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基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦分娩方式、產(chǎn)程及分娩結(jié)局的影響

2020-09-02 06:39駱桂梅戴明娜
中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究 2020年18期
關(guān)鍵詞:高齡產(chǎn)婦分娩結(jié)局分娩方式

駱桂梅 戴明娜

【摘要】 目的:觀察基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦分娩方式、產(chǎn)程及分娩結(jié)局的影響。方法:選取2018年5月-2019年5月泉州市婦幼保健院產(chǎn)科收治的90例高齡產(chǎn)婦作為研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)表法分為對(duì)照組和研究組,各45例。對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)護(hù)理干預(yù),研究組采用基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù)。對(duì)兩組產(chǎn)婦分娩方式、產(chǎn)程時(shí)間、產(chǎn)后出血發(fā)生率、產(chǎn)后尿潴留發(fā)生率、新生兒窒息發(fā)生率、黃疸發(fā)生率、護(hù)理滿意度進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。結(jié)果:研究組自然分娩率高于對(duì)照組,剖宮產(chǎn)率低于對(duì)照組,產(chǎn)程時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);研究組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后出血發(fā)生率、產(chǎn)后尿潴留發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);研究組新生兒窒息發(fā)生率、黃疸發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);研究組護(hù)理滿意度高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦的干預(yù)效果良好,能有效提高產(chǎn)婦自然分娩率,降低產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,提高護(hù)理滿意度,值得臨床推廣。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)護(hù)理 高齡產(chǎn)婦 分娩方式 產(chǎn)程時(shí)間 分娩結(jié)局

doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.18.048 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 B 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2020)18-0-03

The Influence of Nursing Intervention Based on Risk Assessment on Delivery Mode, Stage of Labor and Delivery Outcome of Elderly Women/LUO Guimei, DAI Mingna. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2020, 18(18): -115

[Abstract] Objective: To explore the intervention effect of nursing based on risk assessment on delivery mode, stage of labor and outcome of delivery of elderly parturient, and to provide nursing guidance for elderly parturient. Method: A total of 90 elderly pregnant women admitted to the Obstetrics Department of Quanzhou Women and Children Hospital from May 2018 to May 2019 were selected as the research objects. According to the random number table method, the patients were divided into the control group and the study group, with 45 cases each. The control group received routine care, and the study group received nursing interventions based on risk assessment. The delivery mode, stage of labor, postpartum hemorrhage rate, incidence of postpartum urine retention, neonatal asphyxia rate, incidence of jaundice and nursing satisfaction of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Result: The rate of natural delivery in the study group was higher than that in the control group, the rate of cesarean section was lower than that in the control group, and the duration of labor was shorter than that in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and incidence of postpartum urinary retention in the study group were lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of neonatal asphyxia and incidence of jaundice in the study group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The nursing satisfaction in the study group was higher than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The nursing intervention based on risk assessment can effectively improve the natural delivery rate of the elderly puerpera, reduce the incidence of adverse postpartum conditions of the elderly puerpera, improve nursing satisfaction, the intervention effect is obvious, worthy of clinical promotion.

[Key words] Nursing based on risk Elderly parturient Delivery way Stage of labor Delivery outcome

First-authors address: Quanzhou Womens and Childrens Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China

近年來(lái),二孩政策全面開放,35歲以上高齡產(chǎn)婦增多,由于高齡產(chǎn)婦年齡較大,陰道收縮能力差,易造成分娩難度大甚至難產(chǎn)等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),臨床上高齡產(chǎn)婦多采用剖宮產(chǎn),產(chǎn)后再給予常規(guī)護(hù)理,致使絕大多數(shù)高齡產(chǎn)婦在產(chǎn)后會(huì)出現(xiàn)劇烈疼痛,嚴(yán)重影響高齡產(chǎn)婦身心健康,且剖宮產(chǎn)后產(chǎn)婦及新生兒并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高[1-3]。為降低高齡產(chǎn)婦及新生兒并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn),為高齡產(chǎn)婦尋找一種安全有效護(hù)理方式迫在眉睫。因此,本文主要探討采用基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦分娩方式、產(chǎn)程及分娩結(jié)局的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2018年5月-2019年5月筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的90例高齡產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行研究。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)表法,分為對(duì)照組和研究組,各45例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡在35歲及以上;依從性較好。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):存在嚴(yán)重精神病史或意識(shí)障礙;合并有凝血障礙;合并有惡性腫瘤、其他內(nèi)分泌疾病等;合并有妊娠期高血壓疾病、妊娠期糖尿病等妊娠期并發(fā)癥。研究組年齡35.1~41.5歲,平均(38.3±3.2)歲,平均孕周(39.3±1.2)周;對(duì)照組年齡35.3~39.7歲,平均(37.5±2.2)歲,平均孕周(39.2±1.1)周。兩組一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。產(chǎn)婦均簽署知情同意書,本研究獲得醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。

