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基于SRAP分子標(biāo)記的不同種殼厚度油棕種質(zhì)資源遺傳多樣性分析

2020-12-11 09:10周麗霞曹紅星
南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報 2020年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:遺傳多樣性厚度

周麗霞 曹紅星

摘要:【目的】分析不同種殼厚度油棕種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性及群體結(jié)構(gòu),為油棕種質(zhì)資源的有效利用及新品種選育提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā窟x取厚殼種BM8和無殼種L2T對288對SRAP引物組合進(jìn)行篩選,從中篩選出擴增條帶清晰、穩(wěn)定及多態(tài)性好的SRAP引物組合,利用其對46份不同種殼厚度的油棕種質(zhì)材料進(jìn)行多態(tài)性擴增,基于擴增結(jié)果,利用NTSYS 2.1的非加權(quán)組平均法(UPGMA)計算遺傳相似系數(shù)并構(gòu)建聚類圖,利用POPGENE 1.32計算遺傳多樣性指數(shù)?!窘Y(jié)果】從288對引物組合中共篩選出15對SRAP引物,利用其對46份油棕種質(zhì)材料進(jìn)行PCR擴增,共擴增出303條條帶,其中多態(tài)性條帶183條,平均每條引物擴增出12.2條,多態(tài)比率為60.4%。46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的觀測等位基因數(shù)(Na)為1.0982~1.3264,平均1.6024;有效等位基因數(shù)(Ne)為1.1092~1.15976,平均1.4803;Neis基因多樣性指數(shù)(H)為0.0572~0.1093,平均0.1937;I為0.0927~0.1648,平均0.3115。薄殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)與無殼種油棕較接近,且二者均高于厚殼種油棕,說明薄殼種和無殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性高于厚殼種油棕。厚殼種油棕與無殼種油棕的遺傳一致度最小(0.7728),但二者間的遺傳距離最大(0.2556)。厚殼種油棕與薄殼種油棕間的遺傳一致度最大,(0.8396),且二者間的遺傳距離最?。?.1748)。在遺傳相似系數(shù)為0.59時,46份供試油棕種質(zhì)被分為4個類群,其中,厚殼種油棕種質(zhì)材料均分布在第I類群,薄殼種油棕種質(zhì)材料(除Eg14分布在第I類群外)和無殼種油棕種質(zhì)材料均分布在II、III和IV類群。【結(jié)論】46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳多樣性整體較豐富,其中薄殼種油棕和無殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性較厚殼種油棕豐富,二者可作為優(yōu)良育種材料進(jìn)行親本選配,選育出高產(chǎn)油率的油棕新品種。

關(guān)鍵詞: 油棕;種殼;厚度;SRAP;遺傳多樣性;群體結(jié)構(gòu)

中圖分類號: S565.9? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2020)09-2097-07

Genetic diversity analysis of oil palm germplasm resources with different seed shell thicknesses based on SRAP molecular marker

ZHOU Li-xia, CAO Hong-xing*

(Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science/Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang, Hainan? 571339, China)

Abstract:【Objective】To study the population structure and genetic diversity of oil palm germplasm resources with different shell thicknesses and provide theoretical basis for the effective utilization of oil palm germplasm resources and the selection of new varieties. 【Method】A total of 288 SRAP primer pairs were selected with BM8(thick shell) and L2T (shellless). The 46 oil palm germplasm materials with different shell thicknesses were amplified using the SRAP primer with clear, stable and polymorphic. unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean(UPGMA) of NTSYS 2.1 was used to calculate genetic similarity coefficient and construct cluster graph, POPGENE 1.32 was used to calculate genetic diversity index. 【Result】A total of 15 primer pairs with clear amplification and rich polymorphism were selected from 288 pairs,and 303 clear bands were amplified totally from 46 oil palm germplasm materials by PCR,of which 183 were polymorphism sites with an average of 12.2 bands by each primer, and the polymorphic ratio was 60.4%. Observed number of alleles(Na) of 46 oil palm germplasm materials was from 1.0982 to 1.3264, with an average of 1.6024,the effective number of alleles(Ne) was from 1.1092 to 1.15976, with an average of 1.4803, Neis gene diversity(H) was from 0.0572 to 0.1093, with an average of 0.1937, Shannons information index(I) was from 0.0927 to 0.1648, with an average of 0.3115. The genetic diversity index of thin shell oil palm was close to that of shellless oil palm, and both of them were higher than that of thick shell oil palm, indicating that the polymorphism of thin shell and shellless oil palm were higher than that of thick shell oil palm. The genetic consistency between the thick shell and shellless oil palm was the lowest (0.7728), but the genetic distance between them was the largest(0.2556). The genetic consistency between thick shell and thin shell oil palm was the highest(0.8396), and the genetic distance between them was the smallest(0.1748). When the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.59, 46 oil palm germplasms were divided into 4 subgroups. Among them, thick shell materials were all distributed in subgroup I, thin shell materials(except Eg14 distributed in subgroup I) and shellless materials were distributed in subgroups II, III and IV. 【Conclusion】The genetic diversity of 46 oil palm germplasm materials is relatively rich, among which thin shell and shellless oil palm have more genetic diversity than the thick shell oil palm. They can be used as excellent breeding materials for parent selection and breeding new oil palm varieties with high oil yield.

