羅麗雯

根據(jù)2019年考試大綱的要求，在閱讀理解中，“考生應(yīng)能根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義。”這一類題目包含了推測劃線部分指代內(nèi)容、推測劃線詞或短語的意思等。相比較而言，推斷劃線部分所指代的內(nèi)容是比較容易得分的題目。這類題目一般是用that或it等代詞來指代，既然是“指代”，應(yīng)是在上文已出現(xiàn)了的，下文為了避免重復(fù)才用代詞來指代，因此這里看到此類題目應(yīng)該往上文尋找答案。而本文列舉的題目僅涉及能在上文尋找到線索的，包括直接類和間接類（需要概括等）兩類題目。

一、直接類

當(dāng)看到劃線部分是代詞，我們基本上可以形成條件反射——往上文尋找答案。再利用選項的特點，可以猜測是“點對點”，即指代上文出現(xiàn)過的某個單詞。

真題1（2016年全國Ⅱ卷 C篇）

Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place， hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.

30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. The book.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. An adventure.

C. A public place.? ? ? ? ?D. The identification number.

解題思路：it為代詞，前面內(nèi)容為hoping that the book will have an adventure（希望書本可以進行大冒險），因此下文的traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it（跟隨找到它的每一位新讀者游歷四方），游歷四方的應(yīng)該是上文出現(xiàn)的book。另外，既然是each new reader finds it，讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)的應(yīng)該是書，故選A項。

相似模擬題1（2019年廣州二模）

The main problem with the previous studies is that they were too small-often limited to a few dozen individuals. This would be true even if the statistical methods needed to analyze the data were simple， but they are not. Distinguishing birth-order effects from those caused by family size complicates matters， meaning still bigger samples must be analyzed to obtain meaningful results.

29. What does the underlined“they”in paragraph 2 refer to？

A. The data.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. The analyses.

C. The previous studies.? ? ? D. The statistical methods.

解題思路：往前找到“even if the statistical methods needed to analyze the data were simple”，有可能的答案為A和D，聯(lián)系上下文，主干部分應(yīng)是“even if the statistical methods were simple， but they are not （simple）”可以推斷答案為D。

相似模擬題2（2018年深圳一模）

Previous studies only compared female bones to contemporary male bones， the researchers said--and thats a problem， because the response of male bones to stress and change is much bigger than that of women. For instance， as humans moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle constantly on the move to a more settled agrarian（農(nóng)耕的）one， changes can be observed in the structure of the shinbone（脛骨）- and these changes were much more evident in men.

30. What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Bones structure.

B. Bones thickness

C. Bones response to stress.

D. Bones stress from hard labor.

解題思路：劃線部分屬于比較的內(nèi)容，利用比較對象應(yīng)該一致的原則，我們往前找到the response of male bones to stress and change，這部分應(yīng)與that of women是相比較內(nèi)容，因此答案非常明顯是指C. Bones response to stress。讀者也可以借助思維導(dǎo)圖來理解。

真題2 （2017年全國Ⅱ卷）

We shared the brief that if youre fortunate enough to have success， you should put something back—he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill， and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly， but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.

26. What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Their belief.? ? ? ? ? ? B. Their care for children.

C. Their success.? ? ? ? ? D. Their support for each other.

解題思路：從選項內(nèi)容來看，D. Their support for each other. 這部分內(nèi)容是出現(xiàn)在劃線詞的下文，成為答案的可能性不大。答案B. Their care for children.，從上文的內(nèi)容看出，只是Paul對社會的回饋（you should put something back）有提及這點，而作者對社會的回饋并未提及，不能是share的內(nèi)容。那只剩下belief和success，而作者明確提出We shared the brief，（我們有共同的信念，而后跟的是同位語從句，解釋說明他們的信念的內(nèi)容），因此sharing that的that應(yīng)該指的就是their belief。

相似模擬題1 （2018年廣州一模）

Supermarket shelves are filled with plant-based alternatives to cow milk， including soy， nut， and coconut milk. These products are popular with consumers who cannot drink cows milk for health reasons， as well as with those concerned about animal welfare and environmental sustainability. While the dairy-free（非乳制的）options work well with cereal or in coffee， they fail miserably when it comes to making milk-based products like cheese or yogurt. However， these shortcomings may soon be a thing of the past， thanks to a new company in California， which has figured out how to create animal-free milk in a laboratory！

