羅麗雯

在反復(fù)琢磨高考閱讀理解的文章和問題時(shí)，筆者總覺得有些文章似曾相識(shí)，有些題目甚至覺得“重復(fù)”了。通過比對(duì)，歷年真題的閱讀理解中還真有相似題——在選材內(nèi)容和出題角度上都有較大的相似性，下面我們一起來看看相關(guān)的文章。

一、教育類

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷 B篇）

“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”

“Oh， sure.”

“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”

“Nobody. I do it.”

“Really ― at night， when youre asleep？”

“Sure.”

“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”

28. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams？

A. To help them to see their creativity.

B. To find out about their sleeping habits.

C. To help them to improve their memory.

D. To find out about their ways of thinking.

分析：本文中的老師，著力培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力，在文章結(jié)尾時(shí)描述了在課堂上，老師詢問學(xué)生，他們晚上做過的天馬行空的夢(mèng)，其目的是為了讓孩子看到他們的創(chuàng)造力，并鼓勵(lì)他們?cè)诎滋欤簿褪窃谡鎸?shí)生活中能嘗試做些有創(chuàng)意的事情，因此，28題的答案為A項(xiàng)。

（2019年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷 B篇）Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast （夸耀）about themselves.

26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _________.

A. help students see their own strengths

B. assess students public speaking skills

C. prepare students for their future jobs

D. inspire students love for politics

分析：這位老師著力培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自信心。曾經(jīng)老師的一次提問：認(rèn)為自己永遠(yuǎn)無法成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的同學(xué)請(qǐng)舉手。學(xué)生回答的結(jié)果讓老師難過。于是他想到舉辦the second-grade presidential campaign project這一活動(dòng)，目的是為了幫助學(xué)生看到自己的長(zhǎng)處，從而增強(qiáng)自己的自信心，即26題的答案為A項(xiàng)。

這兩篇文章共通之處在于：

1. 選材內(nèi)容都與教育有關(guān)。

2. 兩位老師都看重人的成長(zhǎng)，具備人文關(guān)懷，而不只是關(guān)注學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)。

3. 老師的教學(xué)理念貫穿全文，所以至少有一題與老師的教學(xué)理念相關(guān)。

因此，當(dāng)以后閱讀到此類文章時(shí)，關(guān)鍵是理清老師的教學(xué)理念。而筆者相信此類題目還會(huì)再出現(xiàn)，學(xué)校、教育、教學(xué)、學(xué)習(xí)本來就是考生最為熟悉的話題，而2017年新課標(biāo)中也明確提出試題選材應(yīng)與高中學(xué)生的生活、社會(huì)環(huán)境相關(guān)。從考試為大學(xué)選拔人才的角度看，肯定會(huì)有學(xué)生選擇進(jìn)入師范院校學(xué)習(xí)，而這種與人文關(guān)懷相關(guān)的文章，強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定人性和人的價(jià)值的想法，能在考生的心中埋下一顆種子，希望他們?cè)谝院蟮膶W(xué)習(xí)、工作中踐行“尊重學(xué)生的主體地位和個(gè)性差異，關(guān)心學(xué)生豐富多樣的個(gè)體需求”等教育思想。

二、志愿者類

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷 C篇） I am Peter Hodes， a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012， Ive done 89 trips—of those， 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細(xì)胞）in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor（捐獻(xiàn)者）to the time they can be implanted in the patient， weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours？

A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.

B. The donor can only wait for that long.

C. The operation needs that much time.

D. The ice wont last any longer.

分析：作者是一名干細(xì)胞志愿速遞員，本文記敘他的志愿經(jīng)歷。其中30題提問的是為何需要在42小時(shí)內(nèi)送達(dá)。由原文中Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last可看出，運(yùn)輸干細(xì)胞時(shí)，需要利用冰袋。但冰袋維持的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，為了保證干細(xì)胞的效用，作者一定得在42小時(shí)內(nèi)完成，答案為D項(xiàng)。

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷B篇）I work with Volunteers for Wildlife， a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.

I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl（貓頭鷹）on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.

I examined the chick（雛鳥）and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest， I might have been able to put it back， but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.

...

A nervous night to be sure， but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.