Key words:oil palm; shell; thickness; SRAP; genetic diversity; population structure

Foundation item:Species and Varieties Conservation of Sector Project of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(125163015000160004);Basic Research Project of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences(1630152017 008);Tropical Woody Oil Plant Industry Technology Innovation Group Project(17CXTD-13); Construction Project of Indonesia Experimental Agricultural Station of the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences(SYZ2019-12)

0 引言

【研究意義】油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)屬棕櫚科多年生喬木植物,是世界上產(chǎn)油率最高的油料作物,也是熱帶地區(qū)主要的木本經(jīng)濟作物之一(曹紅星等,2015),享有“世界油王”的美譽(馮美利等,2017;Sowmya et al.,2019)。油棕果實由外果皮、中果皮、內(nèi)果皮(種殼)和種仁4部分組成,其中內(nèi)果皮發(fā)育成熟后形成類似椰子殼的纖維環(huán),且其厚度決定種仁的大小,薄殼種油棕的產(chǎn)油量更高(Teh et al.,2017;石鵬等,2018)。我國自1926年開始在海南引種試種油棕,早期引進(jìn)的品種如杜拉、丹那拉等在我國具有良好的適應(yīng)性,但產(chǎn)油率較低(熊惠波等,2009)。近年來我國又從國外引進(jìn)高產(chǎn)型油棕新品種,對于這些引進(jìn)品種的親緣關(guān)系、種群結(jié)構(gòu)等尚不明確,嚴(yán)重影響油棕育種進(jìn)程。因此,研究我國油棕種質(zhì)的遺傳多樣性及群體結(jié)構(gòu),對油棕種質(zhì)資源的保存、開發(fā)利用及新品種培育均具有十分重要的意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】相關(guān)序列擴增多態(tài)性(SRAP)分子標(biāo)記具有共顯性高、操作簡單和多態(tài)性豐富等優(yōu)點,已廣泛應(yīng)用于作物的遺傳多樣性分析、種質(zhì)資源鑒定等方面。顏平等(2014)利用SRAP分子標(biāo)記對144份海南鉆喙蘭進(jìn)行種內(nèi)遺傳多樣性分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)海南島上的野生海南鉆喙蘭種質(zhì)資源具有較高的遺傳多樣性和種內(nèi)變異。陳熙等(2016)利用40對SRAP引物分析50份陜西茶樹種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)材料間的遺傳多樣性處于較高水平。廖柏勇等(2016)開發(fā)了20個SRAP分子標(biāo)記,并用于分析來自我國17個省(區(qū))31個苦楝種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)苦楝遺傳變異主要來源于種源內(nèi),種源間基因交流有限,種源遺傳多樣性整體偏低,而部分山區(qū)種源遺傳多樣性較高。張景云等(2017)開發(fā)了14個SSR和33個SRAP分子標(biāo)記,并用于分析46份苦瓜種質(zhì)遺傳多樣性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)其遺傳多樣性豐富。目前,我國對油棕遺傳多樣性的研究報道較少,周麗霞等(2017)開發(fā)了27個多態(tài)性SSR引物,并用于分析海南8個油棕品種的遺傳多樣性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)種間雜交程度較小,物種親緣關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn),遺傳多樣性良好?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】目前利用SRAP分子標(biāo)記分析不同種殼厚度油棕種質(zhì)遺傳多樣性和群體結(jié)構(gòu)的研究鮮見報道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】開發(fā)多態(tài)性SRAP分子標(biāo)記,并用于分析不同種殼厚度油棕種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性和群體結(jié)構(gòu),為油棕種質(zhì)資源的有效利用和新品種選育提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 試驗材料

供試的46份油棕種質(zhì)分別來自海南文昌、云南保山和廣西防城港(表1)。經(jīng)多年種植和性狀調(diào)查,根據(jù)油棕果實種殼厚度(雷新濤和曹紅星,2013),將供試材料分為3個類型:Eg01~Eg13為厚殼種(種殼厚2.0~8.5 mm),Eg14~Eg30為薄殼種(種殼厚0.5~2.0 mm),Eg31~Eg46為無殼種(無核殼)。主要試劑:Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTPs、Mg2+以及DNA提取所需試劑和電泳所需試劑均購自海南省合輝實業(yè)有限公司,DL2000 DNA Marker購自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司,SRAP引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。主要儀器設(shè)備:低溫高速離心機(Eppendorf centrifuge 5804R,德國)、梯度核酸擴增儀(TP1600,澳大利亞)、垂直電泳系統(tǒng)(北京六一儀器廠)和核酸凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(G-BOXF3)。

