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土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響因素及機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

2020-09-21 14:26:48董姝楠夏繼紅王為木盛麗婷
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報 2020年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:塑料顆粒中微塑料

董姝楠,夏繼紅,王為木,劉 慧,盛麗婷

·專題:農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染綜合防治·

土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響因素及機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

董姝楠,夏繼紅,王為木,劉 慧,盛麗婷

(河海大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,南京 210098)

微塑料在環(huán)境中廣泛分布,世界范圍內(nèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)土壤及地下水中都已發(fā)現(xiàn)微塑料污染,生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康受到嚴(yán)重威脅。研究土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響因素及機(jī)制,對于準(zhǔn)確評價其分布?xì)w趨及環(huán)境風(fēng)險具有重要意義。該研究通過文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,對土壤-地下水環(huán)境中微塑料的來源、團(tuán)聚及遷移研究進(jìn)行梳理、歸納和總結(jié),系統(tǒng)闡明了土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響因素,剖析了影響微塑料遷移的機(jī)制,并對未來研究進(jìn)行展望。土壤中微塑料的來源可分為原位型微塑料和外源輸入型微塑料2種,地下水中的微塑料一般源自于土壤中微塑料的垂直遷移及地表-地下水微塑料交換。水體中微塑料的團(tuán)聚受多種水環(huán)境因素的影響,其團(tuán)聚程度與遷移能力密切相關(guān),是遷移行為的基礎(chǔ)和前提。土壤-地下水中影響微塑料遷移的因素可分為化學(xué)、物理、生物3類。水化學(xué)條件、介質(zhì)成分、水流條件、介質(zhì)物理條件、植物生長發(fā)育、小型動物及微生物的生命活動均會影響土壤-地下水中微塑料的遷移行為,且影響機(jī)制各不相同。目前,土壤-地下水中微塑料的遷移研究處于起步階段,在進(jìn)一步的研究中,野外尺度微塑料遷移、多元化微塑料遷移、微塑料特性對其遷移行為影響、微塑料遷移過程中的轉(zhuǎn)化等研究值得重點關(guān)注。

土壤;地下水;遷移;微塑料;影響因素;影響機(jī)制

0 引 言

微塑料(Microplastic)指粒徑小于5 mm的塑料微粒,通常由工業(yè)直接生產(chǎn)或大型塑料破解產(chǎn)生[1-2]。近年來,微塑料污染問題在全球范圍引發(fā)科研人員的高度關(guān)注,成為備受矚目的研究熱點。2016年第二屆聯(lián)合國環(huán)境大會上,微塑料污染被列入環(huán)境與生態(tài)領(lǐng)域的第二大科學(xué)問題。微塑料不易降解,能夠在環(huán)境中長期存在,易對生態(tài)環(huán)境造成潛在威脅[3-4]。微塑料粒徑可達(dá)納米級,環(huán)境中納米微塑料通常遷移能力更強(qiáng),污染范圍更廣,生物毒性更顯著[5]。環(huán)境中的微塑料能夠被動物攝食,并通過食物鏈層層富集,最終進(jìn)入人體,威脅人體健康[6-7]。

中國是塑料垃圾生產(chǎn)和排放大國,農(nóng)業(yè)土壤及相關(guān)地下水環(huán)境受嚴(yán)重的微塑料污染威脅[4,6]。研究微塑料的遷移行為,對于綜合評判及預(yù)測其在土壤-地下水中的污染風(fēng)險具有重要理論意義和實際價值。目前的綜述文章,大多重點闡述土壤和地下水中微塑料的環(huán)境行為及生態(tài)效應(yīng),而對微塑料遷移影響機(jī)制的闡述不夠充分。

本文對國內(nèi)外土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的現(xiàn)有研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行回顧和總結(jié),分析土壤-地下水中微塑料的可能來源,闡明土壤-地下水中影響微塑料遷移的化學(xué)、物理、生物因素,剖析歸納影響微塑料遷移的機(jī)制,并對未來研究的發(fā)展方向進(jìn)行展望。

