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基于『促進(jìn)學(xué)生記憶英語詞匯有效途徑研究』的案例分析

2020-07-03 03:22:46哈爾濱市永源中學(xué)王松梅
關(guān)鍵詞:單詞詞匯記憶

哈爾濱市永源中學(xué) 王松梅

(此課選自人教版《英語》七年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 8 When is your birthday。)

美國著名作家和教育家L-Ron Hubbar先生的教育學(xué)理論認(rèn)為:影響理解和應(yīng)用的最重要因素是詞匯。在英語學(xué)習(xí)中掌握詞匯數(shù)量的多少和運(yùn)用詞匯的熟練程度對(duì)語言交際能力、閱讀能力和寫作能力的培養(yǎng)有著直接的影響。那么如何在課堂上幫助學(xué)生更有效地記憶單詞呢?

一、理論依據(jù)

Our memory is known as short term memory and long term memory,which is our capacity for recall of information minutes,weeks and years after the original input.Information stored in the memory falls into disuse unless it is activated fairly regularly.In other words,we need to practice and revise what we learn otherwise the new input will gradually fade in the memory and ultimately disappear.This is called the decay theory.If memory traces do gradually fade in the memory without regular practice then it is clearly necessary that we create opportunities in the classroom for students to practise what they have learned.

Recent trend in methodology have stressed the need for meaningful activities in the classroom.More meaningful tasks require learners to analyse and process language more deeply,which helps the students to commit information to long term memory.A student’s“personal investment”has a very positive effect on memorisation.

二、案例選材

本課話題為談?wù)撊掌?,表述自己或家人、朋友的生日以及近期活?dòng)安排。

三、案例分析

【Section A活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)】

新授詞匯:12個(gè)月

(一)每日一報(bào)告

報(bào)告人借助日歷提示單人匯報(bào),其他學(xué)生在聽后以相互問答的方式進(jìn)行反饋。一方面訓(xùn)練學(xué)生通過聽來捕捉和記錄信息的能力,通過匯報(bào)和問答的方式訓(xùn)練說和輸出信息的能力;另一方面可以激活學(xué)生已有詞匯,預(yù)熱主題情境,以便自然進(jìn)入話題,為學(xué)習(xí)新單詞和討論新話題打下伏筆。此環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)是教師半控制下的活動(dòng),報(bào)告人事先有所準(zhǔn)備(語言材料和問題設(shè)置),目的是使所呈現(xiàn)的語言材料更豐富和準(zhǔn)確,所提出的問題更合理。

1.One student do a daily report in the front and others listen to him or her carefully,then the reporter or the students can ask one or more questions about the report one by one.

2.After that,the teacher can ask the last question“Which month is it now?”At the same time,show the big calendar including twelve months in class to learn twelve months.

Activity I Do a daily report

Ask and answer about the daily report as much as possible.

Eg.1.What day is it today?

2.What’s the date today?

3.Which month is it now?

4.Do you like this month?Why or why not?

5.How’s the weather today?

6.Who is not here today?

7.How many classes do we have today?

8.Are there any activities today?

(二)以“話題”為依托,螺旋上升,層層遞進(jìn)

Activity II Talk about birthday

1.When is your birthday?(Work in pairs)

The teacher make a conversation with a student as an example,then work in pairs.

T:When is your birthday?

S:My birthday is in July.

2.When is her/his birthday?(work in groups with 4 students)

S1:When is your birthday?

S2:My birthday is in June.

S3:When is her/his birthday?

S4:Her/His birthday is in June.

3.Is her/his birthday in August?(work in groupswith 6 students)

S1:When is your birthday?

S2:My birthday is in August?

S3:When is her/his birthday?

S4:Her/His birthday is in August?

S5:Is her/his birthday in August?

S6:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t.It’s in September.

學(xué)習(xí)單詞是一個(gè)過程。在教師的引導(dǎo)下,首先,通過簡單的對(duì)話感知12個(gè)月的音和意,同時(shí)教師糾正發(fā)音;然后4人小組會(huì)話,由討論自己的生日延伸到討論他人的生日,重復(fù)新詞;最后,6人小組會(huì)話,用不同的句式談?wù)撃?、我、他的生日,學(xué)生自主地運(yùn)用新詞,新舊詞匯交替出現(xiàn),循環(huán)往復(fù),但絕不是同一個(gè)詞的機(jī)械重復(fù),而是在使用不同的句式談?wù)摬煌娜?。?dāng)學(xué)生能辨認(rèn)和理解一個(gè)詞,這個(gè)詞就成為被動(dòng)詞匯(passive vocabulary),當(dāng)學(xué)生能在聽和說中使用它,這個(gè)詞就從被動(dòng)詞匯變成了主動(dòng)詞匯(active vocabulary),詞匯教學(xué)的目的就是讓最普通的詞成為學(xué)生的主動(dòng)詞匯。在這個(gè)循環(huán)往復(fù)中,12個(gè)月份應(yīng)該成為學(xué)生的積極詞匯。

Activity III A guessing game about months.