32. The underlined word“those”in paragraph 1 refers to _______.

A. alternatives? ? ? B. people? ? ? C. products? ? ? D. reasons

解題思路：利用語篇中連詞as well as，推斷出語篇中含有平行結(jié)構(gòu)，上文是受到customers的歡迎，那下文with之后也應(yīng)是指受到人群的歡迎（customers顧客，指人），即people（人）的歡迎，確定答案為B。同樣地，借助思維導(dǎo)圖，能更為簡潔地推導(dǎo)出答案。

相似模擬題2 （2018年廣東省一模）

Being mistreated at work can make people take out their negative emotions on loved ones at home. But a new study suggests that getting more exercise and sleep may help people better cope with them by leaving them at work， where they belong.

28. What does the underlined word“they”in Paragraph 1 refer to？

A. Loved people at home? ? ? ? ? B. Negative emotions.

C. Different work pressures.? ? ? ?D. More exercise and sleep

解題思路：利用by leaving them at work， where they belong推測劃線的they與leaving them指代的是同樣的內(nèi)容，往上文找答案時，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)Being mistreated at work can make people take out their negative emotions，出現(xiàn)了同樣的信息“at work”，但是they不可能指代Being mistreated at work，一來沒有這個選項，二來being mistreated應(yīng)該用it指代，而A. Loved people at home，at home這一信息表明它是錯誤選項，因為they belong（at work），那么答案應(yīng)該為B. Negative emotions（消極情緒），因在工作時受到苛待而引發(fā)的消極情緒，那么此種消極情緒確實是屬于工作場所。本題也可借用思維導(dǎo)圖來推導(dǎo)答案。

二、概括類

這一類的題目還是從上文尋找答案，但通過選項的特點，可以猜測是“點與線或面的轉(zhuǎn)換”，即指代上文相關(guān)內(nèi)容，可能是一句話，也有可能需要我們進行概括或進行同義轉(zhuǎn)換才能找到答案。

真題1 （2014年全國Ⅰ卷）

In an effort to prevent language loss， scholars from a number of organizations- UNESCO and National Geographic among them --have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.

Mark Turin， a scientist at the Macmillan Center， Yale University， who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas， is following in that tradition. His recently published book， A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture， grows out of his experience living， looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.

33. What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Having full records of the languages

B. Writing books on language searching

C. Telling stories about language users

D. Living with the native speakers

解題思路：因為劃線部分為that tradition，當(dāng)閱讀劃線部分所在段落時，發(fā)現(xiàn)上一行著重介紹的是Mark Turin的身份（a scientist）單位（the Macmillan Center， Yale University）和研究領(lǐng)域（the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas）。所以得往上一段尋找答案，根據(jù)“prevent language loss， scholars have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect”（避免語言消失，學(xué)者們一直在記錄那些瀕臨消失的語言）推測答案為A，document與have full record為同義轉(zhuǎn)換。

真題2 （2017年全國Ⅰ卷）

Despite the celebrations， though， in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older， and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz， Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz， make the music more accessible， and preserve its history and culture.

29.What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refers to？

A. Jazz becoming more accessible.

B. The production of jazz growing faster.

C. Jazz being less popular with the young.

D. The jazz audience becoming larger.

解題思路：因劃線部分是本段的首句，應(yīng)該往上文找答案。上一段寫著“the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older， and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”（爵士樂的聽眾持續(xù)減少，且隨著這部分聽眾年齡增長，爵士樂并未能爭取到更年輕的聽眾）而下一段則提到“Its Jason Morans job to help change that.”（Jason Moran想改變這一點），因此that應(yīng)與C. Jazz being less popular with the young.（爵士樂在年輕人中并不受到歡迎）同義轉(zhuǎn)換。

真題3 （2019年全國Ⅰ卷）

But hes， nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should ... should...”Chris trips on the“-ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher， Thomas Whaley， is next to him， whispering support.“... Vote for ... me ...” Except for some stumbles， Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion， Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

25. What does the underlined word“stumbles”in paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Improper pauses.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. Bad manners.