1.2 方法

對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)護(hù)理干預(yù)。(1)入院護(hù)理。產(chǎn)科病區(qū)接產(chǎn)婦入院通知后,及時(shí)準(zhǔn)備床單位及用物,熱情接待產(chǎn)婦,做好辦理入院手續(xù),通知主管醫(yī)師接診等入院準(zhǔn)備。(2)入院注意事項(xiàng)講解。向產(chǎn)婦或家屬詳細(xì)介紹醫(yī)院住院須知,包括主管醫(yī)師、責(zé)任護(hù)士、病區(qū)環(huán)境、餐飲服務(wù)、作息時(shí)間、探視制度、陪護(hù)制度、住院安全事項(xiàng)、床單位及相關(guān)設(shè)備的使用方法等,并用住院病員告知書書面指導(dǎo),請(qǐng)患者或家屬詳細(xì)閱讀后簽名。一份存入病歷,一份交患者或家屬。(3)入院評(píng)估。包括患者生理、心理及社會(huì)狀況的評(píng)估,測(cè)量患者體溫、脈搏、呼吸、血壓、體重等進(jìn)行評(píng)估。按要求書寫入院患者護(hù)理評(píng)估單、護(hù)理記錄等。根據(jù)評(píng)估結(jié)果加強(qiáng)對(duì)產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行按時(shí)按量用藥指導(dǎo),并根據(jù)各項(xiàng)體征指標(biāo)進(jìn)行科學(xué)的飲食指導(dǎo)、心理護(hù)理等宣教指導(dǎo),在患者床頭置相應(yīng)的提示牌。