1 土壤-地下水中微塑料的來源

1.1 土壤中微塑料的來源

在歐洲和北美國家,每年約有高達(dá)數(shù)十萬噸微塑料進(jìn)入農(nóng)業(yè)土壤[8]。中國北方河北、山東等省份的土壤中微塑料豐度可達(dá)14.7~158.5個/kg,而云南省部分地區(qū)則超過7.1×103個/kg[9]。土壤中微塑料的來源可分為原位型微塑料和外源輸入型微塑料2種。

原位型微塑料主要指土壤中塑料殘余物經(jīng)風(fēng)化破解后產(chǎn)生的微塑料。土壤中的塑料殘余物主要為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中殘留的農(nóng)用地膜。中國農(nóng)用地膜的覆蓋面積和使用量(大于140萬t/a)常年居世界前列,由于回收率較低,大量農(nóng)用地膜容易殘留在農(nóng)業(yè)土壤中[10-11]。由于具有質(zhì)輕、料薄、難以生物降解等特性,在長期外界作用影響下,殘留的農(nóng)用地膜能夠風(fēng)化破碎成細(xì)小的微塑料顆粒,長期存在于土壤環(huán)境中,造成微塑料污染。

外源輸入型微塑料指通過大氣沉降、地表徑流、灌溉、肥料施用等過程由外界進(jìn)入土壤環(huán)境的微塑料。研究表明,微塑料廣泛存在于大氣及地表水體中[12-14]。大氣中的微塑料能夠通過降水、降雪等濕沉降過程以及大氣降塵等干沉降過程落于地表,進(jìn)入土壤及地表水體中[12]。地表水被認(rèn)為是土壤中微塑料的重要源頭之一。多個歐美國家的淡水湖及河流中均檢測出微塑料污染物,其豐度甚至可超過4×105個/km2[13-14]。中國地表水環(huán)境中同樣存在微塑料污染問題,太湖中漂浮微塑料的豐度達(dá)1.0×104~6.8×106個/km2[15],而三峽庫區(qū)微塑料豐度能達(dá)到3.4×106~1.36×107個/km2[16]。地表水中的微塑料,能夠通過地表徑流及農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉等方式直接進(jìn)入并滯留在土壤中,形成土壤微塑料污染。污水處理過程中產(chǎn)生的污泥富含氮磷等營養(yǎng)成分,常通過堆肥處理被制成農(nóng)業(yè)用肥。研究表明,污水處理雖能有效去除水體中的微塑料,但容易造成大量微塑料在污泥中累積[17-18]。常規(guī)污泥預(yù)處理方法難以有效去除累積的微塑料,使這些微塑料能夠通過肥料施用進(jìn)入土壤環(huán)境[19]。調(diào)查顯示,歐盟國家每年約有4×105t的微塑料通過污泥堆肥進(jìn)入農(nóng)業(yè)土壤[9]。中國污泥堆肥的使用量呈逐年遞增的趨勢,其造成的土壤微塑料污染不可忽視。

1.2 地下水中微塑料的來源

近期,研究人員在地下水中也發(fā)現(xiàn)微塑料污染的情況。Panno等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)美國伊利諾伊州巖溶含水層中微塑料豐度最大為15.2個/L,其中大部分為塑料纖維。Mintenig等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)德國北部地區(qū)的地下水中出現(xiàn)輕度微塑料污染(豐度為0~7個/m3),且檢測出的微塑料均具有較小的粒徑,通常為50~150m。

地下水中微塑料的來源研究較為缺乏,一般認(rèn)為土壤中微塑料的垂直遷移及地表-地下水交換是地下水中微塑料的重要來源[22-24]。土壤中的微塑料能在生物活動及重力作用下,通過土壤孔隙或生物洞穴進(jìn)入深部土層,最終侵入地下水環(huán)境[25-28]。另一方面,地表水與地下水存在廣泛的溝通和普遍且持續(xù)的交換,地表水中的微塑料可能通過水量交換進(jìn)入地下水環(huán)境。Re[29]提出了一種潛在的微塑料遷移機(jī)制,即當(dāng)?shù)乇硭鳛樗囱a(bǔ)給地下水時,可能為微塑料進(jìn)入地下水環(huán)境提供通道。此外,地下直接排污也可導(dǎo)致污水中的微塑料直接進(jìn)入含水層,造成地下水微塑料污染。

