 to 0.81, and that at the mountain base decreased from 0.75 to 0.70 from morning to afternoon. The PM2.5concentration decreased in and around Lushan Mountain from daytime to nighttime, with the impacted diameter of the 300-m topography line being smaller than about 5 km, while the concentration increased in Jiujiang City. The relative decreasing rate of PM2.5was higher at the mountain top site (about 20%) than at the base site (about 2%) from daytime to nighttime. Moreover, uniform aerosol profiles could have been caused by regional transport through a relatively strong low-level synoptic flow (about 5 m s?1) and the mountain’s dynamic lifting effect. （Duan Jing, Chen Yong, Wang Wenling, Li Jun,Zhang Xiaopeng, Lu Guangxian, Che Yunfei, Zhong Shujun, Ma Shupo, Li Peng, An Junling, Fu Pingqing）

1.2 Radiative effects of clouds and fog on long-lasting heavy fog events in northern China

In the last decade, heavy fog events have been found to last from several days to more than a week and frequently occur in the northern China. The mechanism responsible for the long-lasting heavy fog events has not been fully understood. In this study, the radiative effects of the clouds and fog on two persistent heavy fog events on December 3–6, 2011 (Case-2011) and January 28–31, 2013 (Case-2013) are investigated based on both observations and weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. The results indicate that the radiative effects of clouds formed at middle and high levels and fog may play an important role in sustaining longlasting fog events in the northern China. The clouds formed above the fog primarily consist of ice and snow particles with a thickness of more than 3–4 km and cloud base of 3–6 km. During the daytime, the increase in solar radiation reflection caused by both clouds and fog can reduce the mean surface solar radiation by 71% in Case-2011 and 84% in Case-2013, and the contribution from clouds accounts for 18%, which may significantly weaken the surface heating from solar radiation and prevent the dissipation of fog events. While during the nighttime, the greenhouse effect of clouds and fog can increase the mean surface net radiation by 77 W m?2in Case-2011 and 68 W m?2in Case-2013, which may reduce the surface long-wave radiative cooling and prevent the further development of fog events. However, the greenhouse effect of clouds and fog during both daytime and nighttime may enhance turbulent processes and cause the fog to rise, and remain in the stable inversion layer.（Guo Lijun, Guo Xueliang, Luan Tian, Zhu Shichao, Lyu Kai）

1.3 Characteristics of raindrop size distributions during Meiyu season in Mount Lushan, East China

Meiyu front precipitation makes the region prone to frequent floods, mudslides, landslides, and other disasters, and has been the focus of ongoing and challenging meteorological research. Investigation of the raindrop size distribution (RSD) is essential for exploring the characteristics and underlying physical precipitation processes. This study investigated the precipitation characteristics in Lushan mountainous areas during the Meiyu season using laser disdrometer observed RSD data from 2016 to 2019. For the average spectra of five rain rate classes, the concentrations of large raindrops (> 0.5 mm) increased with rain rate(R), while the concentrations of small raindrops (< 0.5 mm) increased only under rain rates higher than 10 mm h?1. The gamma distribution parameters of N0(intercept parameter) and λ (slope parameter) increased/decreased with rain rate, and the shape parameter μ exhibited negative values in different rain rate classes.The distribution pattern features were N(D) = 721D?1.79e?1.20D. Distributions of the frequency for massweighted mean diameter (DM) and the logarithm of the generalized intercept parameter (lgNw) both showed a unique bimodal type, and an exceptionally high NW(lgNw> 4.5) subset with small DMwas determined.The stratiform and convective rain of RSD were also investigated. DM-R and NW-R showed similar variations in two types of precipitation. The lower μ values resulted in higher primary and constant coefficients in the quadratic polynomial fitting for the μ-λ relationship (λ = 0.0347μ2+ 1.180μ + 2.495 ). The Z-R relationship (Z for radar reflectivity factor) in stratiform precipitation characteristics was Z = 203R1.59. Further investigations showed that high NWvalues usually occurred in persistent precipitation. The RSD can be characterized as high concentrations of the first two diameter classes with narrow spectrum width (< 1 mm), which were captured during in-cloud rain with a low but continuous rain rate (< 5 mm h?1). The mountainous topography plays an important role in reshaping the characteristics of RSD and the physical processes of precipitation. （Chang Yi,Ma Qianrong, Guo Lijun, Duan Jing, Li Jun, Zhang Xiaopeng, Guo Xueliang, Lou Xiaofeng, Chen Baojun)

1.4 Aerosol and cloud properties over a coastal area from aircraft observations in Zhejiang, China

Using in-situ aircraft observations from six flights over Zhejiang on September 1 and September 4, 2016,this study investigates differences in aerosol and cloud properties between daytime and nighttime. The samples were divided into marine type and continental type based on the backward air mass trajectories and aerosol characteristics. The results show that the aerosol number concentration (Na) near the ground during daytime is higher than that at nighttime. During daytime, Nahas a significant decreasing trend near the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which is not obvious during nighttime. There may be still a relative high concentration of aerosols remaining in the transition zone between the PBL and the free troposphere. Under similar liquid water content (LWC) conditions, the cloud droplet number concentration (Nc) at night is lower, and the cloud droplet effective diameter (cloud ED) is larger. The total Naof marine type aerosols is generally lower than that of continental type aerosols, but for aerosols with particle diameters greater than 1 μm, the marine type aerosols are higher. The study shows a strong negative Na-cloud ED relationship for marine type aerosols, but no obvious Na-cloud ED relationship for continental type aerosols. The number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)is higher under high-Naconditions; the ratio of CCN to Nareveals that the activation efficiency of marine type aerosols is higher than that of continental type aerosols. There is no obvious difference in activation efficiency between day and night. (Che Yunfei, Zhang Jing, Fang Chungang, Zhou Xu, Xue Wenhao, Hu Xiaomin, Duan Jing, Li Wei, Gao Yang, Lu Guangxian, Zhao Delong, Zhao Chuanfeng)

1.5 An airborne study of the aerosol effect on the dispersion of cloud droplets in a drizzling marine stratocumulus cloud over eastern China

Detailed airborne measurements were carried out to explore aerosol-cloud interactions and cloud microphysical properties in a drizzling marine stratocumulus cloud deck over the eastern China. Results show that the collisioncoalescence of cloud droplets, the condensation of small droplets, and the collision-induced break-up of drizzle were the dominant microphysical processes in the sampled water cloud parcel. The region in the vicinity of the cloud’s lateral boundary was spatially divided into sub-regions to better understand aerosol and droplet interactions. Relationships between the relative dispersion (ε) and the cloud’s microphysical and dynamical characteristics were also examined. A negative relation was found between ε and the cloud droplet number concentration, with ε showing a close relationship with the liquid water content (LWC) and updraft velocity. When LWC was greater than about 0.75 g kg?1, the range of ε values narrowed, and updrafts dominated. By introducing ε in the cloud droplet effect radius (Re) parameterization, we find that ε can further affect indirect forcing by changing the Redistribution for the cloud examined in this study. The dispersion effect (DE) was estimated using the effective radius ratio and the specific cloud water content. An in-depth analysis indicates that DE may offset the Twomey effect by about 12%. Two different methods of estimating the indirect effect (IE) yielded close values (0.084 and 0.077), suggesting that introducing DE into the estimation had a small influence on the IE calculation in the drizzling marine stratocumulus cloud of this study.Note that the estimated IE has a large uncertainty, given the large biases in the cloud properties measured. (Wang Fei, Li Zhanqing, Zhao Delong, Ma Xincheng, Gao Yang, Sheng Jiujiang, Tian Ping, Maureen Cribb)

1.6 Revisiting the size of nonspherical particles recorded by optical array probes with a new method based on the convex hull

In recent years, the cloud imaging probe (CIP) and precipitation imaging probe (PIP) produced by droplet measurement technologies (DMT) have been introduced by a number of meteorological research and operation centers in China. The supporting software provided by DMT, i.e., PADS (particle analysis and display system),cannot output detailed information on each individual particle, which definitely limits the in-depth utilization of cloud and precipitation particle image data in China. In this paper, particle-by-particle information was extracted by decompressing the CIP and PIP original particle image data, based on which a new definition of the dimension for nonspherical particles is proposed by using the area of the convex hull enclosing a particle to obtain the equivalent diameter of a circle with equal area. Based on the data detected during one flight in Inner Mongolia, the particle size distribution obtained using the new particle size definition and that used by the other four existing definitions are compared. The results show that the particle number concentration calculated using different particle size definitions can vary by up to an order of magnitude. The result obtained based on the new particle size definition is closest to that calculated with the area-equivalent diameter definition.（Zhang Rong, Zhou Xu, Li Hongyu, Li Hanchao, Wei Lei, Gao Yang, Xia Qiang, Wang Xiangyu）

1.7 Satellite estimates and subpixel variability of rainfall in a semi-arid grassland

Uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimation may derive from both the local rainfall characteristics and its subpixel variability. To study this issue, micro rain radars and a rain gauge network were deployed within a 9-km satellite pixel in the semi-arid Xilingol grassland of China in summer 2009. The authors characterized the subpixel variability with the coefficient of variation (CV) and evaluated the satellite rainfall estimation for this semi-arid area. The results showed that rainfall events with a high CV were mostly convective with a small amount of rainfall. Spatially inhomogeneous rainfall was most likely to occur at the edges of small clouds producing rain. The performance of the TRMM (tropical rainfall measuring mission) 3B42V7 product for daily rainfall was better than that of the CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center morphing technique) and PERSIANN(precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks) products, although the TRMM product tended to overestimate rainfall in a lake area of the semi-arid grassland. (Chen Yong, Duan Jing, An Junling, Liu Huizhi, Ulrich G?rsdorf, Franz H. Berger)

1.8 A hypergraph-embedded convolutional neural network for ice crystal particle habit classification

In the field of weather modification, it is important to accurately identify the ice crystal particles in ice clouds. When ice crystal habits are correctly identified, cloud structure can be further understood and cloud seeding and other methods of weather modification can be used to change the microstructure of the cloud.Consequently, weather phenomena can be changed at an appropriate time to support human production and quality of life. However, ice crystal morphology is varied. Traditional ice crystal particle classification methods are based on expert experience, which is subjective and unreliable for the identification of the categories by threshold setting. In addition, existing deep learning methods are faced with the problem of improving classification performance on datasets with unbalanced sample distributions. Therefore, we designed a convolutional neural network (CNN) embedded with a hypergraph convolution module, named Hy-INet. The hypergraph convolution module can effectively capture information from hypergraphs constructed from local and global feature spaces and learn the features of small samples in ice crystal datasets that have unbalanced sample numbers. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve superior performance in the classification task of ice crystal particle habits.（Liao Mengyuan, Duan Jing, Zhang Rong, Zhou Xu, Wu Xi, Wang Xin, Hu Jinrong）

1.9 Temporospatial distribution and trends of thunderstorm, hail, gale, and heavy precipitation events over the Tibetan Plateau and associated mechanisms

Temporospatial distribution and trends of thunderstorm, hail, gale, and heavy precipitation events over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) as well as the associated mechanisms with observational data from 1979 to 2016 are investigated, which have not been fully studied under a changing climate. The results indicate that thunderstorm, hail, and gale events over the whole TP show significant decreasing trends, while heavy precipitation events have an insignificant increasing trend. The southeast and central south subregions have obvious significant decreasing trends in thunderstorm, hail, and gale events, while the northeast subregion has a significant increasing trend in heavy precipitation events. It is found that the atmospheric circulation anomaly caused by the northwestern Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly associated with the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) should be responsible for these changes. A strong wave train triggered by the northwestern Atlantic SST anomaly propagates from the northern Atlantic to East Asia through Europe, and induces a more upper-level warming over the TP and an anomalous anticyclonic circulation near the Lake Baikal, resulting in a more stable atmosphere and blocking effect, which forces the midlatitude westerlies and associated cold air to shift poleward. The weakened cold-air advection over the TP decreases the baroclinic instability and convection initiation, and finally causes the significant decreasing trends in severe weather events. On the other hand, the enhanced easterly winds in the southern flank of the anticyclonic circulation can significantly increase the water vapor flux from the eastern boundary of the TP and heavy precipitation events in the northeast subregion. (Tang Jie, Guo Xueliang, Chang Yi, Lu Guangxian, Qi Peng)

