溫桂菲 徐龍彪 韋超
[摘要] 目的 探討立體定向軟通道顱內(nèi)血腫清除引流術(shù)在顱腦創(chuàng)傷基底節(jié)血腫清除中的應(yīng)用效果。 方法 回顧性分析2017年6月~2019年12月在我院診斷治療的顱腦創(chuàng)傷后基底節(jié)出血患者60例的臨床資料,其中30例患者采用立體定向軟通道顱內(nèi)血腫清除引流術(shù)治療為觀察組,30例患者采用小骨窗開(kāi)顱術(shù)治療為對(duì)照組,比較兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、復(fù)發(fā)率;比較兩組治療后1、3個(gè)月NIHSS評(píng)分與Barthel指數(shù);比較兩組治療后3個(gè)月GOS評(píng)價(jià)。 結(jié)果 (1)治療后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月,兩組NIHSS評(píng)分均低于治療前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療后1、3個(gè)月,觀察組NIHSS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。(2)觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間較對(duì)照組短,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間較對(duì)照組短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組均有1例血腫復(fù)發(fā),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。(3)治療后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月,兩組Barthel指數(shù)均顯著高于治療前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月,觀察組Barthel指數(shù)顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。(4)秩和檢驗(yàn)顯示,觀察組治療后3個(gè)月GOS評(píng)價(jià)預(yù)后顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 立體定向軟通道顱內(nèi)血腫清除引流術(shù)治療顱腦創(chuàng)傷患者基底節(jié)血腫具有創(chuàng)傷小,定位準(zhǔn)確,效果好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 立體定向軟通道顱內(nèi)血腫清除引流術(shù);顱腦創(chuàng)傷;基底節(jié)血腫
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R651.12 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)15-0108-04
Application effect of stereotactic soft-channel intracranial hematoma removal and drainage in hematoma removal from basal ganglia of craniocerebral trauma
WEN Guifei ? ?XU Longbiao ? ?WEI Chao ? ?FENG Fangjun
Operating Room, Zhuji People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Zhuji ? 311800, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application effect of stereotactic soft-channel intracranial hematoma removal and drainage in the removal of hematomas in basal ganglia of craniocerebral trauma. Methods The clinical data of 60 patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage after traumatic brain diagnosed and treated in the hospital from June 2017 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. 30 patients were enrolled as the observation group treated with stereotactic soft-channel intracranial hematoma removal and drainage, and 30 patients were enrolled as the control group treated with small bone window craniotomy. The operation time, postoperative hospital stay, and recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. The NIHSS score and Barthel index were compared between two groups at 1 and 3 months after treatment. GOS evaluation was compared 3 months after treatment between the two groups. Results (1)At 1 and 3 months after treatment, the NIHSS scores of the two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). At 1 and 3 months after treatment, the NIHSS score of the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). (2)The operation time in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group, and the length of postoperative hospital stay was shorter than that in the control group, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05). There was one case of hematoma recurrence in both groups, without statistically significant difference(P>0.05). (3)At 1 and 3 months after treatment, the Barthel index of the two groups was significantly higher than that before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The Barthel index of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).(4)The rank sum test showed that the prognosis of GOS evaluation in the observation group at 3 months after treatment was significantly better than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Stereotactic soft-channel intracranial hematoma removal and drainage for the treatment of basal ganglia hematoma in patients with craniocerebral trauma has the advantages of less trauma, accurate positioning and good effect.
[Key words] Stereotactic soft-channel intracranial hematoma removal and drainage; Craniocerebral trauma; Basal ganglia hematoma