1. 2 DNA提取

采集油棕嫩葉,1片葉/株,采用CTAB法提取其DNA(周麗霞等,2013),-20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

1. 2 SRAP引物篩選

選取厚殼種BM8和無殼種L2T對本課題組設(shè)計的288對SRAP引物組合進(jìn)行篩選。反應(yīng)體系15.0 μL:DNA模板1.0 μL,2×Taq PCR Master-Mix(含染料)8.0 μL,10 μmol/L正、反向引物各1.0 μL,ddH2O補足至15.0 μL。擴增程序:94 ℃預(yù)變性5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,35 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 30 s,進(jìn)行5個循環(huán);94 ℃ 30 s,54 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 30 s,進(jìn)行30個循環(huán);72 ℃延伸7 min。擴增產(chǎn)物用8%非變性聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳進(jìn)行檢測,最后用銀染法顯色并拍照。

1. 3 統(tǒng)計分析

用Excel 2017統(tǒng)計擴增出的條帶數(shù)量,相同位置上有清晰可辨條帶記為“1”,無清晰可辨條帶記為“0”,從而構(gòu)建原始數(shù)據(jù)矩陣。應(yīng)用NTSYS 2.1的非加權(quán)組平均法(UPGMA)計算遺傳相似系數(shù)并構(gòu)建聚類圖。應(yīng)用POPGENE 1.32計算遺傳多樣性指數(shù):觀測等位基因數(shù)(Observed number of alleles,Na)、有效等位基因數(shù)(Effective number of alleles,Ne)、Neis基因多樣性指數(shù)(Neis gene diversity,H)和Sha-nnons信息指數(shù)(Shannons information index,I)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 SRAP引物篩選結(jié)果

選取厚殼種BM8和無殼種L2T對288對SRAP引物組合進(jìn)行篩選,根據(jù)擴增條帶的清晰度、穩(wěn)定性及多態(tài)性共篩選出15對SRAP引物組合,如表2所示。利用其對46份油棕種質(zhì)材料進(jìn)行PCR擴增,共擴增出303條條帶,其中多態(tài)性條帶183條,平均每對引物組合擴增出12.2條,多態(tài)比率為60.4%,表明供試油棕種質(zhì)資源具有較豐富的遺傳多樣性。圖1為引物組合Me3/Em17對46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的擴增圖譜,通過觀察統(tǒng)計可發(fā)現(xiàn)不同油棕種質(zhì)材料擴增結(jié)果存在明顯差異,說明篩選出的SRAP分子標(biāo)記多態(tài)性較好,可用于油棕種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性分析。

2. 2 油棕種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性分析結(jié)果

利用POPGENE 1.32計算46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳多樣性指數(shù),如表3所示。46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的Na為1.0982~1.3264,平均1.6024;Ne為1.1092~1.15976,平均1.4803;H為0.0572~0.1093,平均0.1937;I為0.0927~0.1648,平均0.3115,說明46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳多樣性較豐富。整體來說,薄殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)與無殼種油棕較接近,且二者均高于厚殼種油棕,說明薄殼種和無殼種油棕的多態(tài)性高于厚殼種油棕。

46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳一致度和遺傳距離如表4所示。厚殼種油棕與無殼種油棕的遺傳一致度最小,為0.7728,但二者間的遺傳距離最大,為0.2556,說明厚殼種油棕與無殼種油棕的親緣關(guān)系最遠(yuǎn)。厚殼種油棕與薄殼種油棕間的遺傳一致度最大,為0.8396,且二者間的遺傳距離最小,為0.1748,說明厚殼種油棕與薄殼種油棕的親緣關(guān)系最近。

基于油棕SRAP分子標(biāo)記的圖譜矩陣結(jié)果,利用NYSTS 2.1計算遺傳相似系數(shù),結(jié)果(表5)顯示,46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳相似系數(shù)為0.31~0.97,其中,BM8與UR1和BM119的遺傳相似系數(shù)最小,均為0.31,說明二者親緣關(guān)系最遠(yuǎn);BM387與YA69的遺傳相似系數(shù)最大,為0.97,說明二者的親緣關(guān)系最近。