1.10 Microphysical characteristics of precipitating cumulus cloud based on airborne Ka-band cloud radar and droplet measurements

Based on cloud-probe data and airborne Ka-band cloud radar data collected in Baoding on 5 August 2018, the microphysical structural characteristics of cumulus (Cu) cloud at the precipitation stage were investigated. The cloud droplets in the Cu cloud were found to be significantly larger than those in stratiform(STF) cloud. In the Cu cloud, most cloud particles were between 7 and 10 μm in diameter, while in the STF cloud the majority of cloud particles grew no larger than 2 μm. The sensitivity of cloud properties to aerosols varied with height. The cloud droplet effective radius showed a negative relationship with the aerosol number concentration (Na) in the cloud planetary boundary layer (PBL) and upper layer above the PBL. However, the cloud droplet concentration (Nc) varied little with decreased Nain the high liquid water content region above 1500 m. High Navalues between 300 and 1853 cm?3were found in the PBL, and the maximum Nawas sampled near the surface in August in the Hebei region, which was lower than that in autumn and winter. High radar reflectivity corresponded to large FCDP (fast cloud droplet probe) particle concentrations and small aerosol particle concentrations, and vice versa for low radar reflectivity. Strong updrafts in the Cu cloud increased the peak radius and Nc, and broadened the cloud droplet spectrum; lower air temperature was favorable for particle condensational growth and produced larger droplets.（Wei Lei, Huang Mengyu, Zhang Rong, Lyu Yuhuan,Hou Tuanjie, Lei Hengchi, Zhao Delong, Zhou Wei, Fu Yuan）

1.11 Characteristics of raindrop size distributions in Chongqing observed by a dense network of disdrometers

This study investigates the characteristics of raindrop size distribution (RSD) including the temporal and spatial variabilities and the summer rain RSD features using 34 Parsivel disdrometers data from January 2015 to January 2016 in Chongqing, an inland municipality in Southwest China. The observed RSDs are fitted with the gamma distribution (N(D) = N0Dμe?λD) in this study. Rainfall in summer differs greatly from winter with larger rain rate, rain water content and variabilities. From winter to summer, raindrop sizes increase as the frequency of convective rain increases, and the diurnal variabilities of raindrop sizes are greatly enlarged. The spatial variabilities of N0, λ and μ are relatively weak and change little in summer. The summer rainfall RSD characteristics and parameter relationships in Chongqing are different from other regions (Nanjing, Beijing,Zhuhai and Daocheng) in China. A novel diagnosed relation between the shape parameter of the gamma distribution (μ) and the mean volume diameter (Dv) is proposed based on the large amount of observations,which allows for a wider range of the mean volume diameter of raindrops compared to traditional μ-λ relations in microphysics parameterizations. (Liu Xuancheng, Xue Lulin, Chen Baojun, Zhang Yixuan)

1.12 Numerical simulation and the underlying mechanism of a severe hail-producing convective system in East China

A severe convective system that produced egg-sized hail in Jiangsu Province in East China on April 28,2015 was simulated using a cloud-resolving weather research and forecasting model with the spectral bin microphysics scheme. The simulation reproduced the two stages of the convective system: the linear convective system (LCS) and the bow echo system (BES) stages. During the LCS stage, the intensity of updrafts was slightly stronger than that in the BES stage, with abundant supercooled water above the ?20 layer, and graupel and hail mainly generated in this period. The microphysical budget analyses and size distribution characteristics of hail were studied within one cell that produced hail during the LCS. It was suggested that hail mainly formed through water-graupel collision and increased in size by collecting liquid water. Hail particles with smaller diameter were located around the perimeter of the main updrafts, while larger ones were distributed at the left edge of the updrafts. Trajectories and size growth processes of hailstones within the chosen cell were calculated by a three-dimensional hail growth model, and it was found that hails originated from the middle levels on the east side of the updrafts, and were transformed westward and downward to the lower levels. They continued to ascend along the left edge of the updrafts and experienced one or more updown recycles and fell down to the ground on the west side of the updrafts. (Lei Yin, Fan Ping, Xu Huanbin,Chen Baojun)

1.13 Characteristics of deep convective systems and initiation during warm seasons over China and its vicinity

The spatiotemporal statistical characteristics of warm-season deep convective systems, particularly deep convective systems initiation (DCSI), over China and its vicinity are investigated using Himawari-8 geostationary satellite measurements collected during April-September from 2016 to 2020. Based on a satellite brightness temperature multiple-threshold convection identification and tracking method, a total of 47593 deep convective systems with lifetimes of at least 3 h were identified in the region. There are three outstanding local maxima in the region, located in the southwestern, central and eastern Tibetan Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, followed by a region of high convective activities in South China. Most convective systems are developed over the Tibetan Plateau, predominantly eastward-moving, while those developed in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and South China mostly move westward and southwestward. The DSCI occurrences become extremely active after the onset of the summer monsoon and tend to reach a maximum in July and August, with a diurnal peak at 11:00?13:00 LST in response to the enhanced solar heating and monsoon flows.Several DCSI hotspots are identified in the regions of inland mountains, tropical islands and coastal mountains during daytime, but in basins, plains and coastal areas during nighttime. DCSI over land and oceans exhibits significantly different sub-seasonal and diurnal variations. Oceanic DCSI has an ambiguous diurnal variation,although its sub-seasonal variation is similar to that over land. It is demonstrated that the high spatiotemporal resolution satellite dataset provides rich information for understanding the convective systems over China and vicinity, particularly the complex terrain and oceans where radar observations are sparse or none, which will help to improve the convective systems and initiation nowcasting. (Li Yang, Liu Yubao, Chen Yun, Chen Baojun, Zhang Xin, Wang Weisheng, Shu Zhuozhi, Huo Zhaoyang)

1.14 Hydrometeor and latent heat nudging for radar reflectivity assimilation: Response to the model states and uncertainties

Radar data are essential to convection nowcasting and nudging-based radar data assimilation through diabatic initialization is one of the most effective approaches for forecasting convective systems with numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, used at several advanced global weather centers. It is desired to assess the uncertainty and physical consistency of this assimilation process. This paper investigated impacts of relaxation coefficient, radar data update intervals and continuous assimilation time duration and addressed the key issues and possible solutions of the radar data assimilation based on the WRF hydrometeor and latent heat nudging (HLHN) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It is revealed that excessively large re-laxation coefficient forced the model to observations with a tendency greater than the physical terms of the convection, causing the dynamic imbalances and serious convection “ramp-down”right after the free forecast starts. Assimilating high update frequency radar data can make the tendency terms moderate and sustained thereby maintaining the assimilation effect and reducing fortuitous convection. HLHN requires a minimum continuous assimilation duration to contain the initial forced disturbance of the model. For a summer Meiyu precipitation case studied, the minimum duration is about 1 h. Appropriate selection of the HLHN parameters is able to effectively improve the temperature, humidity, and dynamic fields of the model. In addition, several issues still remain to be solved to further enhance HLHN.（Huo Zhaoyang, Liu Yubao, Wei Ming, Shi Yueqin, Fang Chungang, Shu Zhuozhi, Li Yang）

1.15 Vertical distributions of aerosol microphysical and optical properties based on aircraft measurements made over the Loess Plateau in China

Aerosol microphysical properties, scattering and absorption characteristics, and in particular, the vertical distributions of these parameters over the eastern Loess Plateau, were analyzed based on aircraft measurements made in 2020 during a summertime aircraft campaign in Shanxi, China. Data from six flights were analyzed.Statistical characteristics and vertical distributions of aerosol concentration, particle size, optical properties,including aerosol scattering coefficient (σsp), backscattering ratio (βsc), ?ngstr?m exponent (α), single-scattering albedo (SSA), partially-integrated aerosol optical depth (PAOD), and black carbon concentration (BCc),were obtained and discussed. Mean values of aerosol particle number concentration (Na), particle volume concentration (Va), mass concentration (Ma), surface concentration (Sa), and particle effective diameter (EDa)were 854.92 cm?3, 13.37 μm3cm?3, 20.06 μg m?3, 170.08 μm3cm?3, and 0.47 μm, respectively. Mean values of BCc, σsp(450, 525, 635 nm), βsp(525 nm), α (635/450), and SSA were 1791.66 ng m?3, 82.37 Mm?1at 450 nm,102.57 Mm?1at 525 nm, 126.60 Mm?1at 635 nm, 0.23, 1.47, and 0.92, respectively. Compared with values obtained in 2013, Nadecreased by 60% and Madecreased by 45%, but the scattering coefficients increased in different degrees. In the vertical direction, aerosol concentrations were higher at lower altitudes, decreasing with height. Vertical profiles of σsp, βsp, α (635/450), and BCc measured during the six flights were examined.Two peaks in Nawere identified near the top of the boundary layer and between 2000 and 2200 m. Fine particles with EDa smaller than 0.8 μm are dominant in the boundary layer and coarse aerosols existed aloft.Aerosol scattering properties and BCc in the lowest layer of the atmosphere contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. SSA values were greater than 0.9 below 2500 m, with lower values at higher levels of the atmosphere. On lightly foggy days, SSA values were greater than 0.9, and aerosols played a cooling role in the atmosphere. On hazy days, lower level SSA values were generally greater than 0.85, with aerosols likely having a warming effect on the atmosphere. The 48-hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days showed that the majority of aerosol particles in the lower atmosphere originated from local or regional pollution emissions, contributing the most to the total aerosol loading and leading to high values of aerosol concentration and radiative forcing. (Cai Zhaoxin, Li Zhanqing, Li Peiren, Li Junxia, Sun Hongping,Yang Yiman, Gao Xin, Ren Gang, Ren Rongmin, Wei Jing)

1.16 Assimilation of ground-based microwave radiometer on heavy rainfall forecast in Beijing

Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWRPS) can provide continuous atmospheric temperature and relative humidity profiles for a weather prediction model. We investigated the impact of assimilation of groundbased microwave radiometers based on the rapid-refresh multiscale analysis and prediction system-short term(RMAPS-ST). In this study, five MWRP-retrieved profiles were assimilated for the precipitation enhancement that occurred in Beijing on 21 May 2020. To evaluate the influence of their assimilation, two experiments with and without the MWRPS assimilation were set. Compared to the control experiment, which only assimilated conventional observations and radar data, the MWRPS experiment, which assimilated conventional observations, the ground-based microwave radiometer profiles and the radar data, had a positive impact on the forecasts of the RMAPS-ST. The results show that in comparison with the control test, the MWRPS experiment reproduced the heat island phenomenon in the observation better. The MWRPS assimilation reduced the bias and RMSE of 2-meter temperature and 2-meter specific humidity forecasting in the 0–12 h of the forecast range. Furthermore, assimilating the MWRPS improved both the distribution and the intensity of the hourly rainfall forecast, as compared with that of the control experiment, with observations that predicted the process of the precipitation enhancement in the urban area of Beijing.（Qi Yajie, Fan Shuiyong, Li Bai, Mao Jiajia,Lin Dawei）

1.17 How do multiscale interactions affect extreme precipitation in eastern central Asia?

The variability of extreme precipitation in the eastern central Asia (ECA) during summer (June–August) and its corresponding mechanisms were investigated from a multiscale synergy perspective. Extreme precipitation in ECA displayed a quasi-monopole increasing pattern with abrupt change since 2000/2001,which was likely dominated by increased high-latitude North Atlantic SST anomalies as shown by diagnosed and numerical experiment results. Increased SST via adjusting the quasi-stationary wave train that related to the negative North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and the east Atlantic/western Russia (EA/WR) pattern guided the cyclonic anomaly in central Asia, deepened the Lake Balkhash trough, and enhanced the moisture convergence in ECA. These anomalies also exhibited interdecadal enhancement after 2000. On the synoptic scale, two synoptic transient wave trains correlated with extreme precipitation in ECA by amplifying the amplitude of the quasi-stationary waves and guiding transient eddies in ECA. The induced transient eddies and deepened Lake Balkhash trough strengthened positive meridional vorticity advection and local positive vorticity,which promoted ascending motions, and guided the southerly warm moisture in ECA especially after 2000.Meanwhile, additional mesoscale vortices were stimulated and strengthened near the Tianshan Mountain in front of the wave trough, which, together with the enhanced meridional circulation, further increased extreme precipitation in ECA.（Ma Qianrong, Zhang Jie, Ma Yujun, Asaminew Teshome Game, Chen Zhiheng, Chang Yi, Liu Meichen）

