羅鵬?何鋒?朱海濤?羅怡君?奉光舉?梁江山
【摘要】目的 分析靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉和腰麻-膜外阻滯聯(lián)合阻滯(腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉)對人工股骨頭置換術(shù)的股骨頸骨折患者凝血功能的影響。方法 收集80例人工股骨頭置換術(shù)的股骨頸骨折患者臨床資料,按其麻醉方式分為靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉組(靜吸組)和腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉組(腰硬組),每組各40例,比較2組患者麻醉前、麻醉30 min、麻醉后血栓彈力圖中描記圖最大振幅(MA)、血細(xì)胞凝集塊形成時間(K)、凝血反應(yīng)生成時間(R)、從血凝塊形成點(diǎn)至描記圖最大曲線弧度做切線與水平線的夾角(α角)、血凝塊力學(xué)強(qiáng)度(G)、凝血綜合指數(shù)(CI)的變化。結(jié)果 靜吸組麻醉后MA、G均低于腰硬組(P均< 0.05)。靜吸組麻醉后MA、G較麻醉前、麻醉30 min降低,α角增加,腰硬組麻醉結(jié)束后α角較麻醉前、麻醉后30 min增加(P均< 0.017)。2組其余指標(biāo)在麻醉過程中均無明顯變化(P均> 0.017)。結(jié)論 靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉與腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉對人工股骨頭置換術(shù)患者凝血功能影響無明顯差異,2種麻醉方式均會增加血液凝固速度,而靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉凝血塊形成強(qiáng)度較低,不易形成高凝狀態(tài)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉;腰麻-膜外阻滯聯(lián)合阻滯;人工股骨頭置換術(shù);股骨頸骨折;
血栓彈力圖
Effect of intravenous-inhalation anesthesia and lumbar-epidural anesthesia on coagulation function of femoral neck fracture after artificial femoral head replacement Luo Peng, He Feng, Zhu Haitao, Luo Yijun, Feng Guangju, Liang Jiangshan. Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
【Abstract】Objective To evaluate the effect of intravenous-inhalation anesthesia and lumbar-epidural anesthesia on the coagulation function of patients with femoral neck fracture after artificial femoral head replacement. Methods Clinical data of 80 patients with femoral neck fracture undergoing artificial femoral head replacement were collected. All patients were divided into the intravenous-inhalation anesthesia group (n = 40) and lumbar-epidural anesthesia group (n = 40) according to different anesthesia methods. The changes in the maximum amplitude of thrombus, time of agglutination clot formation (K), time of coagulation reaction (R), the included angle (αangle) between the tangent line and horizontal line from the point of agglutination clot to the maximum curve, clot strength (G) and coagulation index (CI) were statistically compared between two groups before anesthesia, 30-min anesthesia and after anesthesia, respectively. Results The MA and G in the intravenous-inhalation anesthesia group were significantly lower than those in the lumbar-epidural anesthesia group after corresponding anesthesia (both P < 0.05). In the intravenous-inhalation anesthesia group, the MA and G after anesthesia were significantly reduced, whereas theαangle was considerably increased compared with those before anesthesia and 30-min anesthesia (all P < 0.017). In the lumbar-epidural anesthesia group, theαangle after anesthesia was considerably increased than those before anesthesia and 30-min anesthesia (both P < 0.017). The remaining parameters did not significantly change during anesthesia in two groups (all P > 0.017). Conclusions Intravenous-inhalation anesthesia and lumbar-epidural anesthesia exert similar effect upon the coagulation function of patients after artificial femoral head replacement. Both approaches can increase the coagulation speed, whereas intravenous-inhalation anesthesia lowers the intensity of coagulation clot formation and avoids the formation of hypercoagulable state.