2. 3 油棕種質(zhì)資源的聚類分析

為了解46份供試油棕種質(zhì)的群體遺傳結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用UPGMA對其進(jìn)行聚類分析,結(jié)果如圖2所示。在遺傳系數(shù)為0.59時,46份供試油棕種質(zhì)被分為4個類群,第I類群含有14份油棕種質(zhì)材料,其中有13份厚殼種,1份薄殼種;第II類群含有9份油棕種質(zhì)材料,其中6份薄殼種和3份無殼種;第III類群含有11份油棕種質(zhì)材料,其中8份薄殼種和3份無殼種;第IV亞群含有12份油棕種質(zhì),其中2份薄殼種和10份無殼種??梢?,厚殼種油棕均分布在第I類群,薄殼種油棕(除Eg14分布在第I類群外)和無殼種油棕均分布在II、III和IV類群,表明厚殼種油棕種質(zhì)材料間的親緣關(guān)系較近,而薄殼種油棕種質(zhì)材料間和無殼種油棕種質(zhì)材料間的親緣關(guān)系均較遠(yuǎn),且二者遺傳多樣性高于厚殼種油棕種質(zhì)。整體來看,46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳多樣性較豐富。

3 討論

經(jīng)大量研究證實,SRAP分子標(biāo)記技術(shù)簡單易操作,多態(tài)性好,成本低,且較穩(wěn)定,廣泛受得研究者的青睞。本研究從288對SRAP引物組合中篩選出15對擴增條帶清晰、穩(wěn)定且多態(tài)性豐富的SRAP引物組合,用于分析46份不同種殼厚度的油棕種質(zhì)遺傳多樣性,結(jié)果顯示,PCR擴增出303個條帶,其中多態(tài)性條帶183條,多態(tài)比率為60.4%,與甜瓜中的多態(tài)比率(58.0%)(高寧寧等,2019)相近,但高于小白菜中的多態(tài)比率(32.9%)(李桂花等,2017)和平菇中的多態(tài)比率(30.1%)(常艷等,2017),說明SRAP分子標(biāo)記能有效分析多種植物的遺傳多樣性。

Na、Ne、H和I是衡量植物物種間種質(zhì)資源遺傳多樣性豐富度的常用指標(biāo)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的Na為1.0982~1.3264,平均1.6024;Ne為1.1092~1.15976,平均1.4803;H為0.0572~0.1093,平均0.1937;I為0.0927~0.1648,平均0.3115,說明46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳多樣性較豐富,與棉花(劉雅輝等,2015)和油菜(張羽等,2017)的研究結(jié)論相似。其中,無殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)略高于薄殼種油棕,二者均高于厚殼種油棕,結(jié)果表明無殼種和薄殼種油棕種質(zhì)的遺傳多樣性均高于厚殼種油棕,可能是由于厚殼種油棕是我國最早期從印度尼西亞引進(jìn),來源地范圍較小,遺傳基礎(chǔ)較狹窄,親緣關(guān)系較近,而薄殼種和無殼種是從馬來西亞、尼日利亞及哥斯達(dá)黎加等多個國家引進(jìn),來源范圍較廣,遺傳背景較豐富,親緣關(guān)系也較遠(yuǎn)。本研究聚類分析結(jié)果顯示,46份油棕種質(zhì)材料分為4個類群,其中,厚殼種油棕種質(zhì)材料集中分布在第I類群,而薄殼種和無殼種種質(zhì)材料分散分布于II、III和IV類群,說明薄殼種油棕和無殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性較高,厚殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性較低,與上述結(jié)論相一致。此外,厚殼種和無殼種油棕種質(zhì)的遺傳一致度最低,為0.7728,遺傳距離最大,為0.2556,也說明厚殼種和無殼種油棕間的遺傳差異大,親緣關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn)。厚殼種和薄殼種油棕種質(zhì)的遺傳一致度最高,為0.8396,遺傳距離最小,為0.1748,說明二者間的遺傳差異小,親緣關(guān)系近。由此可見,SRAP分子標(biāo)記能有效地區(qū)分油棕種質(zhì)親緣關(guān)系的遠(yuǎn)近。由于豐富且優(yōu)異的種質(zhì)資源是新品種選育的材料基礎(chǔ),只有明確種質(zhì)資源的群體結(jié)構(gòu)及遺傳背景,才能對其進(jìn)行充分有效地利用。今后可將薄殼種和無殼種油棕種質(zhì)作為優(yōu)良育種材料進(jìn)行親本選配,選育出高產(chǎn)油率的油棕新品種。

4 結(jié)論

46份油棕種質(zhì)材料的遺傳多樣性整體較豐富,其中薄殼種油棕和無殼種油棕的遺傳多樣性較厚殼種油棕豐富,二者可作為優(yōu)良的育種材料進(jìn)行親本選配,選育出高產(chǎn)油率的油棕新品種。

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(責(zé)任編輯? 陳 燕)

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