1.18 人工影響天氣碘化銀催化劑研究進(jìn)展

碘化銀（AgI）類催化劑是人工影響天氣外場試驗(yàn)和業(yè)務(wù)作業(yè)中使用最廣泛的催化劑，其核化效率和核化機(jī)制在很大程度上影響催化效果。在總結(jié)美國、中國和歐洲多個國家利用云室和風(fēng)洞研究AgI類催化劑的核化機(jī)制、核化閾溫及成核率的室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)成果的基礎(chǔ)上，梳理利用室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)成果發(fā)展的AgI數(shù)值催化模式，旨在為下一步優(yōu)選新型高效AgI類催化劑和改進(jìn)數(shù)值催化模式提供借鑒。AgI類催化劑核化機(jī)制包括凝華核化、接觸凍結(jié)核化、凝結(jié)凍結(jié)核化和浸沒凍結(jié)核化，其核化過程受大氣溫濕條件、催化劑粒子大小、成分等多種因素影響，并與催化劑粒子的燃燒溶液法、燃燒焰劑法和爆炸法等發(fā)生方式有關(guān)。目前國內(nèi)外使用的AgI類催化劑含有不同成分，有多種催化劑粒子產(chǎn)生方式，催化劑粒子的核化機(jī)制和成核率有很大差異。將來應(yīng)重點(diǎn)基于高性能云室和風(fēng)洞，分析不同催化劑配方的核化機(jī)制和成核率，優(yōu)選新型高效催化劑，改進(jìn)AgI數(shù)值催化模式。（樓小鳳，傅瑜，蘇正軍）

1.19 青藏高原夏季對流云微物理特征和降水形成機(jī)制

青藏高原對我國天氣、氣候和水循環(huán)過程有重要影響。利用第三次青藏高原大氣科學(xué)試驗(yàn)（TIPEX-Ⅲ）2014年7月在那曲地區(qū)的飛機(jī)觀測數(shù)據(jù)，研究青藏高原夏季對流云和降水的微物理特征及降水形成機(jī)制。飛機(jī)探測的云系主要為初生或發(fā)展階段的冰水混合云，云滴數(shù)濃度低于平原、海洋地區(qū)1～2個量級，云內(nèi)存在大量大云滴和雨滴，過冷水含量高。大粒子（D≥50 μm）數(shù)濃度量級為100～101/L，云內(nèi)上升氣流速度集中在1～4 m/s。青藏高原云滴譜主要呈雙峰型，云內(nèi)冰相粒子多為密實(shí)、不透明的霰粒子，云內(nèi)凇附過程顯著。云內(nèi)暖雨過程產(chǎn)生的大云滴和雨滴有利于冰相過程，尤其是凇附過程的產(chǎn)生，使得青藏高原云更易產(chǎn)生降水。此外，殘留云系與對流云有著較為類似的微物理特征。（常祎，郭學(xué)良，唐潔，盧廣獻(xiàn)，亓鵬）

1.20 基于探空云識別方法的云垂直結(jié)構(gòu)分布特征

云的垂直結(jié)構(gòu)特征作為云重要的宏觀特征之一，直接決定了云的類型，進(jìn)而通過發(fā)射和吸收輻射的方式影響著地氣系統(tǒng)的能量收支平衡，因此對云垂直結(jié)構(gòu)特征的研究一直都是云物理研究的一個重要方向。作為觀測云垂直結(jié)構(gòu)特征的一種方式，探空氣球通過獲取沿路徑方向高分辨率的廓線信息，采用一定反演方法從而能夠較為準(zhǔn)確地識別云的垂直結(jié)構(gòu)。本文即利用我國業(yè)務(wù)布網(wǎng)探空站的觀測資料，采用相對濕度閾值法識別云垂直結(jié)構(gòu)，并同激光云高儀、“風(fēng)云四號”靜止衛(wèi)星和毫米波云雷達(dá)對識別的云結(jié)構(gòu)特征量進(jìn)行了一致性檢驗(yàn)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，統(tǒng)計(jì)分析了2015—2017年單層、兩層和三層云的垂直結(jié)構(gòu)分布特征、日變化和季節(jié)變化特征以及全國區(qū)域分布特征。結(jié)果表明：（1）整體分布上，單層云在垂直方向上出現(xiàn)的高度范圍介于多層云的高度范圍內(nèi)，并且隨著云層數(shù)的增加，云在垂直方向上更為伸展，即高層云越高，低層云越低。（2）在日變化中，中午單層和多層云中最低層云的云底高度均高于早晨，而夜間單層和多層云中最高層云的云頂高度則高于早晨和中午，同時中間層云厚的變化要小于最上層和最下層云厚的變化。（3）在季節(jié)變化中，夏季云量較其他季節(jié)更多，云體發(fā)展也更為深厚，表明溫暖的大氣條件更有利于云的形成和發(fā)展。（4）我國云垂直結(jié)構(gòu)分布特征具有明顯的緯向變化趨勢，從以青藏高原為中心的西南地區(qū)的云底較高云體較薄的云，逐步過渡到以東南沿海地區(qū)為中心的云底較低云體較為深厚的云，表明不同地形和氣候帶的差異與不同云類型的分布直接相關(guān)。（李琦，蔡淼，周毓荃，唐雅慧，歐建軍）

1.21 六盤山地區(qū)一次低槽低渦云系結(jié)構(gòu)及其降水機(jī)制的數(shù)值模擬研究

六盤山是西北重要的水源涵養(yǎng)林基地，干旱少雨制約了該地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。作為該地區(qū)人工增雨技術(shù)研究的基礎(chǔ)，本文利用WRF模式對2018年8月21日發(fā)生在寧夏南部六盤山區(qū)的一次降水天氣過程進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬。根據(jù)模擬結(jié)果結(jié)合實(shí)測資料，分析了造成此次強(qiáng)降水過程的有利環(huán)流形勢場，重點(diǎn)討論了山區(qū)降水云系的微物理結(jié)構(gòu)以及降水形成機(jī)制。結(jié)果表明：降水是在高空槽配合低渦的動力場作用下形成的，受六盤山地形的阻擋作用，低層低渦系統(tǒng)移速落后于高空槽；垂直方向上云系呈現(xiàn)“催化—供給”的分層結(jié)構(gòu)，但在云系不同部位，各層水凝物配置不同，導(dǎo)致冷暖云過程對降水的貢獻(xiàn)差異；六盤山東部迎風(fēng)坡降水強(qiáng)于西坡。霰粒子融化和云水碰并是地面降水的主要來源；碰凍過冷雨水是霰增長的主要過程。迎風(fēng)坡云水層深厚，含水量高，一方面促進(jìn)過冷層中霰粒子的碰凍增長過程，一方面為雨滴碰并增長提供充沛的云水條件，即同時增強(qiáng)了冷暖云降水過程。地形對云的發(fā)展和降水的形成有明顯影響，當(dāng)降低地形高度后，云水量減少，暖云過程減弱，同時也影響了霰粒子的增長過程。（高亮?xí)φ褂?，賈爍，張沛，安琳，常倬林，桑建人，趙文慧，王偉?。?/p>

1.22 祁連山春季一次層狀云降水的雨滴譜分布及地形影響特征

祁連山是青藏高原東北部重要的生態(tài)屏障和冰川與水源涵養(yǎng)生態(tài)功能區(qū)，是黃河流域重要水源產(chǎn)流地，但針對該地區(qū)的云和降水過程研究很少。本文利用祁連山地區(qū)11個 Parsivel2雨滴譜儀的觀測數(shù)據(jù)，研究了祁連山地區(qū)春季一次層狀云降水過程的雨滴譜分布及地形影響特征。此次降水過程主要受短波槽影響，降水時空差異較大。雨滴譜觀測數(shù)據(jù)表明，此次降水過程的雨滴等效直徑（Dm）較小，雨滴譜數(shù)濃度（NT）與Dm隨海拔高度升高分別呈增加和減小的趨勢，低海拔站點(diǎn)lgNw（Nw為雨滴譜截斷參數(shù)）和Dm分布有著明顯的層狀云降水特征，而整個祁連山地區(qū)在同樣Dm下有著更高的Nw。低海拔站點(diǎn)由于碰并和小雨滴的蒸發(fā)，因此有著更少的小雨滴（＜1 mm）和更多的大雨滴，而高海拔站點(diǎn)由于距離云底較近或位于云內(nèi)，云滴尺度小且濃度大，Dm隨R（R為降水強(qiáng)度）增大變化趨勢不明顯。M-P分布和Gamma分布在低海拔站點(diǎn)的擬合效果要優(yōu)于高海拔站點(diǎn)，相較于Gamma分布，M-P分布對高海拔站點(diǎn)的小雨滴和大雨滴濃度有一定的高估和低估，因此更適用于高海拔站點(diǎn)雨滴譜的描述。對比于低海拔站點(diǎn)，高海拔站點(diǎn)的μ-λ（μ、λ分別為Gamma分布的形狀參數(shù)和斜率參數(shù)）關(guān)系與相關(guān)研究的結(jié)果較為接近，但在λ較小（＜40 mm?1）時擬合結(jié)果較為接近。受海拔高度與云底的相對位置和地形的影響，祁連山地區(qū)的Z-R（Z為雷達(dá)反射率因子）關(guān)系與其他地區(qū)或研究有著較大的區(qū)別。（程鵬，常祎，劉琴，王研峰，李寶梓，陳祺，羅漢）

1.23 華北地區(qū)一次氣溶膠與淺積云微物理特性的飛機(jī)觀測研究

2014年8月15日，山西省人工降雨防雹辦公室在山西忻州開展了氣溶膠和淺積云的飛機(jī)觀測，本文利用機(jī)載云物理資料，詳細(xì)分析了華北地區(qū)氣溶膠、云凝結(jié)核（CCN）和淺積云微物理特性及其相互影響。主要結(jié)論有：（1）此次過程的邊界層高度約為3600 m，不同層結(jié)情況下，0.1～3 μm尺度范圍內(nèi)的氣溶膠粒子濃度Na、有效直徑Da和CCN數(shù)濃度的垂直廓線明顯不同，近地面Na可達(dá)2500 cm?3。（2）CCN的主要來源為積聚模態(tài)、愛根模態(tài)或者核模態(tài)的氣溶膠顆粒，0.2%過飽和度下，氣溶膠活化率（AR）在各高度層的結(jié)果變化不大；0.4%過飽和度下，AR隨著高度增加而降低。（3）后向軌跡模式分析表明，2 km以下的氣溶膠主要來自于當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘信欧?，由?xì)顆粒污染物組成；2 km以上的氣溶膠主要來源于中國西北和蒙古地區(qū)的沙漠，由亞微米沙塵組成，溶解度相對較低，可作為潛在的冰核。（4）本文細(xì)致分析了兩塊相鄰淺積云（Cu-1 和 Cu-2）的云物理特性。Cu-1云底高度約4500 m，云厚約600 m，云體松散，夾卷較多；云中液態(tài)含水量（LWC）基本保持在0.5 g/m3，云粒子濃度Nc平均值為278.3 cm?3，云滴有效直徑Dc整體在15 μm以內(nèi)；毛毛雨滴粒子濃度最大值為0.002 cm?3，云中幾乎無降水粒子；粒子譜寬隨著高度增加而增大，主要集中在30 μm以內(nèi)。Cu-2云底高度約3900 m，云厚約1200 m，云體密實(shí)；云中過冷水豐沛，LWC有多個超過1 g/m3的區(qū)域，云頂附近出現(xiàn)冰晶，云中粒子從凝結(jié)增長狀態(tài)直接進(jìn)入到混合相態(tài)；積云內(nèi)部粒子水平分布不均，同一高度Nc相差較大，最大可達(dá)1240 cm?3。Dc隨著高度增加而增大；粒子譜寬隨著高度增加而拓展，最大可達(dá)1100 μm，譜型由單峰向多峰轉(zhuǎn)變；降水粒子和冰晶圖像大多為霰粒子、針狀和板狀。（蔡兆鑫，蔡淼，李培仁，李軍霞，孫鴻娉，楊怡曼，任剛，高欣）