顱腦損傷是神經(jīng)外科常見(jiàn)創(chuàng)傷,發(fā)生率可居于創(chuàng)傷首位或僅次于四肢骨折,具有較高的死亡率與致殘率。目前顱腦損傷的主要原因包括交通事故、建筑業(yè)工傷事故、運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷、自然災(zāi)害等一些不可預(yù)料的因素。顱腦損傷具有傷情重、病情變化快、死亡率高等特點(diǎn)。顱腦損傷包括頭皮損傷、顱骨骨折、腦損傷。腦損傷是嚴(yán)重的顱腦創(chuàng)傷,包括原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性腦損傷,其中顱內(nèi)血腫常見(jiàn)?;坠?jié)(Basal ganglia,又稱(chēng)基底神經(jīng)節(jié))是指從胚胎端腦神經(jīng)節(jié)小丘發(fā)育而來(lái)的神經(jīng)核團(tuán),是大腦的中心灰質(zhì)核團(tuán),包括杏仁核、紋狀體和屏狀核,患者一旦發(fā)生基底節(jié)出血,可出現(xiàn)典型的三偏體征,大量出血可出現(xiàn)意識(shí)障礙,病情危重[1,2]。立體定向軟通道顱內(nèi)血腫清除引流術(shù)清除顱內(nèi)血腫與傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)顱術(shù)比較創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)視野好、定位精確、操作安全性更高,目前逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床[3,4]。本文將其應(yīng)用于顱腦損傷后基底節(jié)血腫形成患者的治療,以期為臨床提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性分析2017年6月~2019年12月在我院診斷治療的顱腦創(chuàng)傷后基底節(jié)出血患者60例的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)有外傷史;(2)頭顱CT或MRI證實(shí)為基底節(jié)出血,出血量30~60 mL;(3)有手術(shù)指征,伴有不同程度的意識(shí)障礙、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙者;(4)患者或家屬對(duì)治療方法知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)其他原因?qū)е碌娘B內(nèi)出血;(2)合并凝血功能障礙;(3)合并心、腎、肺等嚴(yán)重功能不全,不能耐受手術(shù);(4)發(fā)生腦疝。其中30例患者采用立體定向軟通道顱內(nèi)血腫清除引流術(shù)治療為觀察組,30例患者采用小骨窗開(kāi)顱術(shù)治療為對(duì)照組。觀察組男21例,女9例,年齡31~48歲,平均(39.4±10.1)歲;對(duì)照組男20例,女10例,年齡30~52歲,平均(40.5±9.6歲)。兩組患者一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。本研究經(jīng)過(guò)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)同意。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
對(duì)照組采用小骨窗開(kāi)顱血腫清除術(shù)治療。全麻下手術(shù),在平行于外側(cè)裂顳部做切口,選擇CT結(jié)果中血腫最大層面在頭顱投影為切口位置,切開(kāi)頭皮、顳部肌肉,顱骨鉆孔,咬骨鉗做直徑2~3 cm小骨窗,切開(kāi)硬腦膜,雙極電凝在顯微鏡下切開(kāi)顳上回大腦皮質(zhì)大約1 cm,吸引器清除血腫,雙節(jié)電凝止血,血腫周?chē)鷿B血,可用明膠海綿壓迫止血,手術(shù)結(jié)束后血腫腔放置引流管。
觀察組采用立體定向軟通道顱內(nèi)血腫清除引流術(shù)清除血腫。術(shù)前用立體定向儀定位血腫,根據(jù)立體定向靶點(diǎn)三維系數(shù),安裝側(cè)環(huán)桿、弧形弓。導(dǎo)向器主桿對(duì)準(zhǔn)鉆孔處,穿刺點(diǎn)局麻,做3~4 cm切口,顱骨鉆孔,穿刺針刺破硬腦膜,置入帶金屬導(dǎo)絲硅膠管,到靶點(diǎn)后取出導(dǎo)絲,用注射器輕輕抽吸,如果有積血抽出則說(shuō)明引流管進(jìn)入血腫腔。將軟通道固定在頭皮。術(shù)后復(fù)查CT,確定軟通道位置以及是否有術(shù)后出血。用含有凝血酶的生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗,直到抽出的沖洗液清亮。有凝血塊時(shí),可用血腫碎化器粉碎血腫,然后吸出。清除血腫后應(yīng)觀察15 min,無(wú)新鮮出血,拔出血腫排空器,留下帶套囊的引流管。固定引流管,逐層關(guān)閉,手術(shù)完成。
1.3 評(píng)價(jià)方法
(1)比較兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后血腫復(fù)發(fā)率。(2)分別于治療前及治療后1、3個(gè)月采用NIHSS評(píng)分[5]評(píng)價(jià)患者的神經(jīng)功能缺損情況,包括意識(shí)、凝視、視野、偏癱、上肢運(yùn)動(dòng)、下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)、共濟(jì)失調(diào)、感覺(jué)、語(yǔ)言構(gòu)音障礙、忽視癥,總分42分,評(píng)分越高,神經(jīng)功能缺損程度越嚴(yán)重。(3)采用Barthel指數(shù)[6]對(duì)治療前及治療后1、3個(gè)月患者的日常生活活動(dòng)能力進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)記分為0~100分:≤40分為差,60~41分為中,>60分為良。(4)治療3個(gè)月后隨訪,采用GOS[7]對(duì)患者預(yù)后進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),分為5級(jí):恢復(fù)良好、輕度殘疾、重度殘疾、植物生存、死亡。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用方差分析或t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組治療前后NIHSS評(píng)分比較
見(jiàn)表2。治療后1、3個(gè)月,兩組NIHSS評(píng)分均低于治療前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療后1、3個(gè)月,觀察組NIHSS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后血腫復(fù)發(fā)率比較
見(jiàn)表3。觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間較對(duì)照組短,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間較對(duì)照組短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組均有1例血腫復(fù)發(fā),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.3 治療前后兩組Barthel指數(shù)比較
見(jiàn)表4。治療后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月,兩組Barthel指數(shù)均顯著高于治療前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月,觀察組Barthel指數(shù)顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.4 兩組治療后3個(gè)月GOS評(píng)價(jià)
見(jiàn)表5。秩和檢驗(yàn)顯示,觀察組治療后3個(gè)月GOS評(píng)價(jià)預(yù)后顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
3討論
創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷具有較高的致死率與致殘率,臨床上高效、迅速的診斷及制定最佳治療方案對(duì)預(yù)后至關(guān)重要。顱腦損傷常伴有顱內(nèi)血腫形成,患者表現(xiàn)為病情重、病情變化快、預(yù)后差等特點(diǎn)。目前臨床上對(duì)于顱腦損傷后顱內(nèi)血腫形成的患者急診手術(shù)治療來(lái)挽救患者生命。手術(shù)方法主要是血腫、腦挫裂傷灶清除,必要時(shí)需要去骨瓣減壓。顱內(nèi)血腫根據(jù)部位不同分為硬膜外血腫、硬膜下血腫、腦內(nèi)血腫與特殊部位血腫?;坠?jié)血腫屬于特殊部位血腫,與加速或減速行損傷產(chǎn)生的扭轉(zhuǎn)或剪切力有關(guān),導(dǎo)致經(jīng)白質(zhì)進(jìn)入基底節(jié)的小血管撕裂,血腫形成[8]。出血嚴(yán)重者可破入腦室,患者在早期即可出現(xiàn)偏癱癥狀。早期手術(shù)治療接觸血腫壓迫作用是主要治療方法。