2 水環(huán)境中微塑料的團(tuán)聚機(jī)制

微塑料在水環(huán)境中的團(tuán)聚與其遷移能力密切相關(guān)。微塑料分散穩(wěn)定性較高的條件下,其在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中的遷移能力通常較強(qiáng);而微塑料容易團(tuán)聚的條件下,其在土壤-地下水中的遷移則會受到抑制。

研究表明[30-31],水體中分散的微塑料能夠在一定離子強(qiáng)度范圍內(nèi)(1~100 mmol/L NaCl及0.1~15 mmol/L CaCl2)保持穩(wěn)定。隨著水環(huán)境離子強(qiáng)度的增強(qiáng),微塑料顆粒之間雙電層被壓縮而變薄,表面電荷被屏蔽,顆粒間靜電斥力減小而易于發(fā)生凝聚,穩(wěn)定性逐漸降低[30-32]。與一價陽離子(例如Na+、K+等)相比,高價陽離子(例如Mg2+、Ca2+、Al3+等)存在條件下微塑料更容易發(fā)生團(tuán)聚。微塑料在水環(huán)境中通常顯負(fù)電,因此水環(huán)境中的高價陽離子能夠吸附在微塑料顆粒表面,降低其表面電勢的絕對值,使其顆粒間靜電斥力減小而更容易發(fā)生團(tuán)聚[30,31-33]。對于表面存在羥基、羧基等官能團(tuán)的微塑料顆粒,水環(huán)境中的高價陽離子可能與上述官能團(tuán)形成橋鍵,從而鏈接不同的微塑料顆粒,導(dǎo)致其團(tuán)聚[34]。隨著水環(huán)境pH值降低,微塑料表面的官能團(tuán)逐漸質(zhì)子化,親水性降低而發(fā)生團(tuán)聚;當(dāng)pH值升高時,微塑料顆粒表面的官能團(tuán)去質(zhì)子化,表面電負(fù)性增加,顆粒間靜電排斥力隨之增加而不易發(fā)生團(tuán)聚[35]。溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)富含大量負(fù)電荷,可以增加微塑料顆粒之間的空間位阻效應(yīng)及表面電負(fù)性,使得顆粒間空間及靜電排斥作用增強(qiáng),增強(qiáng)其在水溶液中的穩(wěn)定性[30-32]。由于DOM富含親水官能團(tuán),水環(huán)境中的Mg2+、Ca2+離子能夠在DOM分子間形成離子橋鍵,當(dāng)水環(huán)境中Mg2+、Ca2+離子濃度較低時,DOM能夠抑制微塑料的團(tuán)聚;而當(dāng)水環(huán)境中Mg2+、Ca2+離子濃度較高時,水環(huán)境中的DOM反而會促進(jìn)微塑料的團(tuán)聚[36]。此外,Oriekhova等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)水環(huán)境中膠體物質(zhì)(Fe2O3、海藻酸鹽等)能夠通過中和表面電荷或增強(qiáng)離子橋鍵作用,影響微塑料的異相團(tuán)聚行為。另一方面,Long等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),微塑料顆粒能夠富集在水生微生物表面,其穩(wěn)定性受到微生物生理行為影響。

3 土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移機(jī)制

土壤-地下水中影響微塑料遷移的因素可分為化學(xué)、物理、生物3類。表1對土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的各類影響因素、影響情況及對應(yīng)影響機(jī)制進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

3.1 化學(xué)因素對土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響

3.1.1 水化學(xué)條件

土壤-地下水環(huán)境中的離子強(qiáng)度、離子類型、pH、DOM等水化學(xué)條件,都是影響微塑料遷移的重要因素。本文繪制了圖1展示DOM及高價陽離子對微塑料在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中遷移的影響。