1.24 祁連山一次地形云降水微物理特征飛機(jī)觀測

祁連山是我國西北地區(qū)重要的生態(tài)屏障，地形云是祁連山主要降水云系，加強(qiáng)對祁連山云微物理過程的認(rèn)識，對科學(xué)有效開展人工增雨作業(yè)、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境具有重要意義。利用2020年8月29日祁連山一次地形云降水過程的飛機(jī)觀測數(shù)據(jù)，研究祁連山地區(qū)夏季云降水過程的微物理特征。此次降水過程云系呈明顯的分層結(jié)構(gòu)，云底高度為4000 m，整層含水量較豐富，云水大值區(qū)出現(xiàn)在4500～5300 m高度，與云滴高濃度區(qū)對應(yīng)，云水含量主要由粒子直徑為15～20 μm的云滴粒子貢獻(xiàn)。小云粒子和大云粒子平均濃度分別為7.54 cm-3和0.86 cm-3，有效直徑平均值分別為11.02 μm和198.11 μm,呈現(xiàn)出濃度小、直徑大的特征。云系翻越祁連山過程中南北坡云微物理特征有明顯變化，北坡（背風(fēng)坡）粒子濃度、直徑和液態(tài)水含量明顯大于南坡（迎風(fēng)坡）。祁連山地區(qū)不同高度小云粒子譜呈單峰型分布，Gamma分布可較好擬合直徑小于50 μm的云滴譜，直徑大于50 μm的云粒子譜更符合冪指數(shù)分布。凝華和聚并是冰相層冰雪晶的增長機(jī)制，混合層冰晶增長以貝吉龍過程為主，并伴有凇附和聚并生長。（程鵬，羅漢，常祎，甘澤文，張豐偉，劉維成，陳祺，冒立鑫）

2 關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)與業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化

2 Key technology development and application

2.1 FACT: an air-ground communication framework for seeding quality control of aircraft

A new type of air-ground communication application framework named FACT (framework for airground communication technology with weather-modification aircraft) is presented to track and command weather-modification aircraft to perform ideal cloud seeding. FACT provides a set of solutions from three perspectives, namely, onboard, onground and air-to-ground, with the core purpose of solving the problems of the rapid exchange of information, contract analysis and identifying potential seeding areas when flight plans and meteorological conditions change. On board, the observed data are processed centrally and transmitted downward through air-to-ground communication. The real-time application and sharing of aircraft detection data are strengthened on the ground, and potential areas of operation are automatically identified based on ground data. The communication between the air and the ground achieves a technical breakthrough by realizing double satellite links, adaptive data transmission and VPN channel encryption. Additionally, an application based on FACT is designed and implemented for the real-time command of weather-modified aircraft. This approach has become the key air-to-ground communication system support for more than 40 Chinese aircraft and the big data service support center of airborne data to ensure improved operation of weather-modification aircraft in China.（Li Dequan, Li Jiming, Zhou Xu, Hu Jinrong, Wang Xin, Duan Jing）

2.2 Seasonal variations of aerosol number concentration and spectrum distribution in Nanjing

In this paper, the diurnal variations and seasonal variations of the aerosol spectrum distribution, as well as their correlations with meteorological factors in Nanjing in different seasons, are analysed. The results show that the number concentration of ultrafine particle in size of 0.01?0.1 μm accounts for over 60% of the total particle concentration in each season. The Aitken mode (AIM) particles dominate the changes of aerosol in Nanjing, which are mainly from traffic sources. Both local emissions and external transportation make important contributions to the air pollution in Nanjing. The southerly and easterly airflows are conducive to the accumulation of pollutants. The number concentrations of the AIM and Accumulation mode (ACM) particles decrease with the increasing wind speed, while the variation trend of the Nucleation mode (NUM) particles is opposite. The removal efficiency of precipitation for the ACM particles is much lower than that on the other three modes.（Jiang Qi, Wang Fei, Ying Chun, Zhu Bin）

2.3 Increasing cloud water resource in a warming world

Under global warming, terrestrial water resources regulated by precipitation may become more unevenly distributed across space, and some regions are likely to be highly water-stressed. From the perspective of the hydrological cycle, we propose a method to quantify the water resources with potential precipitation capacity in the atmosphere, or hydrometeors that remain suspended in the atmosphere without contributing to precipitation, namely cloud water resource (CWR). During 2000–2017, CWR mainly concentrates in the middle-high latitudes which is the cold zone of the K?ppen classification. In a warming world, CWR shows a significant increase, especially in the cold zone. Climate change with Arctic amplification and enhanced meridional circulation both contribute to the change of CWR through influencing hydrometeor inflow. By studying the characteristics of CWR and its influencing mechanisms, we demonstrate a potential for human intervention to take advantage of CWR in the atmosphere to alleviate terrestrial water resource shortages in the future.（Cheng Jingya, You Qinglong, Zhou Yuquan, Cai Miao, Nick Pepin, Chen Deliang, Amir AghaKouchak, Kang Shichang, Li Mingcai）

2.4 層狀云催化宏微觀物理響應(yīng)的數(shù)值模擬研究

層狀云系是進(jìn)行人工增雨開發(fā)利用空中云水資源的重要對象，增雨作業(yè)需要有科學(xué)可行的技術(shù)指標(biāo)來指導(dǎo)實(shí)際作業(yè)的科學(xué)實(shí)施，而合理準(zhǔn)確評估人工增雨作業(yè)的效果也是需要解決的重要課題，通過數(shù)值模式合理地仿真模擬實(shí)際催化作業(yè)的過程，進(jìn)而研究增雨作業(yè)后云和降水的一系列宏微觀特征的變化及其機(jī)理，是建立和改進(jìn)催化作業(yè)技術(shù)的必要途徑，也是評估實(shí)際人工增雨作業(yè)效果的有效手段。本文使用三維中尺度冷云催化模式對2014年4月15日河北省一次層狀云降水的飛機(jī)催化作業(yè)過程進(jìn)行了仿真模擬，力圖對實(shí)際作業(yè)過程進(jìn)行合理再現(xiàn)，通過對模擬結(jié)果的分析，研究飛機(jī)播撒的AgI（Silver iodide）催化劑在空中的擴(kuò)散傳輸特征，分析催化對云和降水宏微觀特性的影響，并對此次飛機(jī)催化作業(yè)的增雨效果進(jìn)行評估。研究結(jié)果表明：播撒的AgI催化劑煙羽擴(kuò)展的水平尺度可達(dá)數(shù)十公里以上，垂直方向上，大部分AgI粒子則主要集中在作業(yè)層上下約1 km的厚度范圍內(nèi)，AgI粒子的向上輸送明顯強(qiáng)于向下的輸送；催化后云中的冰晶和雪粒子明顯增加，導(dǎo)致催化模擬前期的霰增長受到抑制，之后隨著霰碰并雪過程及零度層附近冰相粒子淞附過程的增強(qiáng)，云中霰的總量逐漸增加；催化作業(yè)后，催化云的雷達(dá)回波強(qiáng)度有明顯增強(qiáng)，且隨時間變化表現(xiàn)出不同的結(jié)構(gòu)特征；催化導(dǎo)致地面降水出現(xiàn)先減少后增加的時間變化特征，催化后3 h，作業(yè)影響區(qū)向作業(yè)區(qū)下游擴(kuò)展100 km以上，總體呈現(xiàn)減雨—增雨的區(qū)域分布特征；數(shù)值模擬評估表明，整個評估區(qū)內(nèi)的凈增雨量達(dá)到3.6×107kg，平均增雨率為1.1%，暖層霰粒濃度和尺度的增加是降水增加的主要原因。由于作業(yè)目標(biāo)云系的催化條件一般，而播撒的AgI劑量偏大，造成增雨作業(yè)效果偏低。（劉衛(wèi)國， 陶玥， 周毓荃）

2.5 一次對流云人工消減雨作業(yè)云條件預(yù)報和作業(yè)預(yù)案合理性分析

為做好固定目標(biāo)時段和區(qū)域的人工消減雨作業(yè)，利用云降水顯式預(yù)報系統(tǒng)（CPEFS_V1.0）對云系性質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)、移速移向及演變、降水機(jī)制等云條件進(jìn)行預(yù)報。預(yù)報結(jié)果顯示：2017年8月8日影響呼和浩特的云系性質(zhì)為分散性對流云，具有冷暖混合云結(jié)構(gòu)，云中上升氣流強(qiáng)，對流單體水平尺度約幾十公里，生命史1.5～3 h，云頂高度約10 km、云底高度約3 km，0 ℃高度約為4.3 km；微觀方面冰相水凝物雪、霰含量高，暖區(qū)云水含量少，云中過冷水含量最大達(dá)0.7 g/kg，過冷水豐沛區(qū)域冰晶數(shù)濃度低，以冷云降水為主。初生在呼和浩特特定防護(hù)區(qū)西北方向的對流云團(tuán)快速發(fā)展東移南壓影響核心保障區(qū)，移速30～40 km/h。衛(wèi)星、雷達(dá)等實(shí)況監(jiān)測顯示8日的云系為分散性對流云，預(yù)報對流云的生成時間比實(shí)況偏晚1～2 h，移向與實(shí)況一致，移速偏慢10～20 km/h。在5400 m高度處（-8 ℃），機(jī)載云物理探測的液水含量最大為0.6 g/m3，預(yù)報與實(shí)況接近。根據(jù)預(yù)報的云系條件制定作業(yè)預(yù)案指出，在核心保障區(qū)的偏西北方向50～30 km處進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)布防，適宜在5.1～7.0 km高度處實(shí)施AgI過量催化，8日上午飛機(jī)在第一道防線的弱回波區(qū)開展探測作業(yè)，地面作業(yè)集中在第三道防線對流云初生階段實(shí)施過量播撒，以達(dá)到消減雨作業(yè)的目標(biāo)。根據(jù)預(yù)案，提前24 h在核心保障區(qū)偏西北方向的第三道防線增設(shè)了5個地面移動作業(yè)點(diǎn)，這些作業(yè)點(diǎn)8日及時實(shí)施了消減雨作業(yè)?？傮w看來，此次云條件預(yù)報正確、預(yù)案制定合理，及時為外場實(shí)施消減雨作業(yè)提供了支撐。（史月琴， 劉衛(wèi)國， 王飛， 高揚(yáng)）

2.6 基于飛機(jī)真實(shí)軌跡的一次層狀云催化的增雨效果及其作用機(jī)制的模擬研究

層狀云降水效率通常較低，但卻具有較高的云水資源開發(fā)潛力，是人工增雨作業(yè)的重要對象。隨著中國南方地區(qū)生態(tài)改善、水庫增蓄、抗旱等社會需求的增加，針對這些地區(qū)降水云系的人工增雨研究顯得愈發(fā)重要。使用三維中尺度冷云催化模式，對2018年10月21日湖北省一次層狀云飛機(jī)人工增雨作業(yè)過程進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬研究，并將模擬結(jié)果與衛(wèi)星、降水和機(jī)載云物理觀測數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了對比。模式合理地模擬出了云和降水的主要宏、微觀特征，觀測和模擬結(jié)果均顯示作業(yè)云區(qū)具有較好的冷云催化條件，在此基礎(chǔ)上，按照實(shí)際作業(yè)中的飛機(jī)播撒軌跡，完整地模擬了此次催化作業(yè)過程。對數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果的分析表明：凝結(jié)凍結(jié)核化和凝華核化是碘化銀催化劑的主要核化方式；90%以上碘化銀粒子的局地活化比為0.01%～2%，平均活化比為0.07%～0.27%；云系降水是由冷云降水和暖云降水兩種機(jī)制共同作用的結(jié)果，催化作業(yè)使兩種降水機(jī)制均有增強(qiáng)，增雨效果明顯；催化后4 h，整個評估區(qū)內(nèi)的累計(jì)凈增雨量為2.12×108kg，局地增雨率為?51.1%～306.7%，區(qū)域平均增雨率為8.1%；催化作業(yè)也使部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)減雨，主要是由于催化過程中的潛熱釋放引起過冷層動力場擾動，一部分云區(qū)的上升氣流減弱，從而導(dǎo)致降水粒子的成長減弱，地面出現(xiàn)減雨；在過冷云區(qū)，碘化銀核化使冰晶濃度升高，導(dǎo)致冰晶—雪、雪—霰的轉(zhuǎn)化過程增強(qiáng)，雪、霰粒子總量增加，更多的雪、霰粒子從冷區(qū)落入暖區(qū)，在暖區(qū)上層產(chǎn)生更多的大雨滴，從而使暖區(qū)的云雨粒子碰并過程增強(qiáng)，最終地面降水增加，這是此次催化作業(yè)導(dǎo)致增雨的主要微物理鏈條。（劉衛(wèi)國， 陶玥， 周毓荃， 黨娟， 譚超， 高揚(yáng)）