S1:Which month comes before February?

S2:January.J-A-N-U-A-R-Y.Which is the hottest month of a year?

S3:Do you like swimming? You can swim in this month and it’s not cold...

男女生PK參與活動(dòng),兩人背對(duì)白板(展示某個(gè)月份),下面的同伴描述這個(gè)月份,肢體和語言可以并用,還必須適當(dāng)?shù)赜糜⒄Z交流互動(dòng),讓臺(tái)上伙伴猜出這個(gè)月份并拼寫該單詞。這個(gè)游戲的設(shè)計(jì)符合學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn),更重要的是抓住了學(xué)生的興趣點(diǎn),教師大膽放手,學(xué)生對(duì)12個(gè)月的記憶痕跡得到了強(qiáng)化。

此環(huán)節(jié)是開放性的活動(dòng)生成部分。在了解一個(gè)詞的基本音形意后,在語境中循環(huán)使用它,擴(kuò)展相關(guān)知識(shí),可以強(qiáng)化對(duì)這個(gè)詞的理解和記憶。

【Section B活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)】

新授詞匯:English test,school trip,party,basketball game,soccer game,School Day,English Day.

(三)借圖說話,傳情達(dá)意

Activity I Get to know some events

1.Discuss these pictures

T:What can you see in the picture? What are they doing?

S:......

(showing some pictures one by one and talking about them asmuch aspossible.)

2.Match the pictures with the events

(1)English test (6)Book sale(2)School trip (7)English Day(3)Party (8)Art festival(4)Basketball game (9)Sports Day(5)School Day

利用畫面的信息情境展開聯(lián)想,表達(dá)對(duì)畫面的理解和知識(shí)延展,以便進(jìn)入課堂情境:談?wù)撌录l(fā)生的日期以及近期的活動(dòng)安排。教師適當(dāng)介紹學(xué)生不夠了解的活動(dòng),以免學(xué)生產(chǎn)生思維定式;圖文匹配,明確相關(guān)活動(dòng)的英文表達(dá)和活動(dòng)的意義,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生讀準(zhǔn)每個(gè)活動(dòng)的名稱。

(四)創(chuàng)編“語塊”,交流更順暢

Activity II Associative memory

1.English test——Chinese test,math test,P.E.test,drawing test,Japanese test...

2.School trip——bus trip,train trip,bike trip,plane trip...

3.Party——birthday party,dancing party,singing party,school party,New Year’s Party...

4.art festival——Spring Festival,Mid-autumn Festival...

5.soccer game——basketball game,volleyball game,badminton game,ping-pong game...

最后,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生舉一反三,運(yùn)用新舊詞匯合理搭配生成新的語塊,此時(shí)學(xué)生再有興趣地主動(dòng)創(chuàng)造,不僅擴(kuò)大了詞匯量,更有利于對(duì)新單詞的長久記憶。

學(xué)生在了解了詞語的基本意義后,教師提供各種各樣的活動(dòng)和情境讓學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與語言實(shí)踐反復(fù)使用這些新的詞匯,這會(huì)有助于他們把新詞匯轉(zhuǎn)化成積極詞匯,從而促進(jìn)新單詞的記憶。學(xué)生的個(gè)人投入對(duì)記憶單詞也更有積極的影響。以下從聽讀寫的活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)方面分析如何有效記憶單詞。

四、用語言做事情:聽讀寫活動(dòng)中記單詞

Activity III.Listen and finish the following tasks

1.Listen and circle the events you hear

(1)English test(2)Party(3)English Day(4)Sports Day

(5)School trip (6)Basketball game(7)Art festival

2.Listen again and fill in John’s calendar.

