周翠梅
【摘要】 目的:探究高齡孕婦妊娠晚期的心電圖特點,為臨床提供指導。方法:選取2017年1月-2019年6月在本院行心電圖檢查的妊娠晚期孕婦190例。根據(jù)年齡進行分組,年齡≥35歲的95例孕婦作為高齡組,年齡<35歲的95例孕婦為適齡組。觀察兩組孕婦常規(guī)心電圖檢查結(jié)果,比較兩組心電圖異常孕婦妊娠情況及產(chǎn)前與產(chǎn)后心電圖變化情況。結(jié)果:高齡組孕婦妊娠晚期異常心電圖的發(fā)生率為63.16%,高于適齡組的22.11%,其中心律失常、竇性心律過速、ST-T改變、導聯(lián)低電壓的發(fā)生率均高于適齡組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。在心電圖異常的兩組孕婦中,高齡組60例,適齡組21例,高齡組的妊娠丟失率、早產(chǎn)率、新生兒低體質(zhì)量發(fā)生率均略高于適齡組,但兩組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。兩組孕婦產(chǎn)后異常心電圖檢出率均低于產(chǎn)前,高齡組ST-T改變的檢出率低于產(chǎn)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:高齡孕婦多為經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦,且妊娠晚期易出現(xiàn)心律失常、ST-T等異常心電圖改變。臨床上需關注高齡孕婦妊娠晚期心電圖變化,保證母嬰的安全。
【關鍵詞】 高齡孕婦 妊娠晚期 心電圖 妊娠結(jié)局
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the characteristics of electrocardiogram of elderly pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy and provide guidance for clinical practice. Method: A total of 190 pregnant women in the third trimester who underwent electrocardiogram examination in our hospital from January 2017 to June 2019 were selected. They were grouped by age, 95 pregnant women aged ≥35 years old were regarded as the elderly group, 95 pregnant women under the age of 35 were in the age-appropriate group. The results of routine electrocardiogram of pregnant women in the two groups were observed. The two groups of pregnant women with abnormal electrocardiogram and the changes of electrocardiogram before and after delivery were compared. Result: The incidence of abnormal electrocardiogram in the third trimester of pregnancy in the elderly group was 63.16%, higher than 22.11% in the age-appropriate group, and the incidence of arrhythmia, sinus tachycardia, ST-T change and lead low voltage were all higher than those in the age-appropriate group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Among the two groups of pregnant women with abnormal electrocardiogram, there were 60 cases in the elderly group and 21 cases in the age-appropriate group. The pregnancy loss rate, preterm birth rate and neonatal low body mass rate of the elderly group were slightly higher than those of the age-appropriate group, but the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The detection rate of abnormal electrocardiogram in both groups were lower than those of before birth, the detection rate of ST-T change in the elderly group was lower than that in the prenatal group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Elderly pregnant women are mostly transparietal mothers, and abnormal electrocardiogram changes such as arrhythmia and ST-T are easy to occur in the third trimester. Clinical attention should be paid to the changes of electrocardiogram in the third trimester of pregnancy in elderly pregnant women to ensure the safety of mothers and infants.
高齡組孕婦妊娠晚期異常心電圖的發(fā)生率為63.16%,高于適齡組的22.11%,其中心律失常、竇性心律過速、ST-T改變、導聯(lián)低電壓的發(fā)生率均高于適齡組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。孕婦在妊娠晚期血容量逐漸增加,引起心排血量增多,心臟負荷增大易導致傳導系統(tǒng)發(fā)生心律失常,以竇性心動過速為主[13]。ST-T改變多因為心臟負荷增加,且自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂,交感神經(jīng)張力增高導致耗氧量增多引起[14],本研究兩組孕婦ST段都為壓低,未發(fā)現(xiàn)抬高,表明其大多為慢性心肌缺血,無急性缺血性損傷,此類孕婦可以給予靜臥休息,吸氧等處理。導聯(lián)低電壓多因為增大的子宮壓迫了下腔靜脈,限制了血液的回流,導致下肢甚至全身水腫[15]。高齡組孕婦的心臟代償功能較適齡組低,且受家庭影響因素多,常出現(xiàn)焦慮、緊張等情緒[16-17],因此以上幾種異常心電圖的發(fā)生率更高。產(chǎn)后3個月,對產(chǎn)前存在異常心電圖的產(chǎn)婦進行心電圖復查,發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)后兩組的異常心電圖檢出率均低于產(chǎn)前,且高齡組產(chǎn)后ST-T改變的發(fā)生率顯著低于產(chǎn)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。其他類型的異常心電圖產(chǎn)后檢出率雖也略低于產(chǎn)前,但差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。這表明兩組孕婦妊娠晚期的一些異常心電活動在產(chǎn)后大多可以恢復,但部分產(chǎn)婦仍存在異常的心電活動,且高齡組的檢出率(53.33%)高于適齡組(42.86%),再次暗示高齡產(chǎn)婦的心功能代償力低于適齡組。而這部分分娩后仍存在異常心電圖的婦女因定期復檢心電圖,預防并及時發(fā)現(xiàn)、處理可能出現(xiàn)的心臟病,保障其健康安全。與此同時,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)存在異常心電圖的高齡孕婦的妊娠丟失率和早產(chǎn)率雖均高于適齡組,但兩組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。表明高齡因素合并心電圖異常的孕婦可能會增加其妊娠的風險,高齡孕婦器官老化,心功能代償能力低,供氧不足,影響胎兒的生長發(fā)育,長時間會引起胎兒低體質(zhì)量、早產(chǎn),甚至流產(chǎn)等妊娠不良結(jié)局[18-19]。且有研究表明,高齡產(chǎn)婦的剖宮產(chǎn)率較適齡產(chǎn)婦高[20]。
因此,臨床上需密切關注高齡孕婦的心電圖變化,異常心電圖者及時配合相應的治療,提高妊娠質(zhì)量,避免不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生,保證母嬰的健康及安全。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-19) (本文編輯:姬思雨)