2.7 飛機(jī)積冰的云層特征個例分析

利用衛(wèi)星、雷達(dá)、探空、飛機(jī)等觀測資料和NCEP再分析資料，以及數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果，對 2016年3月8—9日我國安慶地區(qū)的云系特征和飛機(jī)積冰氣象條件進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果表明，此次飛機(jī)積冰發(fā)生在寒潮天氣背景下，強(qiáng)冷空氣造成鋒面逆溫。實(shí)測飛機(jī)積冰現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在對流降雨結(jié)束后的層積云層頂部，積冰高度對應(yīng)高空鋒區(qū)逆溫層底部，云頂高度約3.4 km，云頂溫度-10 ℃，無降水和雷達(dá)回波，云中主要為過冷水，豐沛時段飛機(jī)觀測過冷水平均值為 0.36 g/m3，基本無冰相粒子。當(dāng)云頂高度再度抬升，冰相粒子增多時，過冷水含量減少，不利于積冰現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。CPEFS模式模擬出了與實(shí)測比較一致的云宏微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。（孫晶， 蔡淼， 王飛， 史月琴）

2.8 新疆春季兩次直升機(jī)積冰氣象條件分析

利用衛(wèi)星、雷達(dá)、探空、地面等觀測資料和NCEP再分析資料，以及數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果，對2018年3月新疆昌吉地區(qū)兩次飛機(jī)積冰探測試驗(yàn)過程的云系特征和積冰氣象條件進(jìn)行了分析。 結(jié)果表明，兩次直升機(jī)積冰過程影響系統(tǒng)分別為500 hPa低渦和500 hPa淺槽，地面有冷鋒配合。積冰時段處于低渦系統(tǒng)發(fā)展前期階段和低槽系統(tǒng)發(fā)展中期階段。積冰云層均為中低云云層，云頂高度為4 km，云頂溫度為-15～-25 ℃，云底高度為1.5 km，云層厚度為1～3 km，光學(xué)厚度大于12，雷達(dá)回波特征不明顯，無回波或者回波強(qiáng)度在10 dBz以下。3月27日淺槽鋒面過程云頂有逆溫。CPEFS模式模擬云微觀結(jié)構(gòu)表明，積冰云層是以過冷水為主，冰相粒子含量很少。 根據(jù)直升機(jī)特性修改后的CIP初始積冰潛勢算法較好地體現(xiàn)了這兩次層積云飛機(jī)積冰特征，對于穩(wěn)定性云層的積冰潛勢具有指示意義。結(jié)合飛行速度等參量計(jì)算的積冰強(qiáng)度與實(shí)況基本吻合。（孫晶， 譚超， 周毓荃， 劉政， 黃珺， 王澤林）

2.9 DMT機(jī)載云粒子圖像形狀識別及其應(yīng)用

利用機(jī)載云粒子探測設(shè)備入云進(jìn)行觀測是目前獲取云粒子微物理特征最直接有效的手段。國內(nèi)已有多家單位引進(jìn)美國DMT公司的云粒子圖像探頭CIP。由于其配套軟件不能輸出逐個粒子的詳細(xì)信息，在很大程度上限制了對云粒子圖像探測數(shù)據(jù)的深入挖掘和分析?；诮馕隽Ｗ訄D像原始數(shù)據(jù)，對粒子圖像數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制，并根據(jù)粒子形狀幾何特征將粒子形狀分為8類（微小、線狀、聚合狀、霰狀、球狀、板狀、枝狀和不規(guī)則狀）。利用2018年12月至2019年3月河南省3次冬季航測獲取的灰度CIP探測數(shù)據(jù)，分析云粒子形狀及各形狀粒子面積的統(tǒng)計(jì)特征，并對比基于不同形狀粒子的質(zhì)量—尺度關(guān)系與將所有粒子視作球形液滴計(jì)算所得的粒子水凝物含量，發(fā)現(xiàn)后者超過前者約1個量級。（張榮， 李宏宇， 周旭， 李昊， 胡向峰， 夏強(qiáng)）

2.10 一次東北冷渦結(jié)構(gòu)及云系特征分析

利用ERA5逐小時再分析資料、FY-4A衛(wèi)星反演云特征參量產(chǎn)品、逐小時地面降水資料，分析了2020年5月16—19日一次東北冷渦降水過程的環(huán)流形勢、熱力不穩(wěn)定條件、水汽輸送及云系宏微觀特征。結(jié)果顯示，本次過程500 hPa低渦中心位于36°～48°N，對流層中高層至低層均有氣旋性環(huán)流，伴隨有地面氣旋，屬于深厚的中偏南渦，共維持了6 d。18日遼寧東部出現(xiàn)區(qū)域性暴雨，24 h降水量超過100 mm的站點(diǎn)有15個，最大雨強(qiáng)達(dá)到了43.4 mm/h，暴雨區(qū)出現(xiàn)在冷渦成熟階段，位于冷渦后部偏北氣流影響下，來自熱帶低壓東側(cè)西南低空急流輸送的水汽與冷渦東南部的水汽輸送合并，成為了暴雨產(chǎn)生的必要條件。降水強(qiáng)度大于6 mm/h的區(qū)域，K指數(shù)基本都大于35 ℃，且整層都有較強(qiáng)的垂直上升運(yùn)動。冷渦云系云頂高度為4～9 km，靠近冷渦中心的渦旋狀云系云光學(xué)厚度大于30，云層水凝物含量豐富密實(shí)，屬于冷暖混合云，降水主要出現(xiàn)在這些區(qū)域；遠(yuǎn)離冷渦中心的區(qū)域云系光學(xué)厚度小于20，云層松散屬于高層冰云，地面基本無降水。（史月琴， 周毓荃， 戴艷萍）

2.11 SPEC機(jī)載云探測系統(tǒng)及其云物理研究進(jìn)展

在綜合介紹我國機(jī)載云探測系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展歷程、應(yīng)用情況和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，對新一代機(jī)載云探測系統(tǒng)SPEC的系統(tǒng)組成、探測原理、探測方法和探測范圍等進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)說明，并探討了近年來國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展。隨著科學(xué)研究人員對云探測精細(xì)程度、準(zhǔn)確度要求的日益提高，以往使用的粒子觀測系統(tǒng)（PMS）等云探測系統(tǒng)已無法滿足一些科學(xué)試驗(yàn)的需求；SPEC與很多其他云探測系統(tǒng)相比，在精密程度、探測粒子的信息量、分辨率等方面具有很大的探測優(yōu)勢，這對于云物理更深入的研究是非常重要的。國外研發(fā)并應(yīng)用SPEC系統(tǒng)已有幾十年的時間，而我國近年開始引進(jìn)并越來越多地使用這套探測系統(tǒng)來探究云的宏微觀物理特性，這必將使得對云物理的理解更加深入。（劉思瑤， 趙傳峰， 周毓荃）

2.12 基于Ka波段云雷達(dá)的六盤山頂云特征分析

本文利用寧夏六盤山氣象站2017年9月至2018 年8月的Ka波段云雷達(dá)觀測資料，統(tǒng)計(jì)分析了六盤山頂不同云的出現(xiàn)頻率及宏觀特征。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：六盤山頂云出現(xiàn)頻率最高值出現(xiàn)在7月，為61%，最低值出現(xiàn)在12月，為26%；按云層數(shù)劃分，六盤山頂出現(xiàn)的云主要以1層云、2層云及3層云為主，相對總云的月平均出現(xiàn)頻率分別為68%～86%、14%～27%及0.4%～4.8%；按云底高度及云層厚度劃分，六盤山頂?shù)驮?、中云、高云及直展云相對總云的月平均出現(xiàn)頻率分別為29%～53%、14%～58%、6%～22%及2%～20%。云底高度在冬春季節(jié)高于夏秋季節(jié)， 云頂高度在夏秋季節(jié)高于冬春季節(jié)，云層厚度在1.6～3.6 km 之間，年變化特征與云頂高度類似。整體來看，春、夏、秋季云厚在白天大于夜間，冬季云厚在夜間大于白天，其中夏、秋季云厚日變化特征較為明顯。（田磊， 桑建人， 姚展予，常倬林， 舒志亮， 曹寧）

2.13 基于微波輻射計(jì)的寧夏六盤山西側(cè)大氣水汽變化特征

采用隆德氣象站2 a德制微波輻射計(jì)與同期1 h降水量資料，利用統(tǒng)計(jì)法分析了六盤山脈西側(cè)大氣水汽含量以及云液態(tài)水含量的時間分布特征，并分析了92次不同降水性質(zhì)、不同降水量級的降水個例，得到降水前躍增時間的變化特征。剔除降水背景結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)表明：（1）六盤山西側(cè)大氣水汽含量和云液態(tài)水含量有明顯的季節(jié)變化，其中夏季是大氣水汽含量最多的季節(jié)，平均為23.44 mm，占年均水汽含量的47.7%。（2）大氣水汽含量和云液態(tài)水含量日變化呈—谷—峰分布，春、夏、秋三季均在午后出現(xiàn)最大峰值，冬季在11:00出現(xiàn)峰值；大氣水汽含量低值區(qū)春、夏、秋季出現(xiàn)在日出前后，冬季出現(xiàn)在22:00。（3）87.0%的降水個例在降水發(fā)生之前大氣水汽含量都在12.00 mm以上，且其值隨著降水的量級增大而增大。（4）降水前云液態(tài)水含量發(fā)生明顯躍增現(xiàn)象，春、夏季表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)，根據(jù)降水性質(zhì)及降水量級不同，降水前躍增時間也不同。研究結(jié)論對把握人影作業(yè)時機(jī)具有一定的參考價值。（林彤， 桑建人， 姚展予， 舒志亮， 田磊， 曹寧， 常倬林）

2.14 利用FY-4A衛(wèi)星光學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)對中國近地面PM2.5濃度的估算和檢驗(yàn)分析

對FY-4A衛(wèi)星的氣溶膠光學(xué)厚度（AOD）產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，并根據(jù)衛(wèi)星相關(guān)觀測資料，通過改進(jìn)后的PMRS方法，反演得到中國近地面PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度網(wǎng)格化分布。結(jié)果表明，F(xiàn)Y-4A衛(wèi)星反演不同站點(diǎn)AOD與地基觀測網(wǎng)（AERONET）觀測結(jié)果吻合較好，但存在一定的低估或高估現(xiàn)象，相關(guān)系數(shù)區(qū)間為0.54～0.87。將細(xì)粒子比（FMF）以0.4為界進(jìn)行劃分，F(xiàn)MF＞0.4時，擬合結(jié)果較FMF≤0.4時更接近于AERONET觀測結(jié)果；但FMF≤0.4時，衛(wèi)星反演的AOD穩(wěn)定性優(yōu)于FMF＞0.4時。通過引入AOD的大小，改進(jìn)FMF＞0.4時對細(xì)粒子柱狀體積消光比（VEf）的估算算法，并通過改進(jìn)后的PMRS方法對中國近地面PM2.5濃度進(jìn)行逐時反演，其反演結(jié)果和地面觀測結(jié)果相關(guān)較好，其中，烏魯木齊、石家莊和徐州觀測點(diǎn)的相關(guān)系數(shù)均高于0.7，但數(shù)值上仍存在高估或低估，誤差結(jié)果由多種因素決定?？臻g分布中，衛(wèi)星反演的中國2019年近地面PM2.5濃度月均值與近地面觀測的結(jié)果有較好的對應(yīng)關(guān)系，二者逐月演變趨勢基本一致，基本可以反映出中國近地面大氣細(xì)粒子的空間分布，特別是秋、冬季京津冀周邊區(qū)域、汾渭平原等污染高值區(qū)均與地面觀測對應(yīng)較好。（江琪， 迎春， 王飛， 張?zhí)旌剑?何佳寶， 桂海林，張碧輝， 徐冉）