微塑料在土壤-地下水中的遷移能力通常隨離子強(qiáng)度的升高而逐漸降低[38-44]。如上文所述,微塑料顆粒的團(tuán)聚程度通常隨著離子強(qiáng)度的升高而增強(qiáng),其團(tuán)聚體平均粒徑不斷增大,因而更容易受物理過濾作用滯留在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中,遷移能力不斷降低。另一方面,隨著離子強(qiáng)度的增加,微塑料顆粒與土壤-地下水介質(zhì)之間的雙電層會被壓縮變薄,致使二者間的靜電斥力減小,微塑料顆粒更容易沉積在介質(zhì)表面,遷移能力降低[40-41]。粒徑較小的微塑料在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面的沉積速率通常較低,對離子強(qiáng)度的變化更敏感,其遷移能力更容易受到離子強(qiáng)度的影響[44]。

微塑料的遷移能力通常隨高價陽離子(例如Mg2+、Ca2+、Al3+等)濃度的升高而降低[40,45]。微塑料顆粒在高價陽離子存在時團(tuán)聚程度較高,因而更容易滯留在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中,具有較低的遷移能力(圖1)。此外,水相中的土壤-地下水介質(zhì)通常呈負(fù)電性[42-43,46-47],除微塑料顆粒外,高價陽離子也能夠吸附在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面,導(dǎo)致微塑料顆粒和介質(zhì)之間的靜電斥力降低,使得微塑料顆粒更容易在介質(zhì)中沉積,遷移能力下降[40,45]。另一方面,土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面通常也存在羥基、羧基等多種官能團(tuán),因此高價陽離子能夠在微塑料和介質(zhì)表面之間形成離子橋鍵,從而增強(qiáng)微塑料在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面的滯留,使其遷移能力降低[40,45]。

微塑料在土壤-地下水中的遷移能力通常隨pH值的升高而增強(qiáng)[48-49]。微塑料團(tuán)聚程度通常隨pH值的升高而降低,其團(tuán)聚體平均粒徑隨之下降,因而更容易通過土壤-地下水介質(zhì)孔隙運(yùn)移。此外,土壤-地下水環(huán)境pH值的變化,能夠引起微塑料及土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面官能團(tuán)電離程度的改變,進(jìn)而影響微塑料的遷移能力[50]。土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面官能團(tuán)去質(zhì)子化程度通常隨pH值的升高而增強(qiáng),使得介質(zhì)表面負(fù)電荷量不斷增加,微塑料顆粒與介質(zhì)表面之間的靜電斥力增大,因而微塑料顆粒更不容易在介質(zhì)表面沉積,其遷移能力對應(yīng)增強(qiáng)[48-49]。

表1 微塑料在土壤-地下水中遷移的影響因素及機(jī)制

圖1 溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)與高價陽離子對微塑料在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中遷移的影響

土壤-地下水環(huán)境中DOM的存在通常能提高微塑料的遷移能力[41,45]。DOM能通過π-π鍵、氫鍵作用力等機(jī)制吸附在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面[47],增強(qiáng)介質(zhì)的表面電負(fù)性。受此影響,微塑料與土壤-地下水介質(zhì)之間的靜電排斥力增強(qiáng),沉積量降低,遷移能力提高[41,45]。另一方面,被吸附的DOM可以覆蓋土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面微塑料的沉積位點,同時增加微塑料與介質(zhì)之間的空間位阻效應(yīng),降低微塑料的沉積量并提高其遷移能力[41,45]。DOM對微塑料遷移的促進(jìn)作用會受土壤-地下水環(huán)境中其他化學(xué)條件的影響。例如,當(dāng)Mg2+、Ca2+離子存在時,微塑料與土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面吸附的DOM容易通過這些高價陽離子形成離子橋鍵,可能造成微塑料遷移能力降低。