25. Why was the author called to Muttontown？

A. To rescue a woman.

B. To take care of a woman.

C. To look at a baby owl.

D. To cure a young owl.

27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？

A. Its unexpected.

B. Its beautiful.

C. Its humorous.

D. Its discouraging.

分析：本文作者是一個(gè)野生動(dòng)植物的志愿者，主要是救助老弱病殘等的生命。而25題是問為什么作者要去到Muttontown。在教學(xué)中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生容易錯(cuò)選A或D項(xiàng)。其實(shí)從作者作為野生動(dòng)植物的志愿者的身份來看，照顧或拯救的對(duì)象不應(yīng)是人，A和B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)均可以排除。而根據(jù)I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl on the ground推測(cè)答案為C項(xiàng)，電話中女士說發(fā)現(xiàn)一只小貓頭鷹，并未提及它有病，所以我們只能推斷作者去看一看，而無法推斷出cure（治愈）這一信息。

27題提問的是對(duì)這個(gè)事件的結(jié)果，作者有什么感覺。作者和女士不僅給小貓頭鷹另筑了一個(gè)巢，而且利用小貓頭鷹嗷嗷待哺的錄音，引來了它的父母，從而真正解救了它。成功救助動(dòng)物的感受，在文章結(jié)尾并沒有直接提出，但是在第一段的最后一句“Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreakin; survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.”援救動(dòng)物并非每次都能成功，但當(dāng)你做到的時(shí)候，感覺太美妙了。所以本題答案為B項(xiàng)。

（2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷 B篇）Still， most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community（社區(qū)）as you freely give your time， money， skills， or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.

In that sense， Im pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than Id freely like to admit. However， if others benefit in the process， and I get some reward too， does it really matter where my motivation lies？

27. Why does the author like doing volunteer work？

A. It gives her a sense of duty.

B. It makes her very happy.

C. It enables her to work hard.

D. It brings her material rewards.

分析：本篇的作者身份也是志愿者，為社區(qū)長(zhǎng)曲棍俱樂部服務(wù)。文章以作者勸說一名不樂意當(dāng)志愿者的家長(zhǎng)作為開篇，但當(dāng)這位家長(zhǎng)被說服且成為志愿者后，她對(duì)社區(qū)的俱樂部貢獻(xiàn)良多。究竟是什么讓這位家長(zhǎng)改變呢？作者在最后兩段點(diǎn)出了當(dāng)志愿者的“秘密”：Connecting to the community ... provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good. 為社區(qū)服務(wù)讓我們感覺很快樂。志愿經(jīng)歷讓人感覺美好。這也是那位“不情愿”家長(zhǎng)態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變的原因。所以答案為B項(xiàng)。

這三篇文章共通之處在于：

1. 選材內(nèi)容與志愿者相關(guān)。

2. 講述作者的志愿者經(jīng)歷，而且能體現(xiàn)作者為社會(huì)服務(wù)，能獲得內(nèi)心的滿足感。

3. 三篇文章考查的方向兩兩相似，2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷與2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷考查了跟志愿者經(jīng)歷相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)題，而2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷和2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷則都考查了當(dāng)志愿者的心理感受。

志愿者的話題學(xué)生并不陌生，我們從社會(huì)中獲得生存、發(fā)展的資源，那么當(dāng)我們有能力的時(shí)候，不妨也慷慨地回饋社會(huì)。當(dāng)志愿者固然沒有物質(zhì)回報(bào)，但正如2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷和2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷兩篇文章指出的，當(dāng)志愿者所獲得的精神上的滿足感、愉悅感，能讓人內(nèi)心富足，這也是非常美妙的。如若再遇到此類題目，需要讀懂作者從事什么志愿活動(dòng)，而作為升華文章的“志愿活動(dòng)的意義”，相信也會(huì)是考查的重點(diǎn)之一。

三、文化類

（2014年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷D篇）As more and more people speak the global languages of English， Chinese， Spanish， and Arabic， other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact， half of the 6，000—7，000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century， according to the United Nations Educational， Scientific， and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）.

In an effort to prevent language loss， scholars from a number of organizations --- UNESCO and National Geographic among them --- have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.

Mark Turin， a scientist at the Macmillan Center， Yale University， who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas， is following in that tradition. His recently published book， A grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture， grows out of his experience living， working， and raising a family in a village in Nepal.

32. Many scholars are making efforts to _____.

A. promote global language

B. rescue disappearing languages

C. search for language communities

D. set up language research organizations

33. What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Having full records of the languages.

B. Writing books on language teaching.

C. Telling stories about language users.

D. Living with the native speakers.

分析：本文講述的是UNESCO這一組織盡力在保護(hù)瀕臨消失的語言，特別是提到Mark Turin為了記錄一門語言，進(jìn)行了田野調(diào)查法——到調(diào)查的地方，與當(dāng)?shù)氐木用窆餐睢⒐ぷ?，在此過程中完成調(diào)查研究。

32題提問的是學(xué)者們正致力于什么事，根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“In an effort to prevent language loss， scholars from a number of organizations ... have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.”可以知道答案為B項(xiàng)rescue disappearing languages。

33題提問指代部分內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文的have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures，我們可以選出答案A項(xiàng)Having full records of the languages。

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷 C篇） Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO（United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization）recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯(lián)合）voice across cultures.