2.15 崇明東灘濕地與上海城市氣候特征對比分析

基于2010—2019年崇明東灘濕地與同期的上海近海臺站、崇明氣象站及市區(qū)氣象站的溫度、濕度、降水觀測資料，采用時間同步對比方法，分析了崇明東灘濕地與上海城市不同地區(qū)的氣候特征。結(jié)果表明：東灘濕地由于其地理位置特殊，與上海其他臺站比，日最高氣溫最低、春夏氣溫升幅最小，日最低氣溫接近或高于近海臺站和崇明城鎮(zhèn)的日最低氣溫，僅低于中心城區(qū)的日最低氣溫，濕地不易升溫、也不易降溫；由于東灘濕地下墊面性質(zhì)及周圍環(huán)境與城市其他臺站的不同，沒有城市熱島效應(yīng)、阻礙效應(yīng)引起的增雨，中雨以上降水概率明顯小于其他各站的降水概率，暴雨概率及強(qiáng)降水次數(shù)比其他各站分別少68%～75%和70%～81%，表明東灘夏季雨日少于其他各站的雨日，但秋冬季雨日比其他各站多18%～40%，這也是東灘濕地總雨日多的主要原因；東灘濕地不但縮小晝夜溫差還縮小晝夜?jié)癫睿绕錆竦啬芙档陀陱?qiáng)，致使有雨日逐年平均相對濕度反而比上海其他各站的小。（賀芳芳， 毛卓成， 姚展予， 許建明， 彭麗）

2.16 臨沂市區(qū)冬季大氣污染物的特征解析

基于2018年冬季臨沂市區(qū)4個國控環(huán)境空氣自動監(jiān)測子站的SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM2.5和PM10小時濃度數(shù)據(jù)，研究了臨沂市區(qū)大氣污染物的特征。結(jié)果表明：PM2.5和PM10污染最為嚴(yán)重，其次是NO2和CO，而SO2和O3污染較輕；SO2、CO和O3空間差異顯著，NO2、PM2.5和PM10空間差異不顯著。日變化特征分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，SO2、CO和PM10呈雙峰型，NO2呈單谷型，O3呈單峰型，PM2.5呈一峰二谷型分布。O3與其他大氣污染物不同，清潔天空氣質(zhì)量較好，強(qiáng)太陽輻射會促進(jìn)光化學(xué)反應(yīng)生成更多O3。氣團(tuán)后向軌跡聚類分析結(jié)果顯示，臨沂市區(qū)冬季主要受近距離的氣團(tuán)輸送影響，同時也受到來源于蒙古國的高空遠(yuǎn)距離沙塵輸送影響。（王璐， 溫天雪， 周旭， 劉旭）

2.17 全球云水量氣候分布及變化趨勢特征分析

采用20世紀(jì)再分析版本2c數(shù)據(jù)集的云水量逐月再分析數(shù)據(jù)，通過數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)方法，分析了1960—2014年全球、海洋和陸地上空云水量的分布和變化特征及其與水汽通量的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明：（1）全球云水量空間分布不均，海洋高于陸地且比例約為4﹕3，中低緯海洋、陸地上空云水量變化趨勢分別為0.07 g/（m2·10a）和?0.04 g/（m2·10a），季節(jié)性差異主要體現(xiàn)于夏季在熱帶輻合帶和南半球海洋高，冬季在北半球海洋和南半球陸地高。（2）對比六大洲發(fā)現(xiàn)，云水量最高的南美洲有最快增加趨勢，為0.46 g/（m2·10a），同時云水量最低的非洲有最快降低趨勢，為?0.59 g/（m2·10a）。（3）中低層整層水汽通量散度場的輻合、輻散區(qū)和云水量的高、低值區(qū)相對應(yīng)，云水量與水汽通量散度變化呈負(fù)相關(guān)（相關(guān)系數(shù)為?0.44），負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系在赤道附近的低緯地區(qū)顯著。本文揭示了在全球變暖背景下，大氣中云水量分布和變化的時空格局，為模式參數(shù)化和未來氣候預(yù)估提供參考。（程敬雅，游慶龍，蔡淼）

2.18 云解析人工影響天氣數(shù)值模式的改進(jìn)、初步試驗(yàn)和展望

基于WRF四維資料同化和預(yù)報技術(shù)，初步發(fā)展了針對我國西北地區(qū)云微物理和播云催化技術(shù)的云解析人工影響天氣模式系統(tǒng)（CR-WMM）。該模式耦合并改進(jìn)了中國氣象科學(xué)院發(fā)展的微物理方案（CAMS-MP）和碘化銀（AgI）催化方案，并實(shí)現(xiàn)基于大渦模擬（LES）模式的飛機(jī)、地面煙爐等播撒源及毗鄰區(qū)域AgI粒子擴(kuò)散的精細(xì)模擬方法。選取降水案例對CR-WMM資料同化功能、CAMS-MP微物理參數(shù)化和AgI的催化數(shù)值模擬方案進(jìn)行測試和評估，驗(yàn)證了該系統(tǒng)的資料同化能力、微物理參數(shù)化和AgI催化數(shù)值模擬方案的可靠性。CR-WMM具備連續(xù)同化常規(guī)和加密氣象觀測，特別是針對云微物理過程的新型衛(wèi)星、云雷達(dá)和人工影響天氣外場作業(yè)飛機(jī)和基地的特殊觀測能力，能生成全面、精確的云和降水熱力、動力和微物理分析場，支撐云和降水過程及云催化技術(shù)的理論研究及優(yōu)化人工播云方案輔助決策。并提出為達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)，CR-WMM模式在未來5～10年應(yīng)集中攻克的5個方面的科學(xué)難題。（劉玉寶， 丁秋冀， 史月琴， 方春剛， 段婧， 樓小鳳， 李萍， 霍朝陽， 周永波， 王昊亮， 景曉琴， 王新， 陳添宇， 陳寶君， 李集明）

2.19 基于時域?qū)ο蟮木W(wǎng)格降水預(yù)報的追蹤診斷分析

檢驗(yàn)和評估模式降水預(yù)報的時間和位置偏差對提高降水預(yù)報準(zhǔn)確率有重要意義，而傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)的檢驗(yàn)方法對此無能為力?；?018年和2019年6—8月歐洲中期預(yù)報中心（ECMWF）降水預(yù)報資料，利用面向?qū)ο髸r域診斷分析工具（MTD），追蹤模式降水預(yù)報對象的生命周期、初生、消散等預(yù)報表現(xiàn)。研究表明：（1）個例分析顯示，時域診斷分析工具M(jìn)TD能夠很好的從三維降水場中提取降水對象，進(jìn)而刻畫降水對象的生命周期及開始結(jié)束時間，對客觀描述降水對象的時間偏差具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢。（2）低閾值條件下模式預(yù)報能很好地描述降水對象的空間分布，不足在于觀測降水對象較模式預(yù)報明顯偏多；隨著降水閾值增大，預(yù)報與觀測降水對象的空間頻次呈現(xiàn)出顯著差異，表明模式對強(qiáng)降水的位置預(yù)報仍然需要改進(jìn)。（3）采用最小卷積半徑和降水閾值定義降水對象，觀測和預(yù)報場中80%的降水對象生命周期小于15 h，且生命周期隨著降水閾值和卷積半徑的增大而減小。（4）三維對象追蹤顯示，預(yù)報對象的持續(xù)時間較觀測偏短，移動速度較觀測整體偏慢。（張宏芳，潘留杰，盧珊，巨曉璇，史月琴）

3 項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展和觀測試驗(yàn)

3 Project progress and observational experiments

3.1 云水資源評估研究與利用示范

云水資源評估研究與利用示范研究取得如下進(jìn)展：（1）基于大氣水循環(huán)過程和云物理過程及大氣水分收支平衡方程，提出并完善云水資源及其11個組成量和12個特征量的概念和計(jì)算式。（2）構(gòu)建多尺度三維云場診斷技術(shù)體系，建立并優(yōu)化云水資源觀測診斷和數(shù)值模擬兩套定量估算方法，研發(fā)云水資源評估系統(tǒng)（V1.0），實(shí)現(xiàn)中國和全球近20年1°分辨率、全球近60年2.5°分辨率的云水資源診斷評估及華北示范區(qū)近5年3 km分辨率的云水資源數(shù)值精細(xì)評估，并開展對比驗(yàn)證。（3）利用近20年中國云水資源評估數(shù)據(jù)集，研究得到中國不同人工影響天氣分區(qū)和關(guān)鍵典型水文流域（如黃河流域、淮河流域）的云水資源特征，利用3 km的數(shù)值評估結(jié)果，揭示華北區(qū)域的云水資源特性，利用全球云水資源評估數(shù)據(jù)集，研究得到全球云水資源的時空分布特征和變化規(guī)律。（4）在兩個示范區(qū)建立并優(yōu)化固定目標(biāo)區(qū)云水資源開發(fā)技術(shù)體系，探索發(fā)展北方層狀云飛機(jī)增雨和南方對流云地面增雨優(yōu)化的方案設(shè)計(jì)及效果評估方法；建立空陸耦合云水資源開發(fā)利用全流程技術(shù)體系，攻關(guān)云水資源預(yù)報及開發(fā)效果預(yù)估等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)環(huán)節(jié)，并應(yīng)用于重大活動保障。

3.2 人工影響天氣技術(shù)集成綜合科學(xué)試驗(yàn)與示范應(yīng)用

人工影響天氣技術(shù)集成綜合科學(xué)試驗(yàn)與示范應(yīng)用項(xiàng)目開展了3次華北多機(jī)聯(lián)合觀測，取得星—空—地聯(lián)合觀測數(shù)據(jù)集2套；完成一種浸潤凍結(jié)機(jī)制冰核測量裝置（FINDA）的搭建與應(yīng)用，其試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與國際上其他學(xué)者的結(jié)論一致。梳理南方各種類型對流云個例21個；分析祁連山地形影響下的云降水演變特征與機(jī)理以及地形云降水微物理特征與降水機(jī)制，結(jié)果表明不同類型強(qiáng)降水的形成機(jī)制及物理量條件各有差異，地形對降水的影響效應(yīng)也各不相同，揭示地形云凝華和聚并是冰相層冰雪晶的增長機(jī)制，混合層冰晶增長以貝吉龍過程為主，并伴有淞附和聚并生長；利用DBSCAN聚類算法及Hough變換，提出一種對雷達(dá)線狀或帶狀颮線的自動識別方法，并用5次颮線天氣過程檢驗(yàn)DBSCAN算法和Hough變換的合理性和有效性；初步試驗(yàn)結(jié)果認(rèn)為燃?xì)馀谠鲇曜鳂I(yè)有效果，但還需要開展更多的外場試驗(yàn)和試驗(yàn)分析?；陲w機(jī)觀測檢驗(yàn)微物理結(jié)構(gòu)模擬，將各微物理方案模擬的IWC、冰相粒子譜、粒子數(shù)濃度和M-D關(guān)系進(jìn)行了對比分析，給出各微物理方案在模擬能力上的各自優(yōu)勢。

3.3 新一代人工影響天氣數(shù)值模式系統(tǒng)研發(fā)

新一代人工影響天氣數(shù)值模式系統(tǒng)研發(fā)工作取得如下進(jìn)展：（1）在WRF中建立全新三參數(shù)云物理方案并開展批量預(yù)報試驗(yàn)，對6月份一個月的預(yù)報結(jié)果表明，該方案可以有效預(yù)報不同云降水過程，在模式積分時間步長方面有待改進(jìn)。（2）在WRF4.2動力框架中耦合了CAMS雙參數(shù)云微物理方案，利用1 km水平分辨率開展不同區(qū)域、不同時間的積層混合云、對流云、層狀云等多個例模擬研究，模式運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定，模擬的降水、云系結(jié)構(gòu)特征及演變與衛(wèi)星、雷達(dá)、機(jī)載云物理探測實(shí)況相符。（3）開展AgI催化方案的編制及與WRF模式中CAMS云方案的耦合試驗(yàn)。（4）采用分析逼近Nudging同化方法，開發(fā)雷達(dá)資料反演的水成物場及對應(yīng)的潛熱進(jìn)行同化的方案，基于WRF模式實(shí)現(xiàn)對雷達(dá)資料的實(shí)時同化和模擬應(yīng)用，個例對比試驗(yàn)表明，同化后對于模擬的降水落區(qū)范圍比無同化有明顯改善，更接近實(shí)況觀測。（5）探索了面向?qū)ο髾z驗(yàn)（MODE）方法在云場檢驗(yàn)方面的適用性，開展了不同檢驗(yàn)方案（格點(diǎn)、鄰域、對象）對預(yù)報云場的檢驗(yàn)適用性研究，并對夏季的云場預(yù)報結(jié)果進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)應(yīng)用。

