趙亮 狄佳春 陳旭升
摘要:根據(jù)赤霉素氧化酶氨基酸序列的保守結(jié)構(gòu)域和生物學(xué)信息,對(duì)棉花2個(gè)二倍體野生種(A基因組的亞洲棉和D基因組的雷蒙德氏棉)和2個(gè)異源四倍體遺傳標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系(陸地棉TM-1和海島棉H7124)進(jìn)行了全基因組的查找。結(jié)果表明,在2個(gè)二倍體野生種的A和D基因組中分別預(yù)測(cè)到219和188個(gè)該酶類基因家族成員;在異源四倍體陸地棉TM-1和H7124中分別預(yù)測(cè)到了310和428個(gè)該酶類基因家族成員。通過(guò)分析陸地棉中預(yù)測(cè)到的310個(gè)該酶類基因家族成員在赤霉素敏感超矮突變體和野生型轉(zhuǎn)錄組中表達(dá)差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)16個(gè)基因具有顯著性差異。利用這16個(gè)基因編碼的蛋白質(zhì)氨基酸序列與報(bào)道的擬南芥赤霉素氧化酶氨基酸序列進(jìn)行進(jìn)化分析,結(jié)果表明Gh_D06G2009屬于GA3ox氧化酶,Gh_D01G0300和Gh_D09G0746為 GA2ox氧化酶,Gh_A06G1341、Gh_A07G1653、Gh_A11G1416、Gh_A13G0444、Gh_A13G1787、Gh_A13G2343、Gh_D01G0055、Gh_D07G0446、Gh_D07G1858、Gh_D08G2680、Gh_D11G3415、Gh_D13G0516、Gh_D13G2157為GA20ox氧化酶。
關(guān)鍵詞:棉花;赤霉素;赤霉素氧化酶;基因家族
中圖分類號(hào):S562.01文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1000-4440(2020)03-0553-08
Identification and analysis of gibberellin oxidase gene in cotton genome
ZHAO Liang,DI Jia-chun,CHEN Xu-sheng
(Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Cotton and Canola Research at the Lower Reach of the Yangtze River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China)
Abstract:Based on the conserved domain of gibberellin oxidase amino acid sequence and bioinformatics, genome-wide searches were performed on two diploid wild cotton species (Gossypium arboreum with A genome and G. Raimondii with D genome) and two allotetraploid genetic standard lines (upland cotton TM-1 and island cotton H7124). In the two diploid wild species, 219 and 188 members of the enzyme family were predicted in the A and D genomes, respectively. In addition, 310 and 428 members of the enzyme family were predicted in allotetraploid upland cotton TM-1 and H7124, respectively. Subsequent analysis of 310 members predicted by us in upland cotton revealed significant differences in 16 genes between gibberellin mutants and wild-type transcriptomes. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by these 16 genes and the amino acid sequence of gibberellin oxidase in Arabidopsis thaliana were analyzed, it was found that Gh_D06G2009 could belong to GA3ox oxidase. Gh_D01G0300 and Gh_D09G0746 were GA2ox oxidase. However, Gh_A06G1341, Gh_A07G1653, Gh_A11G1416, Gh_A13G0444, Gh_A13G1787, Gh_A13G2343, Gh_D01G0055, Gh_D07G0446, Gh_D07G1858, Gh_D08G2680, Gh_D11G3415, Gh_D13G0516, Gh_D13G2157 were GA20ox oxidase.