Despite the celebrations， though， in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older， and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz， Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz， make the music more accessible， and preserve its history and culture.

28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？

A. To remember the birth of jazz.

B. To protect cultural diversity.

C. To encourage people to study music.

D. To recognize the value of jazz.

29. What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Jazz becoming more accessible.

B. The production of jazz growing faster.

C. Jazz being less popular with the young.

D. The jazz audience becoming larger.

分析：本文講述了爵士樂處于困境，以及討論如何讓爵士樂走出困境的方法。28題問“為何要設(shè)立國(guó)際爵士樂日”，在教學(xué)中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)多數(shù)學(xué)生會(huì)誤選A，B或C。事實(shí)上，文中指出“set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying voice across cultures （把4月30日作為一個(gè)節(jié)目，其目的是提高對(duì)爵士樂的認(rèn)識(shí)，它的重要性，以及它作為跨文化統(tǒng)一聲音的潛力）”，其中，不定式to raise ...表目的，與題目所問相吻合，“爵士樂，它的重要性，以及它的作用（跨越文化的統(tǒng)一的聲音的潛力）”就是爵士樂的價(jià)值，故選D項(xiàng)。

29題提問 that 指代的內(nèi)容，依然是利用上文the music has failed to connect with younger generations確定答案為C項(xiàng)。

這兩篇文章共通之處在于：

1. 選材內(nèi)容都屬于文化范疇。

2. 兩篇文章都提到了語言或爵士樂的困境，或是即將消失，或是漸被遺忘，所以接下來相關(guān)的組織都在想辦法保護(hù)這些文化遺產(chǎn)。

兩篇文章都同樣設(shè)問：相關(guān)的組織所付出的努力是為了什么，而答案也有相似之處，或?yàn)榱苏葹l臨消失的語言，或?yàn)榱俗屓藗冋J(rèn)識(shí)到爵士樂的價(jià)值，希望能讓這些文化得以保存。

3. 兩篇文章都問到了that tradition 和that指代的內(nèi)容，而答案都需要從上文尋找并進(jìn)行概括。

這類文化傳承的閱讀理解，也是極有可能再次作為閱讀理解的材料的?？忌枰獜奈恼铝私馑岬降奈幕d體的現(xiàn)狀，大多數(shù)情況下是某種文化載體面臨著困境，所以相關(guān)的組織、人員采取行動(dòng)，共同保護(hù)、扶持、培育這一文化載體。這方面的文章，可以引發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)文化的思考，或讓學(xué)生更多地關(guān)注我們的文化，以便做到傳承與發(fā)揚(yáng)。

四、探討社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷 B篇）

Grandparents Answer a Call

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law， Marian Robinson， has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents. Com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.

26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinsons decision？

A. 17% expressed their support for it.

B. Few people responded sympathetically.

C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.

D. The majority thought it was a trend.

分析：本文討論的是美國(guó)家庭中父母到子女家庭中，幫忙照顧孫子、孫女的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。26題提問，民眾對(duì)于Mrs. Robinson（時(shí)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的岳母）的決定（搬到白宮，幫助照顧孫女）有什么反應(yīng)。根據(jù)原文“According to a study by grandparents. Com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.”研究表明，對(duì)民眾有影響，三分之二的人認(rèn)為相信更多的家庭會(huì)跟著第一家庭的榜樣去做，因此答案為D項(xiàng)。

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷 C篇）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun， according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.

While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers， some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives， and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.

According to the reports key findings，“the proportion（比例）who say they‘hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”

29. Where can you find the data that best supports“children are reading a lot less for fun”？

A. In paragraph 2.??? ??????B. In paragraph 3.

C. In paragraph 4.????????? D. In paragraph 5.

分析：本文討論的是青少年閱讀習(xí)慣的問題，從研究中作者發(fā)現(xiàn)，為了閱讀的樂趣而讀書的青少年越來越少。

29題提問，哪一段可以找到支撐“為了閱讀的樂趣而讀書的青少年越來越少”的數(shù)據(jù)。而從第三段可以看到：從來不是因?yàn)殚喿x樂趣而閱讀的人群比例，13歲組別的回答，從1984年的8%上升于22%，17歲組別則從1984年的9%上升至27%，從這里可以看到，越來越多的人并非因?yàn)殚喿x的樂趣而讀書，符合題意，故選B項(xiàng)。

（2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷 C篇）Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself， quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading？ None of your business！Lunch is Bechtels“me”time. And like more Americans， shes not alone.