3.4 新型催化劑研發(fā)

組織召開新型催化劑研制課題2021年度工作會議，課題組開展了膨脹云室物理模擬試驗(yàn)?zāi)芰Φ臏y試和初步試驗(yàn)，進(jìn)一步完善云室系統(tǒng)的云霧參數(shù)監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)；開展了表明活性物質(zhì)作為暖云催化潛力的模擬試驗(yàn)；開展了華北污染背景的實(shí)驗(yàn)室模擬試驗(yàn)研究（70 m3膨脹云室）；開展了納米催化劑的擴(kuò)散云室模擬試驗(yàn)研究；討論研制了3中不同吸濕性暖云催化劑的試驗(yàn)配方，完成工廠加工壓制和工廠性能測試，近期將送北京實(shí)驗(yàn)室開展模擬試驗(yàn)，進(jìn)而篩選出效果較好的暖云催化劑型。完成發(fā)表論文1篇，申請發(fā)明技術(shù)專利1項(xiàng)，已進(jìn)入實(shí)質(zhì)性審查階段，申報實(shí)用新型技術(shù)專利3項(xiàng)，其中2項(xiàng)得到授權(quán)，1項(xiàng)受理中。1項(xiàng)氣象行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)研究項(xiàng)目通過驗(yàn)收。

3.5 貴州防雹外場觀測試驗(yàn)

2021年4月，首部用于人工防雹觀測的X波段雙偏振相控陣?yán)走_(dá)在貴州威寧防雹基地建成。2021年5月13日，人工影響天氣中心組織開展國家（貴州）防雹外場科學(xué)試驗(yàn)實(shí)施方案論證會。5月27日召開2021年國家（貴州）防雹外場試驗(yàn)啟動會，人工防雹外場試驗(yàn)正式啟動。試驗(yàn)持續(xù)到9月底結(jié)束，基于X波段雙偏振相控陣?yán)走_(dá)共觀測防雹個例18次，收集了多種掃描方式（體掃、扇掃和RHI掃）的防雹觀測資料，為貴州威寧冰雹結(jié)構(gòu)特征分析和防雹效果檢驗(yàn)提供了直接的外場觀測資料，目前正對觀測資料進(jìn)行整理分析。本次觀測通過利用高時空分辨率的相控陣?yán)走_(dá)資料清楚觀測到貴州威寧冰雹云的發(fā)展演變過程和垂直結(jié)構(gòu)特征，發(fā)現(xiàn)威寧冰雹發(fā)展迅速，穩(wěn)定少動；雹云強(qiáng)回波首先出現(xiàn)在空中，然后向下發(fā)展加強(qiáng)；雹云在成熟期主要呈傾斜垂直結(jié)構(gòu)，有明顯的有界弱回波區(qū)，空中存在冰雹特征。高時間分辨率的相控陣?yán)走_(dá)能對防雹效果進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，從相控陣?yán)走_(dá)可以看到高炮作業(yè)后強(qiáng)對流的雷達(dá)回波減弱、強(qiáng)回波面積有所減少，特別是高炮作業(yè)量增大后，防雹作業(yè)效果比較明顯。

3.6 廬山云霧降水外場觀測試驗(yàn)

2021年，對廬山云霧降水外場觀測試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了重新部署，開展了秋冬季外場試驗(yàn)。在2020年外場試驗(yàn)方案的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)新設(shè)備補(bǔ)充情況和2021年的試驗(yàn)需求，不斷完善試驗(yàn)方案和實(shí)施方案，編寫完成了《2021年國家（廬山）云霧物理試驗(yàn)基地外場觀測試驗(yàn)方案》。2021年9月28—29日聯(lián)合江西省氣象局組織和召開了2021年國家（廬山）云霧物理試驗(yàn)基地外場觀測試驗(yàn)啟動會，秋冬季外場觀測試驗(yàn)正式啟動。會后與江西省氣象局聯(lián)合編寫完成《廬山云霧物理試驗(yàn)基地2021年外場試驗(yàn)工作方案》，作為工作指南。此次試驗(yàn)布局為以山上、山下的聯(lián)合梯度觀測，以及山上不同地點(diǎn)的同要素對比觀測，依此開展包括秋冬季大氣與氣溶膠背景特征、云宏觀及微物理特征研究。根據(jù)觀測要求，新增2臺霧滴譜儀、冰核采樣器、云凝結(jié)核儀、PCASP-X2、霧水采集器等觀測設(shè)備，并將云霧站單一的觀測點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展到云霧站和仰天坪兩個觀測點(diǎn)，在仰天坪調(diào)度和布設(shè)了自動氣象站、霧滴譜儀、能見度儀、微雨雷達(dá)、云凝結(jié)核儀、冰核采樣器和顆粒物儀等觀測設(shè)備。2022年1月9日，廬山秋冬外場試驗(yàn)基本完成年度觀測任務(wù)（10月1日至1月9日）。此次試驗(yàn)10月初開始，11月10日基本完成兩個主要觀測點(diǎn)（云霧站、仰天坪）的設(shè)備調(diào)試和部署，12月8日完成梯度觀測部署（廬山市氣象局），所有設(shè)備部署地點(diǎn)均按試驗(yàn)方案部署完成后，一直進(jìn)行持續(xù)的加強(qiáng)觀測。初步統(tǒng)計(jì)，捕捉重點(diǎn)天氣過程約13次，包括云霧（最多）、降雨（1次）、降雪（3次）、凍雨（1次）過程。采集包括霧滴譜儀、微雨雷達(dá)、微波輻射計(jì)、云高儀、能見度儀、云凝結(jié)核計(jì)數(shù)器、顆粒物儀、自動站等數(shù)據(jù)資料約670 G；霧水樣本（46份）；冰核膜采樣樣本（95份）。在山上兩個站點(diǎn)（仰天坪和云霧站）重點(diǎn)開展了云霧、降水對比觀測；此外，在仰天坪開展了冰核、云凝結(jié)核加強(qiáng)觀測，在云霧站開展了云霧過程的霧水采集觀測；同時實(shí)現(xiàn)了山上、山下云宏觀特征的梯度對比觀測。獲取了多次包括凍雨等特殊天氣過程的觀測數(shù)據(jù)。

3.7 數(shù)據(jù)集建設(shè)

廬山云霧觀測數(shù)據(jù)集建設(shè)進(jìn)展。4月邀請參與過廬山觀測的老專家協(xié)助解決歷史數(shù)據(jù)中字跡不清楚和記錄方法等問題，重新翻閱了紙質(zhì)版歷史資料，經(jīng)過4個版本的更新，已經(jīng)完成歷史數(shù)據(jù)集的數(shù)字化工作。7月初經(jīng)商議確定現(xiàn)代數(shù)據(jù)集除了csv文本格式，新增NetCDF格式數(shù)據(jù)集，確定了NetCDF格式確定數(shù)據(jù)錄入信息和結(jié)構(gòu)存儲方式。9月在針對nc格式的專家咨詢會中進(jìn)一步確定了存儲的細(xì)節(jié)并咨詢疑問，已經(jīng)完成兩個版本的csv格式和NetCDF格式的數(shù)據(jù)樣本。合理利用人影數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編碼規(guī)范的同時，調(diào)整了地基特種觀測數(shù)據(jù)的編碼格式，改進(jìn)和更新了數(shù)據(jù)集的存儲和質(zhì)控方案。經(jīng)過一年多的建設(shè)，目前對于歷史觀測資料，已經(jīng)完成所有資料的歸整、查閱、補(bǔ)充掃描、內(nèi)容訂正等工作，完成了歷史數(shù)據(jù)集的數(shù)字化。對于現(xiàn)代觀測數(shù)據(jù)，已經(jīng)完成數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量控制，并多次完善現(xiàn)代數(shù)據(jù)的編碼和存儲方案，階段性的推進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)集建設(shè)，形成現(xiàn)代數(shù)據(jù)集樣本，并正在開展數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量評估。廬山云霧觀測數(shù)據(jù)集已基本建成。同時，建設(shè)期間初步形成了一套較完整的《人工影響天氣試驗(yàn)地面特種觀測資料集數(shù)據(jù)文件編碼和存儲格式規(guī)范（草稿）》。

飛機(jī)觀測數(shù)據(jù)集建設(shè)進(jìn)展。優(yōu)化改進(jìn)了飛機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，完成國家級飛機(jī)探測數(shù)據(jù)集建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的平臺改造；初步建立了一套飛機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)集，完成2017—2020年國家級高性能飛機(jī)所得探測數(shù)據(jù)的處理和成集工作，并提供中心使用；梳理了一批典型探測個例，初步形成了一套飛機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)控流程，為中心所承擔(dān)的重大活動保障、重要應(yīng)急保障以及重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目所得的飛機(jī)探測數(shù)據(jù)提供質(zhì)控和產(chǎn)品制作服務(wù)；完成了用戶手冊、工作報告、技術(shù)報告等文檔。

3.8 云霧物理環(huán)境重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放課題

2021年度中國氣象局云霧物理環(huán)境重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放課題分別在多源數(shù)據(jù)融合技術(shù)的人工影響天氣應(yīng)用研究、冰雹云結(jié)構(gòu)及成雹機(jī)理研究、山地環(huán)境氣溶膠—云霧特征及相互作用研究，以及人工增雨防雹火箭技術(shù)研究5個重點(diǎn)研究領(lǐng)域共資助11個課題，資助強(qiáng)度2～3萬元，總經(jīng)費(fèi)26萬元。受資助人員涵括人影業(yè)務(wù)部門、相關(guān)高校以及科研單位。

4 人工影響天氣現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)

4 Modernization of weather modification

4.1 西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣能力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目總體設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施

概要梳理了西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣能力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目總體設(shè)計(jì)的思路，歸納了設(shè)計(jì)中所重點(diǎn)考慮的3個技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和技術(shù)措施，總結(jié)了項(xiàng)目建設(shè)模式與經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可為后續(xù)區(qū)域人工影響天氣項(xiàng)目建設(shè)提供參考和借鑒。（李集明，陳添宇，陳寶君，顧青峰，殷占福，段婧，李宏宇，李德泉，方春剛，房文，尹憲志，李林，桑建人， 李抗抗）

4.2 “云+端”業(yè)務(wù)框架的西北人工影響天氣指揮應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)綜述

簡要闡述了面向人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)深度融入“天擎”大數(shù)據(jù)云平臺需求，在西北區(qū)域首先采用“云+端”業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)模式設(shè)計(jì)并實(shí)現(xiàn)新型的人工影響天氣指揮業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)（SPACE-NW），為人工影響天氣各類業(yè)務(wù)提供綜合業(yè)務(wù)軟件支撐。該系統(tǒng)依托“天擎”基礎(chǔ)，提出具有普適性的人工影響天氣“云+端”下的“4C+ABC”框架，實(shí)現(xiàn)了人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)環(huán)境深度融入、產(chǎn)品分析與自動化制作與加工流水線的深度融入、資料分析與指揮業(yè)務(wù)流程與基礎(chǔ)氣象業(yè)務(wù)的深度融入。解決了人工影響天氣部門一段時期以來的資料采集渠道多樣、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一、系統(tǒng)開放性不足、信息流轉(zhuǎn)渠道不暢等業(yè)務(wù)問題。該系統(tǒng)在西北區(qū)域率先部署試用，發(fā)揮省級人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)與“天擎”的深度融入的典型示范作用。（李德泉，李集明，田建兵，田顯，穆建華，李寶梓 ，白向東，李圓圓）

4.3 西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣試驗(yàn)示范基地設(shè)計(jì)