【Key words】Intravenous-inhalation anesthesia;Lumbar-epidural anesthesia;
Artificial femoral head replacement;Fracture of femoral neck;Thromboelastic diagram
股骨頸骨折患者不愈合率及壞死率高達(dá)20% ~ 40%,人工股骨頭置換術(shù)是治療股骨頸骨折的主要方式[1]。但人工股骨頭置換術(shù)后患者體內(nèi)血管活性物質(zhì)形成,血液處于高凝狀態(tài),極易誘發(fā)血栓形成,導(dǎo)致深靜脈血栓及肺栓塞等[2]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,人工股骨頭置換術(shù)后靜脈血栓發(fā)生率超過40.0%,給患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)產(chǎn)生不良影響[3]。有效抑制血液高凝狀態(tài),改善機(jī)體微循環(huán),減少深靜脈血栓及肺栓塞風(fēng)險對改善患者預(yù)后十分重要。血栓彈力圖是當(dāng)前反映機(jī)體凝血及纖溶過程的新型檢測指標(biāo),可監(jiān)控凝血因子、纖維蛋白原等參與的凝血過程全貌[4]。目前有關(guān)麻醉對患者血液高凝狀態(tài)影響尚無明確定論,因此筆者對人工股骨頭置換術(shù)后的股骨頸骨折患者分別采取靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉和腰麻-膜外阻滯聯(lián)合阻滯(腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉),探究不同麻醉方式對血栓彈力圖的影響,旨為臨床麻醉方式選擇提供依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
對象與方法
一、研究對象
收集2016年12月至2019年3月在我院行人工股骨頭置換治療的80例股骨頸骨折患者臨床資料。病例納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①體格狀態(tài)評估(ASA)分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級;②初次接受人工股骨頭置換術(shù);③術(shù)前雙下肢深靜脈超聲檢查無異常;④同組手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)行同種手術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):肝腎功能不全、急性心腦血管疾病、惡性腫瘤患者,有血栓病史者,術(shù)前使用抗凝劑、抗血小板治療者,術(shù)中輸血者,合并脊柱外傷、脊柱畸形、全身感染、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病者。按患者在術(shù)中采用的麻醉方式分為靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉組(靜吸組)和腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉組(腰硬組),每組各40例。靜吸組40例,男15例、女25例,年齡(64.05±4.18)歲,致傷原因?yàn)樗?5例、交通意外傷10例、墜落傷5例,BMI(24.70±2.15)kg/m2,ASA分級Ⅰ級23例、Ⅱ級17例。腰硬組40例,男17例、女23例,年齡(63.51±4.15)歲,致傷原因?yàn)樗?3例、交通意外傷10例、墜落傷7例,BMI(24.68±2.16)kg/m2,
ASA分級Ⅰ級25例、Ⅱ級15例。2組患者基線資料比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05)。本研究通過醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審查,患者均自愿簽署知情同意書,同意相關(guān)信息用于本研究。
二、麻醉方法
2組患者入手術(shù)室后常規(guī)建立靜脈通路,常規(guī)行心電圖監(jiān)測及血壓、呼吸、血氧飽和度、脈搏等持續(xù)監(jiān)測,術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移至病房。靜吸組患者在術(shù)前30 ~ 60 min內(nèi),予枸櫞酸芬太尼0.20 mg靜脈注射,誘導(dǎo)麻醉靜脈注射0.05 ~ 0.10 mg,間隔2 ~ 3 min重復(fù)注射,維持麻醉的芬太尼劑量為0.025 ~ 0.050 mg,輔以肌松藥維庫溴銨0.08 ~ 0.12 mg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg,以七氟醚吸入麻醉維持[新鮮氣流量為1.5 L/min,呼氣末七氟醚濃度為1.0 ~ 1.3最低肺泡有效濃度(MAC)]。腰硬組患者在術(shù)前取健側(cè)臥位,于L3 ~ 4間隙行腰硬聯(lián)合穿刺,穿刺見腦脊液流出即注入2%利多卡因3 ml,無麻醉不良反應(yīng)后,分次給予1.5%利多卡因+0.25%羅哌卡因混懸液5 ~ 15 ml,術(shù)中間斷維持麻醉。
三、觀察指標(biāo)