Key words:cotton;gibberellic acid;gibberellin oxidase;gene family
赤霉素(GAs)是一種重要的植物類激素,參與植物生長(zhǎng)與發(fā)育等多個(gè)生物學(xué)進(jìn)程。在高等植物和真菌中,總計(jì)有136種赤霉素被鑒定[1],但是只有一少部分具有生物活性,例如GA1、GA3、GA4和GA7[2]。在高等植物中,赤霉素的生物合成總共涉及到8個(gè)關(guān)鍵酶,分別為CPS、KS、KO、KAO、GA20ox、GA13ox、GA2ox和GA3ox,生物合成劃分為3個(gè)階段:在質(zhì)體中,牻牛兒牻牛兒二磷酸(GGDP)合成貝殼杉烯(ent-kaurene);通過(guò)細(xì)胞色素P450單加氧酶,貝殼杉烯(ent-kaurene)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镚A12;在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,通過(guò)赤霉素氧化酶的作用形成C20-GAs和C19-GAs。植物中GAs最初來(lái)自于GGPP,它存在于質(zhì)體上,是最常見的二萜類C20前體[3]。在模式植物擬南芥中發(fā)現(xiàn)的赤霉素敏感型突變體較多,每個(gè)合成途徑基因都有相應(yīng)的突變體:GA1對(duì)應(yīng)CPS,GA2對(duì)應(yīng)KS,GA3對(duì)應(yīng)KO,GA4對(duì)應(yīng)3βOX,GA5對(duì)應(yīng)20OX。前3個(gè)突變體為極端矮化突變體,后兩者屬于矮化突變體,此外對(duì)這5個(gè)突變體連續(xù)施用GA3,均能使其恢復(fù)正常植株的高度。
利用預(yù)測(cè)的CDS序列,通過(guò)DnaSP V6軟件對(duì)4個(gè)基因組中同源基因進(jìn)行了同義替換和異義替換分析。分析結(jié)果表明,異源四倍體的陸地棉和海島棉中At亞組與亞洲棉的A組之間的異義替換與同義替換的比值(Ka/Ks)都小于1,同樣異源四倍體的Dt亞組與雷蒙德氏棉的D組之間的Ka/Ks值只有Gh_D11G3415基因的比值大于1,其余都小于1 (表3)。說(shuō)明Ka/Ks值小于1的基因在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中經(jīng)歷了自然界的純化選擇,而Ka/Ks值大于1的Gh_D11G3415基因在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中經(jīng)歷了自然界的正向選擇。
通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)這16個(gè)基因在組織器官(根、莖和葉)中表達(dá)的相關(guān)性發(fā)現(xiàn),總計(jì)有36對(duì)基因之間存在顯著的正相關(guān)或負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(r>0.9或r<-0.9),其中16對(duì)基因之間存在顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,20對(duì)基因之間存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(圖3)。
3討論
植物激素的研究一直是國(guó)內(nèi)外植物科學(xué)研究的重點(diǎn)與熱點(diǎn)[13-14]。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上第一次“綠色革命”就是利用農(nóng)作物本身的赤霉素合成和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)缺陷所產(chǎn)生的矮化植株來(lái)培育抗倒伏農(nóng)作物新品種,從而大幅度提高了農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量[15]。赤霉素氧化酶是重要的赤霉素生物合成和調(diào)控酶,該酶類是具有保守的結(jié)構(gòu)域,同時(shí)基因家族成員的表達(dá)模式既有重疊,也存在區(qū)別[16]。本研究根據(jù)該酶類的保守結(jié)構(gòu)域用生物信息學(xué)方法,對(duì)已經(jīng)公開發(fā)表的4個(gè)棉種基因組數(shù)據(jù)中該酶類家族進(jìn)行了鑒定。鑒定結(jié)果表明,在這4個(gè)棉種的基因組數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中存在大量該酶類家族成員(亞洲棉219個(gè),雷蒙德氏棉188個(gè),陸地棉TM-1 310個(gè),海島棉H7124 428個(gè))。由于通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)方法鑒定出的成員較多,因此我們對(duì)這些鑒定出的成員在本研究室發(fā)現(xiàn)的赤霉素敏感超矮突變體與野生型轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步的篩選,最終在陸地棉TM-1中得到16個(gè)赤霉素氧化酶家族成員。
系統(tǒng)發(fā)生樹能夠揭示生物進(jìn)化過(guò)程的順序,有助于了解生物進(jìn)化的歷史,從而解決生物學(xué)中的一些問(wèn)題[17-18]。因此,我們對(duì)陸地棉TM-1中得到的16個(gè)可能參與赤霉素合成的氧化酶基因與擬南芥中的相關(guān)基因利用最大似然法進(jìn)行進(jìn)化樹的構(gòu)建。結(jié)果表明,在TM-1中,GA3ox類氧化酶基因有1個(gè)(Gh_D06G2009),GA2ox類氧化酶基因有2個(gè)(Gh_D01G0300和Gh_D09G0746),GA2ox類氧化酶基因有13個(gè)(Gh_A06G1341、Gh_A07G1653、Gh_A11G1416、Gh_A13G0444、Gh_A13G1787、Gh_A13G2343、Gh_D01G0055、Gh_D07G0446、Gh_D07G1858、Gh_D08G2680、Gh_D11G3415、Gh_D13G0516、Gh_D13G2157)。
未來(lái),我們將對(duì)這些預(yù)測(cè)到的基因利用生物技術(shù)手段(例如病毒介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)基因沉默技術(shù)等)進(jìn)行反向遺傳學(xué)驗(yàn)證,將這些基因敲除后通過(guò)對(duì)沉默植株的表型鑒定及赤霉素含量的測(cè)定來(lái)進(jìn)一步確定參與赤霉素代謝的赤霉素氧化酶。
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