西北人工影響天氣工程在西北地區(qū)選取重點(diǎn)區(qū)域建設(shè)人工影響天氣試驗(yàn)示范基地，合理設(shè)計(jì)觀測儀器設(shè)備布局，建立了涵蓋中尺度水汽、風(fēng)場監(jiān)測、云降水宏觀場監(jiān)測、云降水微觀場探測的大氣、云和降水宏微觀三維結(jié)構(gòu)及濕熱力、動力綜合監(jiān)測網(wǎng)；在基地科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)外場試驗(yàn)區(qū)，開展外場作業(yè)試驗(yàn)，開展新型催化作業(yè)裝備和催化劑研發(fā)?；氐慕ㄔO(shè)能夠有效地促進(jìn)我國人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)自主創(chuàng)新，為西北區(qū)域和全國人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展提供有力的科技支撐，提高作業(yè)效率和水平，提高西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣作業(yè)實(shí)際效益。目前該基地已基本完成觀測系統(tǒng)以及業(yè)務(wù)平臺建設(shè)，觀測資料已在研究試驗(yàn)中得到有效應(yīng)用。（方春剛， 段婧， 李圓圓， 李寶梓， 岳治國， 田磊， 田建兵， 黃山， 陳添宇， 陳寶君， 李集明）

4.4 西北人工影響天氣工程研究試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施

西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣能力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目通過科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，創(chuàng)新運(yùn)行機(jī)制，預(yù)期利用已有和本項(xiàng)目即將建設(shè)的裝備設(shè)施，通過有科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的專項(xiàng)研究，開展針對西北區(qū)域地形云的人工增雨（雪）試驗(yàn)研究。在工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中設(shè)立研究試驗(yàn)內(nèi)容，旨在通過項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中同步實(shí)施試驗(yàn)研究，充分體現(xiàn)科技支撐能力在工程項(xiàng)目中的重要作用。本文總結(jié)了西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣能力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中研究試驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施過程，依據(jù)建設(shè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提出提高工程項(xiàng)目效益的建議，為相關(guān)工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)提供參考。（段婧，王自強(qiáng)，李圓圓，程鵬，常倬林，林春英，岳治國，史金麗，殷占福，陳寶君，陳添宇，李集明）

4.5 空中國王350增雨飛機(jī)改裝與集成設(shè)計(jì)

介紹了西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣能力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目（以下簡稱“西北人影項(xiàng)目”）建設(shè)的2架空中國王350國家級作業(yè)飛機(jī)（以下簡稱“西北空中國王飛機(jī)”）差異化和通用化的設(shè)計(jì)思路，以及西北空中國王飛機(jī)機(jī)載大氣探測系統(tǒng)、機(jī)載催化作業(yè)系統(tǒng)、空地通信系統(tǒng)改裝集成工作的所要遵循的原則、工作思路和初步方案。對后續(xù)人工影響天氣區(qū)域工程項(xiàng)目飛機(jī)改裝集成工作提供相應(yīng)的技術(shù)支持。（高揚(yáng)，李宏宇，殷占福，戴艷萍，陳添宇，李集明）

4.6 新舟60高性能增雨飛機(jī)機(jī)載任務(wù)系統(tǒng)集成設(shè)計(jì)

西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣能力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)建設(shè)的新舟60增雨飛機(jī)是集催化作業(yè)、云宏微觀探測以及實(shí)時通信與綜合集成顯示功能于一體的國家高性能人工增雨飛機(jī)，該飛機(jī)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)中充分汲取了前期東北區(qū)域國家增雨飛機(jī)研制成果與經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并在系統(tǒng)供電管理、催化作業(yè)能力、探測系統(tǒng)集成、衛(wèi)星通信功能、設(shè)備系統(tǒng)和操作臺布局等方面進(jìn)行了針對性設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)，通過便捷操作實(shí)現(xiàn)對任務(wù)系統(tǒng)供電與各分系統(tǒng)的集中控制、綜合顯示、數(shù)據(jù)存儲共享，并且機(jī)載探測、催化、通信各分系統(tǒng)均采用雙重或多重備份設(shè)計(jì)，既保證了機(jī)載任務(wù)系統(tǒng)先進(jìn)性設(shè)計(jì)，同時保證任務(wù)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定可靠和各項(xiàng)功能的完整實(shí)現(xiàn)。（張驍拓，胡穎瓊，李宏宇，蘇海周，周旭，高揚(yáng)，張榮）

4.7 陜西渭北果業(yè)區(qū)冰雹研究進(jìn)展

闡述了開展陜西渭北果業(yè)區(qū)防雹技術(shù)研究試驗(yàn)的重要意義，討論了渭北果業(yè)區(qū)冰雹研究在氣候、雷達(dá)回波、雹云探空、冰雹微物理、數(shù)值模擬和防雹效果等方面的進(jìn)展，并對研究試驗(yàn)中存在的問題進(jìn)行了討論。這些研究加深了渭北冰雹形成過程的認(rèn)識，對研究高效冰雹防御方法和提高冰雹防御效果有重要意義。（岳治國，陳寶君，王瑾，左愛文，李金輝，羅俊頡，朱榮增，花少烽，劉佩佩）

5 人工影響天氣重大應(yīng)急與重大服務(wù)保障

5 Weather modification in support of major emergency response and major event service

面對持續(xù)時間長、影響范圍廣的南方冬春連旱，迅速響應(yīng)、國省協(xié)同、空地聯(lián)合作業(yè)，全力做好抗旱增雨、森林滅火等重大應(yīng)急服務(wù)保障。在日常業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)布的人工影響天氣模式預(yù)報和衛(wèi)星監(jiān)測云條件產(chǎn)品基礎(chǔ)上，針對重大活動保障和森林草原防滅火等應(yīng)急人工影響天氣服務(wù)保障，完善潛力預(yù)報和預(yù)案制定、條件監(jiān)測和方案設(shè)計(jì)、信息收集與效果評估等全流程的6類人工影響天氣專項(xiàng)服務(wù)指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品，并在河南、西藏林火等重大應(yīng)急和重大活動服務(wù)保障中開展應(yīng)用。

采用新技術(shù)、利用新資料，老中青同心聚力完成各項(xiàng)重大人工影響天氣專項(xiàng)保障服務(wù)。全年發(fā)布7種服務(wù)材料共245期，專題會商56次，2期決策服務(wù)材料報送黨中央，1期獲得中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志的批示。積極參與國產(chǎn)大飛機(jī)試飛氣象保障工作。與商飛密切配合，利用進(jìn)博會增雨作業(yè)飛行，開展自然結(jié)冰探測。與中航工業(yè)試飛院簽訂關(guān)于大飛機(jī)自然結(jié)冰項(xiàng)目戰(zhàn)略合作框架協(xié)議書。

6 研究型人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展

6 Reseach-oriented development of weather modification operations

6.1 指揮業(yè)務(wù)精細(xì)化發(fā)展

開展精細(xì)化云預(yù)報試驗(yàn)。將人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)模式水平分辨率從3 km提高至1 km并開展試用，云水資源預(yù)報在重大服務(wù)中應(yīng)用。改進(jìn)人工影響天氣催化模式，利用WRF-AgI催化模式和對流云-AgI催化模式，實(shí)現(xiàn)飛機(jī)、火箭等人工增雨、消減雨和消雹催化的仿真模擬，進(jìn)行了不同催化模式的催化效果比較研究。

提升國家級業(yè)務(wù)平臺功能和業(yè)務(wù)支撐能力。2021年7月1日，全國人工影響天氣綜合信息系統(tǒng)正式投入業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)行，該系統(tǒng)整合原有“人工影響天氣作業(yè)信息采集處理系統(tǒng)”和“人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)產(chǎn)品共享發(fā)布系統(tǒng)”，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品發(fā)布、信息上報、實(shí)時監(jiān)控、業(yè)務(wù)管理和通知通報等功能。“人工影響天氣綜合信息系統(tǒng)”面向全國業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)行有效提升了人工影響天氣指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品發(fā)布的時效性和作業(yè)信息采集的規(guī)范性。

開展國家級人工影響天氣核心業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)融入“氣象大數(shù)據(jù)云平臺”工作。對各個業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)賬戶進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步的規(guī)范化管理，完善了系統(tǒng)的融入方案和實(shí)施進(jìn)程。國家級人工影響天氣平臺已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了從CIMISS平臺過渡到云平臺進(jìn)行實(shí)時業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)的采集。

6.2 人工影響天氣裝備安全運(yùn)行

聯(lián)合有關(guān)省組建國家級飛機(jī)運(yùn)行技術(shù)支持團(tuán)隊(duì)，為國家飛機(jī)安全高效運(yùn)行提供技術(shù)支持。對新疆、陜西國家飛機(jī)托管招標(biāo)文件進(jìn)行技術(shù)審查，把嚴(yán)把牢安全運(yùn)行紅線。對國家飛機(jī)設(shè)備系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)及運(yùn)行開展安全巡檢。

配合完成“3·1”事故處理。調(diào)研編制飛機(jī)安全運(yùn)行及管理模式等的決策服務(wù)材料。推進(jìn)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范建設(shè)，編制《人工影響天氣飛機(jī)安全檢查規(guī)范（試行）》《國家人工影響天氣飛機(jī)作業(yè)規(guī)程（試行）》和《國家人工影響天氣飛機(jī)航材庫管理辦法（試行）》等3項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)范并經(jīng)減災(zāi)司印發(fā)全國執(zhí)行。

完成人工影響天氣彈藥物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行監(jiān)控和作業(yè)裝備行政審批技術(shù)審核。配合減災(zāi)司做好安全生產(chǎn)督查工作，編制安全檢查報告。

6.3 國內(nèi)外交流合作

推進(jìn)中泰、中韓、中阿、中沙在人工影響天氣領(lǐng)域的合作。（1）中泰合作：2021年2月9日，通過線上視頻會議的形式與泰國簽署了人工影響天氣技術(shù)合作協(xié)議。中泰雙方在2021年7月29日以線上的形式召開了技術(shù)交流討論會，進(jìn)一步細(xì)化了雙方的合作計(jì)劃。（2）中韓交流：中國氣象局人工影響天氣中心與韓國國立氣象科學(xué)院于2021年12月30日舉辦了2021年中韓人工影響天氣技術(shù)視頻交流會。雙方主要討論了人工增雨效果檢驗(yàn)相關(guān)問題（包括對比區(qū)的選取、增加雨量的計(jì)算、增雨作業(yè)的時效性等）、冰核觀測及設(shè)備相關(guān)情況，以及未來雙方可以開展的合作。（3）中阿交流：2021年4月12日，中國氣象局和阿聯(lián)酋國家氣象中心人工影響天氣專家14人舉行視頻會議，交流人工影響天氣技術(shù)研究和業(yè)務(wù)工作進(jìn)展，研討未來合作意向。（4）中沙交流：應(yīng)沙特阿拉伯方面要求對其關(guān)心的我國人工影響天氣領(lǐng)域的幾個方面內(nèi)容進(jìn)行答復(fù)。明確了中沙合作的聯(lián)系人。

組織籌辦12期云霧物理開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室學(xué)術(shù)交流論壇，出版《全國人工影響天氣技術(shù)與方法交流會論文集（2020）》《氣象科技進(jìn)展》西北人工影響天氣?？?021年11月）。

參加氣象科技活動周、全國林業(yè)和草原科技活動周、第18屆中國—東盟博覽會、國家“十三五”科技創(chuàng)新成就展，人工冰晶模擬系統(tǒng)獲得2021年氣象科技活動周優(yōu)秀展項(xiàng)獎。人工影響天氣中心援疆專家在政府部門開展科普講座，使得人工影響天氣工作被更多人了解和認(rèn)識，取得了良好的社會反響。

6.5 人工影響天氣標(biāo)委會工作

積極推進(jìn)項(xiàng)目申報和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的編制進(jìn)度。新頒布行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2項(xiàng)，國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1項(xiàng)；批復(fù)國標(biāo)立項(xiàng)1項(xiàng)，國標(biāo)外文版立項(xiàng)1項(xiàng)，行標(biāo)7項(xiàng)，行標(biāo)預(yù)研究1項(xiàng)；推薦申請國標(biāo)1項(xiàng)；組織完成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)審9次、正式審查10次，函審6次；組織開展標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)上征求意見工作5項(xiàng)。組織完成1項(xiàng)國標(biāo)的網(wǎng)上立項(xiàng)投票。編輯印制了2003—2020年度人工影響天氣領(lǐng)域標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文集。