比較2組患者的手術(shù)一般情況,包括手術(shù)時間、出血量及輸液量。對比2組患者在麻醉前、麻醉后30 min及麻醉結(jié)束后血栓彈力圖,采集靜脈血,以TEG 5000型血栓彈力儀(美國產(chǎn))自動監(jiān)測血栓彈力圖變化,記錄描記圖最大振幅(MA,參考值范圍41 ~ 62 mm)、血細(xì)胞凝集塊形成時間(K,參考值范圍3 ~ 13 min)、凝血反應(yīng)生成時間(R,參考值范圍12 ~ 27 min)、從血凝塊形成點(diǎn)至描記圖最大曲線弧度做切線與水平線的夾角(α角,參考值范圍15 ~ 45°)、血凝塊力學(xué)強(qiáng)度(G,參考值范圍3.2 ~ 7.1 d/sc)、凝血綜合指數(shù)(CI,參考值范圍?3 ~ 3)。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 23.0處理研究數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)符合正態(tài)分布,以表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),重復(fù)測量資料先行重復(fù)測量資料方差分析,因交互效應(yīng)P均< 0.05,故組間比較及組內(nèi)比較均采用t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。總體比較以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,組內(nèi)3個時間點(diǎn)兩兩比較采用Bonferroni法校正,即P < 0.05/3 = 0.017為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、靜吸組與腰硬組患者手術(shù)一般情況比較
靜吸組與腰硬組患者的手術(shù)時間、出血量、輸液量比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05),見表1。
二、靜吸組與腰硬組的血栓彈力圖各參數(shù)指標(biāo)比較
2組麻醉前、麻醉30 min血栓彈力圖各參數(shù)指標(biāo)比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05);靜吸組麻醉后MA、G均低于腰硬組(P < 0.05);靜吸組麻醉后MA、G較麻醉前、麻醉30 min降低,α角增加,腰硬組麻醉結(jié)束后α角較麻醉前、麻醉30 min增加(P均< 0.017);2組其余指標(biāo)在麻醉過程中均無明顯變化(P均> 0.017),見表2。
討論
有研究顯示,長期臥床者病死率高達(dá)20.0%[5]。老年股骨頸骨折患者應(yīng)用人工股骨頭置換術(shù)治療,無需長期臥床,且可減少長期臥床誘發(fā)的術(shù)后壓瘡、感染等并發(fā)癥。但手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、繼發(fā)術(shù)后疼痛及麻醉操作等應(yīng)激源,均會刺激交感腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)及丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的興奮性,促進(jìn)兒茶酚胺等釋放,激活血液高凝或血栓形成[6-7]。血液高凝、血液滯緩及血管壁損傷是導(dǎo)致深靜脈血栓形成的三大要素[2]。血栓彈力圖可有效監(jiān)測凝血過程中黏彈性改變,以圖形方式動態(tài)反映凝血、血小板功能[8]。Fleming等[9]認(rèn)為,區(qū)域阻滯麻醉可延緩術(shù)后血栓形成。崔學(xué)晴等[10]認(rèn)為,硬膜外麻醉可預(yù)防手術(shù)后高凝狀態(tài)。因此何種麻醉方式對患者凝血功能的影響仍未定論,處于爭議狀態(tài)。Stettler等[11]提出,全身麻醉氣管插管時,術(shù)中應(yīng)激反應(yīng)顯著,機(jī)體不斷釋放兒茶酚胺,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)血小板聚集,加快血液凝固。
一般而言,血凝塊形成是機(jī)體止血過程中首要步驟,其次是纖溶酶溶解血凝塊,維持血管通暢[12]。根據(jù)血栓彈力圖可動態(tài)描述血液凝固、血凝塊溶解全過程,可準(zhǔn)確反映體外凝血因子、血小板及纖維蛋白溶解功能[13-14]。血栓彈力圖中,MA反映血凝塊形成強(qiáng)度;K代表內(nèi)源性凝血第Ⅱ期,反映凝血塊生成速度;R代表內(nèi)源性凝血第Ⅰ期,反映首次纖維蛋白形成所需時間;α角反映凝血酶生成速度,角度越高,凝血速度加快;G值是在MA檢出后被自動檢出,若G值增加,則血液呈高凝狀態(tài);CI值< -3時,表示血液低凝;CI 值> 3時表示血液高凝[15-19]。本研究2組患者在麻醉前、麻醉30 min及麻醉后K、R及CI值比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,顯示2組患者麻醉后凝血狀態(tài)無明顯改變,2種麻醉方式對患者凝血功能影響較小。靜吸組麻醉后MA、G較麻醉前、麻醉30 min降低,α角增加,腰硬組麻醉后α角較麻醉前、麻醉30 min增加。結(jié)果表明,2組患者在麻醉后的凝血酶生成速度均加快,其中靜吸組患者血凝塊形成強(qiáng)度下降,血液高凝狀態(tài)降低,可能是因七氟醚會在一定程度上抑制血小板聚集,防止血液高凝;但腰硬組患者術(shù)中凝血功能并無變化。
綜上所述,靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉與腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉對人工股骨頭置換術(shù)患者凝血功能影響無明顯差異,2種麻醉方式均會增加血液凝固速度,可能是因手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷刺激;而靜-吸復(fù)合麻醉采取七氟醚,則會相應(yīng)降低凝血塊形成強(qiáng)度,不易形成高凝狀態(tài)。因凝血功能影響因素較多,術(shù)中應(yīng)針對不同麻醉方法結(jié)合臨床、患者實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行分析,對癥處理,降低患者術(shù)后深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-20)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)