此外,Peng等[51]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤-地下水環(huán)境中的其他細(xì)微顆粒(如氧化石墨烯納米顆粒等)能夠吸附微塑料,并作為載體控制其遷移及沉積行為。土壤-地下水環(huán)境中的微塑料還能夠吸附有機(jī)物、重金屬等其他污染物,并作為載體對其遷移產(chǎn)生次生影響[32,52-53]。

3.1.2 介質(zhì)成分

微塑料在不同土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中的遷移行為往往差異較大,介質(zhì)成分是影響微塑料遷移的主要因素之一[40,42,54]。Wu等[42]研究了沙壤、黑壤、紅壤3種不同土壤中微塑料的遷移行為,發(fā)現(xiàn)微塑料在沙壤及黑壤中具有較高的遷移能力,其穿透率分別高達(dá)96.8%和87.5%;而紅壤中的微塑料遷移能力極低,在其試驗條件下微塑料的穿透率均為0。研究表明,土壤中Fe/Al氧化物含量的不同是導(dǎo)致微塑料遷移率差異的關(guān)鍵因素[40,42]。微塑料在水相中一般呈負(fù)電性,而土壤中的Fe/Al氧化物在水相中一般呈正電性,因而微塑料在遷移過程中能夠在靜電吸引作用下沉積在Fe/Al氧化物表面,其遷移能力降低[40,42]。此外,F(xiàn)e/Al氧化物表面的Fe或Al離子,還可能與微塑料之間形成陽離子橋鍵,從而增加微塑料的沉積量,降低其遷移能力。土壤中的Fe/Al氧化物含量越高,能夠為微塑料提供的沉積位點越多,微塑料的遷移能力越低。

此外,土壤-地下水介質(zhì)在pH條件改變或水量更新的條件下可能釋放一定數(shù)量的陽離子(Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+及Al3+等),導(dǎo)致陽離子濃度和種類增加[48]。土壤-地下水環(huán)境中離子濃度增加會導(dǎo)致離子強(qiáng)度增大,使得微塑料在介質(zhì)表面的沉積量隨之增加,其遷移能力降低。此外,土壤-地下水環(huán)境中陽離子種類增加,可能導(dǎo)致高價陽離子含量增大,從而降低微塑料遷移能力。

3.2 物理因素對土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響

3.2.1 水流條件

通常來看,微塑料在土壤-地下水中的遷移能力一般隨孔隙水流速增大而增強(qiáng)。隨著孔隙水流速的增加,微塑料在遷移過程中受到的流體剪應(yīng)力增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致其在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面沉積時間縮短,從而更難在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面沉積,遷移能力顯著提高[49,55-56]。然而,Tong等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)部分水化學(xué)條件利于微塑料顆粒在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面沉積時(如低pH值、高離子強(qiáng)度等),孔隙水流速增大反而增加微塑料在介質(zhì)表面的沉積量,使其遷移能力降低。

3.2.2 介質(zhì)物理條件

土壤-地下水介質(zhì)的物理條件,如介質(zhì)粒徑、飽和度、非均質(zhì)性等,也會影響微塑料的遷移行為。本文繪制了圖2展示介質(zhì)粒徑及水-氣界面對微塑料在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中遷移的影響。

微塑料的遷移能力通常隨土壤-地下水介質(zhì)粒徑的減小而降低[40,57-58]。土壤-地下水介質(zhì)的粒徑越小,其比表面積越大,介質(zhì)表面能夠供給微塑料的沉積位點越多,使更多的微塑料能夠在遷移過程中沉積在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中,從而具有較低的遷移能力。此外,砂土粒徑越小的土壤-地下水介質(zhì)通常具有較小的孔喉和滲透率,對微塑料顆粒的物理過濾作用越顯著,使得微塑料具有較低的遷移率(圖2)。另一方面,微塑料的遷移能力可能隨介質(zhì)粗糙度的升高而降低[40]。與相對光滑的砂土顆粒相比,表面粗糙的砂土顆粒能夠為微塑料提供更多的沉積位點,增加微塑料的沉積量,降低其遷移能力。