A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half （53 percent） have breakfast alone and nearly half （46 percent） have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.

28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about？

A. Food variety.

B. Eating habits.

C. Table manners.

D. Restaurant service.

本文討論的是獨(dú)自進(jìn)餐這一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，越來越多的人選擇獨(dú)自進(jìn)餐，利用獨(dú)處這段時(shí)間思考，了解互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的信息，充分充電后再回到工作崗位上工作。

28題提問，第二段的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)是關(guān)于什么的。第二段講到研究表明美國(guó)接近半數(shù)的人群選擇單獨(dú)吃飯。超過半數(shù)的人單獨(dú)吃早餐，近半數(shù)的人單獨(dú)吃午餐。74%在會(huì)選擇與他人共進(jìn)晚餐。因此，答案為B項(xiàng)，Eating habits（進(jìn)餐習(xí)慣）。

這三篇文章共通之處在于：

1. 選材內(nèi)容都是與社會(huì)現(xiàn)象相關(guān)的。

2. 討論的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象多數(shù)是外國(guó)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，而不是中國(guó)的情況。

3. 討論社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，通常會(huì)引用相關(guān)研究數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行支撐，而不是空口無憑。所以我們看到都有一道題目是考查學(xué)生對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)的理解。

做這類題，首先還是要讀懂文章講述的是什么社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。此類文章除了考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力，也考查學(xué)生跨文化意識(shí)。比如父母幫助子女照顧孫子孫女，這在中國(guó)可能是一個(gè)常見的現(xiàn)象，但在美國(guó)卻不一定如此。所以，考生不能想當(dāng)然地代入中國(guó)的文化去思考，而應(yīng)根據(jù)作者所提供的材料來進(jìn)行推測(cè)。

另外，讀懂?dāng)?shù)據(jù)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，也是考生應(yīng)該著重培養(yǎng)的能力。畢竟進(jìn)入大學(xué)之后，想做科研的同學(xué)，在做文獻(xiàn)研究的時(shí)候，對(duì)于前人所做過的研究，包括思辨性的，實(shí)證性的，都需要有所了解。而當(dāng)你閱讀實(shí)證類研究時(shí)，能否讀懂?dāng)?shù)據(jù)，甚至于自己做科研時(shí)，能否從數(shù)據(jù)看到更多的信息，那都是非常關(guān)鍵的。當(dāng)然，高考只需要考生讀懂?dāng)?shù)據(jù)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容并找到匹配選項(xiàng)即可。

小結(jié)：

1. 以上四種類型的文章，涵蓋了2016年至2019年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷、全國(guó)Ⅱ卷9篇文章，還有2014年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷1篇文章，總共10篇文章。盡管我們?cè)诎验喿x題進(jìn)行分類時(shí)，傳統(tǒng)上是以細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義推斷題、推測(cè)題、主旨大意題等題型進(jìn)行劃分。但本文是從選材上的相似性進(jìn)行分類（包括這些文章的題目出題角度也具有相似性）。雖然無法囊括所有的高考閱讀理解文章，但筆者的目的并不是要將高考題分類，主要是希望從另一個(gè)角度看真題。

2. 承接上一點(diǎn)，我們很多時(shí)候，一份題目做完，對(duì)完答案，仿佛萬事大吉，可以再找一份題來做?？墒沁@樣很難提升閱讀能力。筆者認(rèn)為，應(yīng)該反復(fù)研讀高考真題，探討特點(diǎn)，把握規(guī)律。而本文就是提供一種再讀高考閱讀真題的思路。我們?cè)诜磸?fù)琢磨這些文章的同時(shí)，也是一個(gè)閱讀理解的過程，也是一種提升閱讀能力的方法。

3. 細(xì)心的讀者會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，本文有提到田野研究法，實(shí)證性研究等內(nèi)容，這些在高中階段的研究性學(xué)習(xí)可能會(huì)接觸到，也可能是我們進(jìn)入大學(xué)之后會(huì)運(yùn)用到的研究方法。文章本身并不考查你這方面的能力，但當(dāng)你對(duì)相關(guān)的知識(shí)了解得越多，背景知識(shí)越豐富，你在閱讀時(shí)的障礙則會(huì)越少。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青