研究組采用基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù)。(1)產(chǎn)前檢查,成立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估小組。通過(guò)產(chǎn)檢及時(shí)了解孕婦身體情況及胎兒的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育情況,做好孕婦情況追蹤。成立由科主任、護(hù)士長(zhǎng)及護(hù)士等組成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估小組,參照近年來(lái)高齡產(chǎn)婦分娩各種案例記錄,結(jié)合實(shí)際,評(píng)估產(chǎn)婦分娩及產(chǎn)后各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn),制定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)案措施。同時(shí)對(duì)科室護(hù)士定期培訓(xùn),學(xué)習(xí)和完善高齡產(chǎn)婦風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及應(yīng)對(duì)措施,為高齡產(chǎn)婦制定個(gè)性化護(hù)理流程。(2)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,產(chǎn)前準(zhǔn)備。產(chǎn)婦孕晚期入院后,通過(guò)各項(xiàng)檢查對(duì)產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行全面風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,并進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分級(jí),高度關(guān)注中危以上的患者,并采取預(yù)防措施,嚴(yán)格監(jiān)測(cè)產(chǎn)婦,形成評(píng)估結(jié)果。(3)醫(yī)護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。評(píng)估醫(yī)護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)是否了解產(chǎn)婦病情,是否與產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行深度交流,關(guān)注產(chǎn)婦情緒變化,主動(dòng)關(guān)心產(chǎn)婦。是否掌握產(chǎn)婦風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估結(jié)果及個(gè)性化護(hù)理流程。(4)產(chǎn)前準(zhǔn)備,心理干預(yù)。醫(yī)護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)要將自然分娩、剖宮產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)后疼痛情況和注意事項(xiàng)等詳細(xì)告知產(chǎn)婦或患者家屬,對(duì)產(chǎn)婦及家屬疑問(wèn),要耐心、詳細(xì)地解答。由于大多數(shù)高齡產(chǎn)婦內(nèi)心存在恐懼感甚至焦慮狀況,醫(yī)護(hù)工作者要采用積極健康的語(yǔ)言溫和地安撫、激勵(lì)產(chǎn)婦,讓產(chǎn)婦放松情緒來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移注意力。(5)生產(chǎn)護(hù)理,實(shí)施風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)措施。產(chǎn)婦分娩中,護(hù)理人員可按照一對(duì)一方式助產(chǎn),當(dāng)產(chǎn)婦因生產(chǎn)疼痛焦慮或情緒消極時(shí),護(hù)理人員按照風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)案措施,耐心地給予產(chǎn)婦鼓勵(lì),指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)婦生產(chǎn)呼吸訣竅,積極配合宮縮,縮短產(chǎn)程,降低分娩難度并通過(guò)撫摸、按摩的方式,給予產(chǎn)婦撫慰。在分娩中要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,及時(shí)調(diào)整風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)案措施。當(dāng)胎兒娩出后,可將其置于產(chǎn)婦的胸口,使母嬰及早接觸,幫助產(chǎn)婦恢復(fù)。(6)產(chǎn)后護(hù)理。產(chǎn)婦生產(chǎn)后,要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,調(diào)整產(chǎn)婦護(hù)理流程,實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)護(hù)理。由于高齡產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)病率高,要對(duì)產(chǎn)后出血、尿潴留等產(chǎn)后并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)積極預(yù)防。在此基礎(chǔ)上,要對(duì)產(chǎn)婦和家屬進(jìn)行產(chǎn)后的健康教育,新生兒喂養(yǎng)等方面培訓(xùn),讓新生兒家庭對(duì)健康知識(shí)有深入了解。指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)婦做好盆底肌恢復(fù)、產(chǎn)后抑郁的預(yù)防、自我護(hù)理工作,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)后恢復(fù),提高產(chǎn)婦護(hù)理滿意度。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

觀察并記錄兩組分娩方式、產(chǎn)程時(shí)間,產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后出血、產(chǎn)后尿潴留發(fā)生情況,新生兒窒息、黃疸發(fā)生率;護(hù)理滿意度以護(hù)理滿意度調(diào)查表形式進(jìn)行評(píng)分,滿分為100分,80分以上為非常滿意,60~80分為一般滿意,60分以下為不滿意??倽M意率=(非常滿意+一般滿意)/總例數(shù)×100%。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

選擇SPSS 18.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組分娩方式比較

研究組自然分娩率高于對(duì)照組,剖宮產(chǎn)率均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。

2.2 兩組自然分娩產(chǎn)程時(shí)間比較

研究組第一、第二、第三產(chǎn)程時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

2.3 兩組分娩結(jié)局對(duì)比

研究組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后出血、產(chǎn)后尿潴留發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組,新生兒窒息、黃疸發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。

2.4 兩組護(hù)理滿意度對(duì)比

研究組護(hù)理總滿意度高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。

3 討論

近年來(lái),由于晚婚晚育、二孩全面開放的原因,高齡產(chǎn)婦逐年增多,隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),高齡產(chǎn)婦機(jī)體功能逐漸退化,需要承受較大的分娩風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4]。高齡產(chǎn)婦自然分娩率低,產(chǎn)程長(zhǎng),產(chǎn)婦和新生兒產(chǎn)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高,分娩結(jié)局不理想[5-6]。臨床上對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦多采用剖宮產(chǎn)分娩并輔以按時(shí)按量用藥指導(dǎo),根據(jù)各項(xiàng)體征指標(biāo)進(jìn)行科學(xué)的飲食指導(dǎo)、心理護(hù)理等各方面的常規(guī)護(hù)理干預(yù)。但此次調(diào)查研究表明常規(guī)護(hù)理干預(yù)后,產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后出血率、尿潴留發(fā)生率為分別高達(dá)13.33%和15.56%,新生兒窒息、黃疸發(fā)生率高達(dá)8.89%和13.33%,且產(chǎn)婦護(hù)理滿意度僅為62.22%,造成產(chǎn)婦恢復(fù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),恢復(fù)難度加大,隨之而來(lái)的各種痛苦增加,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)婦出現(xiàn)恐懼、焦慮甚至抑郁的狀況[7-8]。