微塑料的遷移能力通常隨土壤-地下水介質(zhì)飽和度的減小而降低。非飽和條件下,土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中存在大量氣泡[59-61]。Sirivithayapakorn等[59]研究表明,水-氣界面對微塑料存在較高的毛管吸引力,能捕獲水相中遷移的微塑料,使其沉積在水-氣界面處(圖2)。當(dāng)土壤-地下水飽和度升高,氣泡分解而水-氣界面消失,沉積的微塑料能被重新釋放到水相,隨水流繼續(xù)遷移。

圖2 介質(zhì)粒徑與水-氣界面對微塑料在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中遷移的影響

土壤-地下水介質(zhì)通常具有較強(qiáng)的非均質(zhì)性,由于構(gòu)成非均質(zhì)介質(zhì)的各土壤組分往往滲透性差異較大,從而使得土壤-地下水介質(zhì)產(chǎn)生很多優(yōu)勢通道及優(yōu)先流。非均質(zhì)介質(zhì)優(yōu)勢通道中的優(yōu)先流往往流量較高,因而能夠主導(dǎo)微塑料的遷移行為,使微塑料主要通過優(yōu)勢通道遷移,且這種主導(dǎo)作用通常隨孔隙水流速的增大而更為顯著[62]。

3.3 生物因素對土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響

3.3.1 小型動物

小型動物的生命活動是影響微塑料在土壤環(huán)境中遷移的重要因素。土壤及土壤孔隙水中的微塑料顆??赡軙街谛⌒蛣游铮ㄈ珧球?、纖毛蟲、線蟲、鞭毛蟲、螨、跳蟲和變形蟲等)的體表,或被小型動物攝食而進(jìn)入其體內(nèi)[26,63-67]。這些附著或被攝食的微塑料,能夠隨著小型動物的運(yùn)動遷移至土壤其他區(qū)域,并通過脫落、排泄及死亡等方式滯留在該區(qū)域。Huerta等[26]研究表明,微塑料能夠在蚯蚓活動影響下從土壤表層向深部土層遷移,14 d的遷移距離可達(dá)約18 cm。Maass等[63]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同跳蟲物種影響下微塑料顆粒的遷移情況明顯不同,與等節(jié)跳蟲相比,白符跳蟲攜帶微塑料的遷移速率更快,遷移距離更遠(yuǎn)。Zhu等[67]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),微塑料顆??稍谕寥捞x、螨的活動影響下沿土壤剖面向土層深處遷移,且甲螨對微塑料遷移的促進(jìn)效果更強(qiáng)。

小型動物在攝食-消化-排泄微塑料的過程中,可能導(dǎo)致微塑料進(jìn)一步破裂成粒徑更小的顆粒,甚至產(chǎn)生納米級微塑料。Rillig等[8]研究表明,微塑料被蚯蚓攝食后,能夠在其胃囊進(jìn)一步破碎,形成次生微塑料,并通過排泄過程重新釋放到土壤環(huán)境。部分小型動物(如跳蟲、螨等)在攝食微塑料的過程中,其口器也可能通過切斷、咀嚼等行為破碎微塑料顆粒[63]。粒徑越小的微塑料通常越容易受生物擾動影響,具有更強(qiáng)的遷移能力,其在土壤中的遷移范圍也更廣[8,63]。

此外,小型動物活動所形成的孔洞、挖掘類哺乳動物造成的洞穴、植物根系發(fā)育導(dǎo)致的土壤裂隙能夠提供優(yōu)勢通道,使得微塑料顆粒更容易在自身重力作用下由土壤表層向深部土層遷移[28,68]。