C. Spelling mistakes.? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. Silly jokes.

解題思路：原句中“Except for some stumbles， Chris is doing amazingly well.”（除了____，Chris做得相當(dāng)不錯），聯(lián)系上文，找到與Chris相關(guān)的語句”Im here to tell you today why you should ... should ...” Chris trips on the”-ld， ”... Vote for ... me ...”，從這一句以及當(dāng)中的符號“...”，我們可以推測Chris在表達“Im here to tell you today why you should vote for me”這句話時，出現(xiàn)了多次停頓，且再聯(lián)系下文“When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion”可知Chris是在演講，我們可以確定A. Improper pauses是正確的答案（演講過程中出現(xiàn)不恰當(dāng)?shù)耐ｎD）。另外，演講時不可能出現(xiàn)C. Spelling mistakes，因為聽眾無法發(fā)現(xiàn)，而D. Silly jokes并沒有提及，至于B. Bad manners（無禮貌），文中并沒有體現(xiàn)，根據(jù)語篇上下文的內(nèi)容，我們也可以利用排除法得出答案。

相似模擬題1 （2018年佛山一模）

The novel tells the story of how Francies parents， Johnny and Katie Nolan， met as teenagers. Katie later became pregnant， and they married before either of them had turned 20. Despite his charm and good nature， Johnny is an alcoholic who cant hold a job. Katie supports the family by cleaning apartment buildings. This went against tradition， as the man was usually the one with the job who provided for the family.

34. The underline word“this”refer to the fact that _______.

A. Johnny was charming and had good nature

B. Johnny married Katie before they were 20

C. Katie worked as a cleaner in department buildings

D. Katie supported the family instead of Johnny

解題思路：往前找，可以看到“Johnny is an alcoholic who cant hold a job. Katie supports the family by cleaning apartment buildings.”，可以先排除A和B。剩下兩個答案中，答案C與原文內(nèi)容一致，具有干擾性，可是利用下文“as the man was usually the one with the job who provided for the family”（男士通常才賺錢養(yǎng)家的）推斷D. Katie supported the family instead of Johnny才是正確答案，因為Katie（妻子）賺錢養(yǎng)家，與傳統(tǒng)不同，與下文結(jié)合起來看，邏輯正確，上下文也通順。

相似模擬題2（2020年山東模擬題）

That night， we watched the news， and there we were. The news reporter told our story. It was only two minutes long， but it was us. We were famous. All that work， all those blisters， it was worth it. We knew that when we saw the garden every day， but now we knew that the whole city thought so， too.

6. What does the underline word“that”refer to in the last paragraph？

A. We got blisters on our hands.

B. Our hard work was worthwhile

C. The garden would be famous.

D. The project would be finished.

解題思路：往前找到句子“All that work， all those blisters， it was worth it.”可以先排除選項C和D。而原句中

“All that work， all those blisters” blisters就是我們努力工作的體現(xiàn)，但這一切“it was worth it”，從而可以判斷B正確。

小結(jié)：

1.“點對點”的題目，答案就在上文出現(xiàn)過，所以考生要相信自己可以找出正確答案。最有效的方法一定是聯(lián)系上下文，看看所選的答案是否能使得上下文通順，邏輯合理。例如真題1、模擬題1和2都是劃線詞與所指代的內(nèi)容離得非常近的，細(xì)心推導(dǎo)不難得出答案。而真題2、模擬題1和2劃線部分與所指代內(nèi)容離得比較遠，考生容易受干擾內(nèi)容影響。此時如若上文有復(fù)現(xiàn)內(nèi)容，則可以利用這個線索來找到答案。解這三道題時，筆者都有借用思維導(dǎo)圖，但本人更傾向于將這種方法作為一種驗證的方法，檢查自己的推斷是否合理。所以要怎么畫圖或者甚至不借助思維導(dǎo)圖都是可以的，它僅僅是一種工具，幫助你理清思路而已，關(guān)鍵還在于你是否借助語篇內(nèi)容進行理解和推斷。

2.“點對線或面”的題目，看似難度增大，實際上指代的面大了，目標(biāo)反而更加清晰，容易命中目標(biāo)。解這類題目沒有太多的技巧，考生主要還是結(jié)合語篇內(nèi)容進行概括或同義轉(zhuǎn)換，是可以找到正確的指代內(nèi)容的。

這兩種類型的題目相比起猜測劃線詞意思還是容易得分，考生需要做的是建立起正確的解題思路。當(dāng)你仔細(xì)琢磨本文給出的題目后，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)解題的思路是非常相似。而一旦形成正確的思路，你就不會受到干擾項的影響，絕對能撥開云霧，看清答案。希望考生們多多思考，以后遇到此類題目都能穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地拿下這2分。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青