鑒于此,對(duì)于大多數(shù)高齡產(chǎn)婦來(lái)說(shuō),常規(guī)護(hù)理干預(yù)作用微乎其微。為減輕其痛苦,通過(guò)采取積極有效、有針對(duì)性的護(hù)理干預(yù)措施非常有必要,能改善高齡產(chǎn)婦消極情緒,病情預(yù)后效果[9-10]。本次研究對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦采用基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù),在產(chǎn)婦生產(chǎn)前針對(duì)產(chǎn)婦具體情況成立專門的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估小組,主動(dòng)有效跟進(jìn)產(chǎn)婦孕期情況,產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)入孕晚期后對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,根據(jù)最終風(fēng)險(xiǎn)結(jié)果,對(duì)產(chǎn)婦制定產(chǎn)生各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)案措施及產(chǎn)后個(gè)性化的護(hù)理流程。產(chǎn)婦生產(chǎn)面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí),可以根據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)案措施和實(shí)際情況,迅速有效地解決產(chǎn)婦生產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),保證生產(chǎn)的順利,產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后再根據(jù)實(shí)際情況及時(shí)調(diào)整護(hù)理流程,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)性化護(hù)理[11-12]。通過(guò)對(duì)比分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦采用基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù),產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)率、產(chǎn)程時(shí)間、產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后出血、產(chǎn)后尿潴留發(fā)生率、新生兒窒息、黃疸發(fā)生率均低于采用常規(guī)護(hù)理產(chǎn)婦,且采用基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù)后,其護(hù)理滿意度明顯高于常規(guī)護(hù)理。

綜上所述,對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦采用基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的護(hù)理干預(yù),能減輕高齡產(chǎn)婦痛苦,改善產(chǎn)婦消極心理情緒,降低高齡產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,產(chǎn)婦分娩結(jié)局良好,護(hù)理滿意度高,值得臨床推廣。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[4]馬曉娟,王晶,俞夢(mèng)春,等.481例高齡孕產(chǎn)婦妊娠結(jié)局的臨床分析研究[J].現(xiàn)代婦產(chǎn)科進(jìn)展,2019,28(11):849-850.

[5]何逸雯,藺莉.高齡孕婦分娩方式評(píng)估[J].實(shí)用婦產(chǎn)科雜志,2017,33(1):8-10.

[6]孫靜華.高齡產(chǎn)婦的臨床特點(diǎn)及妊娠結(jié)局分析[J].中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究,2019,17(1):115-117.

[7]蘭秀秀,陳小姣,石秀鳳.家庭協(xié)同護(hù)理模式對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后抑郁及生活質(zhì)量的影響[J].中國(guó)臨床護(hù)理,2019,11(1):42-45.

[8]高倩,楊淑盈.延續(xù)護(hù)理模式對(duì)高齡經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后的影響[J].齊魯護(hù)理雜志,2019,25(7):50-52.

[9]程曉芳,安豐玲.高齡產(chǎn)婦不良妊娠和分娩結(jié)局及影響因素的研究現(xiàn)狀[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用護(hù)理雜志,2018,34(13):1036-1040.

[10]張?;?,馮海嫦,瞿國(guó)霞,等.基于微信平臺(tái)的產(chǎn)前健康教育對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦心理狀態(tài)、自我效能及分娩結(jié)局的影響[J].海南醫(yī)學(xué),2018,29(2):263-265.

[11]陳健,麥燕玲,李冬玲.連續(xù)性心理及行為干預(yù)對(duì)高齡產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后抑郁及生活質(zhì)量的影響[J].護(hù)理實(shí)踐與研究,2018,15(2):87-88.

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(收稿日期:2020-02-20) (本文編輯:馬竹君)

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