目前研究普遍認(rèn)為,微塑料顆粒在土壤中的縱向遷移是地下水中微塑料污染物的重要來源之一[24]。

3.3.2 微生物

除小型動物外,土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中往往還存在大量微生物,對微塑料的遷移產(chǎn)生影響[69-70]。當(dāng)土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面附著銅綠假單胞菌()、乳酸菌()等細(xì)菌時,遷移過程中的微塑料可能會附著在這些細(xì)菌表面,或被細(xì)菌吞噬而進(jìn)入其體內(nèi),導(dǎo)致微塑料的沉積量增加,遷移能力降低[69-70]。細(xì)菌的生長基質(zhì)及分泌的胞外聚合物能夠改變土壤-地下水介質(zhì)的表面性質(zhì),從而影響微塑料的遷移能力[70]。Tripathi等[70]研究表明,細(xì)菌的生長基質(zhì)能夠吸附在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面,掩蔽微塑的料沉積位點,降低微塑料的沉積量,從而提高其遷移能力。相反,細(xì)菌分泌的胞外聚合物可能使土壤-地下水介質(zhì)的表面電負(fù)性減小,從而降低微塑料與土壤-地下水介質(zhì)間的靜電排斥作用,增加其沉積量,使其遷移能力下降。不同種類的微生物具有不同的細(xì)胞表面疏水性,這種差異往往會對微塑料的遷移產(chǎn)生影響,從而影響微塑料在介質(zhì)表面的沉積和遷移行為[69]。Mitzel等[69]研究表明,親水性生物膜存在時,離子強(qiáng)度誘導(dǎo)微塑料沉積在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面的作用更顯著,使得高離子強(qiáng)度條件下微塑料的遷移能力更低。土壤-地下水環(huán)境中離子強(qiáng)度的改變,通常不會影響疏水性微生物對微塑料的截留,但會導(dǎo)致親水性微生物對微塑料的截留發(fā)生變化[69]??梢?,土壤-地下水介質(zhì)表面的微生物及孔隙水化學(xué)條件通常對微塑料在介質(zhì)中的滯留產(chǎn)生耦合影響,這使得微塑料在土壤-地下水介質(zhì)中的遷移行為變得更為復(fù)雜。

4 結(jié)論與展望

綜上所述,微塑料在土壤-地下水中的遷移受多種化學(xué)、物理及生物因素影響,且影響機(jī)制各不相同。土壤-地下水中微塑料的遷移能力通常隨離子強(qiáng)度、高價陽離子濃度、介質(zhì)Fe/Al氧化物含量、介質(zhì)表面陽離子釋放量、介質(zhì)粗糙度的升高而降低;隨pH值、溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)濃度、孔隙水流速、介質(zhì)粒徑、介質(zhì)飽和度的升高而增強(qiáng)。此外,植物生長發(fā)育、小型動物及微生物的生命活動也會對土壤-地下水中微塑料的遷移行為產(chǎn)生影響。

目前,土壤-地下水中微塑料的遷移、轉(zhuǎn)化、歸趨等問題也日漸受到眾多科研人員的重視。然而,土壤-地下水中微塑料的遷移研究正處于起步階段,尚未形成完整全面的知識體系。在進(jìn)一步的研究中,以下幾方面問題值得重點關(guān)注:

1)野外尺度微塑料遷移研究。目前土壤-地下水中微塑料的遷移研究大多通過小尺度室內(nèi)試驗進(jìn)行,盡管室內(nèi)試驗?zāi)芎芎玫仃U明各類因素對微塑料遷移的影響機(jī)制,但很難反映真實土壤-地下水環(huán)境的復(fù)雜性,因此野外尺度的塑料遷移研究亟需開展。建議通過野外Lysimeter試驗,對微塑料的環(huán)境歸趨進(jìn)行定量化研究。

2)多元化微塑料遷移研究。目前研究大多采用工業(yè)聚苯乙烯微球(模式微塑料)作為目標(biāo)對象,難以全面概括環(huán)境中真實存在的微塑料,亟需對多元化微塑料在土壤-地下水中的遷移行為開展研究。

3)微塑料特性對其遷移影響研究。細(xì)微顆粒的自身特性(如粒徑、表面性質(zhì)、密度等)通常會對其遷移行為產(chǎn)生較大影響,而目前基于微塑料自身性質(zhì)開展的遷移研究較少,未來應(yīng)推進(jìn)該領(lǐng)域發(fā)展。

4)微塑料遷移過程中的轉(zhuǎn)化研究。微塑料的來源之一是環(huán)境中大型塑料垃圾的次生產(chǎn)物,其在遷移過程中可能受到多種條件的影響而進(jìn)一步破裂分解,并釋放塑化劑等有毒物質(zhì),導(dǎo)致其基本理化性質(zhì)發(fā)生改變,并對環(huán)境造成潛在危害,因此微塑料在土壤-地下水遷移過程中的轉(zhuǎn)化行為也亟待探明。

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Review on impact factors and mechanisms of microplastic transport in soil and groundwater

Dong Shunan, Xia Jihong, Wang Weimu, Liu Hui, Sheng Liting

(,210098,)

Microplastic (the small plastic with the diameter lower than 5 mm) has been widely detected in soil and groundwater worldwide, which draws high attention of researchers and publics as an emerging contaminant. For better predicting and evaluating the environmental risk of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment, mechanism studies focus on microplastic transport are necessary. Nevertheless, transport and retention processes of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment are far from comprehensively known, which should receive more attention. This review summarized the current studies of microplastic source, aggregation, and transport in soil and groundwater environment. Important chemical, physical and biotic factors affecting microplastic transport in soil and groundwater environment were detailly identified and analyzed. The main chemical factors were the hydrochemical condition (e.g. ionic strength, electrolyte type, pH value and dissolved organic matter) and media chemical composition (e.g. Fe/Al oxide ratio and cation release). The main physical factors were the solution flow condition (e.g. flow rate) and media physical composition (e.g. grain size, surface roughness, saturation and heterogeneity). The main biotic factors were the plants (e.g. root development), small soil animals (e.g. movement and ingestion), and microorganisms (e.g. vital activity and basic property). The aggregation of microplastic in water environment was improved with increasing ionic strength, decreasing pH value and dissolved organic matter concentration, and the presence of high valent cations. The transport of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment was enhanced with increasing pH value, media grain size, flow rate and moisture content, however, it was inhibited with increasing ionic strength, surface roughness and electrolyte valence. With the presence of dissolved organic matter, the mobility of microplastic was significantly increased. Microplastic showed a low mobility in porous media containing the high amount of Fe/Al oxide. The transport of microplastic was also decreased if the porous media released cations into aqueous phase. In addition, preferential flow generated in structured heterogeneous media may dominate the transport of microplastic. Root growth and development produced cracks and holes in soils, providing preferential channels for microplastic to vertically migrate. Small soil animals (e.g. earthworms and collembolans) may capture, ingest or carry microplastic and influence its transport behavior subsequently. Microorganisms (e.g. bacteria and algae) living on the surface of porous media may capture or adsorb moving microplastic, which then may increase the retention and decrease the transport of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment. The related impact mechanism of the factors mentioned above were systematically discussed and visually illustrated by schematic diagrams. At the end of this review, current knowledge gaps and prospective topics needed to be promoted were highlighted for further developing and investigating the fate and transport of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment. Given current researches were almost limited to laboratory scale and polystyrene microsphere, field researches (e.g. lysimeter experiments), diversified type, the basic property and transform researches should be emphasized on in future microplastic transport studies. This review contributes to expanding our knowledge of fate and transport of microplastics in soil and groundwater environment.

soils; groundwater; transport; microplastic; impact factors; impact mechanism

董姝楠,夏繼紅,王為木,等. 土壤-地下水中微塑料遷移的影響因素及機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2020,36(14):1-8. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.001 http://www.tcsae.org

Dong Shunan, Xia Jihong, Wang Weimu, et al. Review on impact factors and mechanisms of microplastic transport in soil and groundwater[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(14): 1-8. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.001 http://www.tcsae.org

2020-05-24

2020-06-20

國家重點研發(fā)計劃專項(2018YFD0900805);國家自然科學(xué)基金(41907160);中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)(B200202098)

董姝楠,博士,講師,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境污染及高效修復(fù)技術(shù)研究。Email:dsn@hhu.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.001

X592;X53

A

1002-6819(2020)-14-0001-08

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