通過聽來鞏固理解詞匯:1.帶著任務(wù)聽會(huì)話,此任務(wù)能力要求比較低。一方面訓(xùn)練學(xué)生通過聽來捕捉和記錄信息的能力;另一方面可以起到再認(rèn)識(shí)剛接觸的詞匯,在特定的情境中進(jìn)一步理解詞語。2.繼續(xù)帶著任務(wù)聽對(duì)話,能力要求提高,學(xué)生既要寫出表述事件的短語,又要聽清楚具體的日期,需要高度的注意力。教師可提示學(xué)生用字母來代替事件,之后再轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的短語。通過此活動(dòng),幫助學(xué)生建立上述短語的音和形的聯(lián)系。通過聽,學(xué)生們會(huì)更關(guān)注“任務(wù)”的過程和結(jié)果,所學(xué)單詞不再是“單打獨(dú)斗”,而是“合作共贏”!

Dates Activities

ActivityⅣ.Read the school notice

1.Skim the notice and list the activities and the dates.

通過“讀”來強(qiáng)化應(yīng)用詞匯。帶著目的閱讀文本,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生抓關(guān)鍵詞(本課的新詞匯和重點(diǎn)詞塊)來搜尋所需信息,并通過完成表格的形式反饋,更重要的是在解決實(shí)際問題中應(yīng)用了所學(xué)詞匯,有效提高了相關(guān)單詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)率,有助于進(jìn)一步長久記憶所學(xué)的詞匯。

2.Ask and answer the questions about the notice.

T:1)How many activities do they have this term? What are they?(細(xì)節(jié)信息)

2)How many activities do they have in September? What are they?(細(xì)節(jié)信息)

3)How many activities do they have in October/November/December?What are they?(細(xì)節(jié)信息,分析歸納)

4)Which month has the most activities? Are the students busy?(比較,判斷)

5)Do you think the students will have a good time this term?(推測,推理)

Ss:......

T:Can you show your questions to us?

教師設(shè)計(jì)有梯度的問題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生搜尋歸納語篇信息,鞏固對(duì)生詞的理解,學(xué)生對(duì)文本提出問題,用不同的思維形式研讀文本,再次強(qiáng)化對(duì)月份、活動(dòng)等新單詞的理解和記憶。通過控制性的問題,學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯的理解不再停留在基本層面,而是要運(yùn)用詞匯對(duì)文本信息進(jìn)行搜尋查找、分析歸納、推理判斷和質(zhì)疑。

3.Order the activities in the form according to your most interested and least interested.And tell your teacher and classmates the reason if you like.

改變思維模式,設(shè)計(jì)開放性活動(dòng),換種思維方式處理信息,學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)完全脫離書本,主動(dòng)選擇,精心判斷,再次通過“用語言做事情”鞏固記憶所學(xué)詞匯。

Activities Months Dates School Day Art Festival English Party Sports Meet Basketball Game School Trip

Activity V Be the owner of my school

Finish the following form,then write a notice.

Dear students,We have many interesting and fun activities for you to do this term......

通過“寫”的活動(dòng)應(yīng)用所學(xué)詞匯。學(xué)生假設(shè)自己是某學(xué)校校長,為該校學(xué)生安排本學(xué)期的活動(dòng)。學(xué)生四人一組討論方案,在組內(nèi)完成以上信息表,作為寫作提綱,然后以本課通知語篇為模板,寫一份學(xué)校通知。最后請(qǐng)一名學(xué)生朗讀,向全班發(fā)布。本活動(dòng)目的是創(chuàng)造性地使用活動(dòng)名稱及日期的表達(dá)法,促進(jìn)語言的形成,同時(shí)提高學(xué)生的主人翁意識(shí),培養(yǎng)合作精神。通過創(chuàng)造性的活動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生用自己的想法做事情,這個(gè)活動(dòng)具有很強(qiáng)的交際性,需要團(tuán)隊(duì)合作完成,真正體現(xiàn)“用語言做事情”的教學(xué)真諦!

通過以上詞匯教學(xué)中的方法分析,希望能和大家一起交流英語詞匯教學(xué)的困惑與感悟,改變當(dāng)下學(xué)生低效率的英語學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)狀,更希望能引起大家的思考,如何使我們的英語學(xué)習(xí)在科學(xué)的方法引導(dǎo)下取得事半功倍的效果,真正落實(shí)新課標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)方式的變革。初中英語詞匯教學(xué)是一項(xiàng)長期而又復(fù)雜的過程,需要英語教師在今后的教學(xué)中,根據(jù)教學(xué)對(duì)象的實(shí)際情況,取多家之長,靈活采用教學(xué)策略,不斷提高詞匯教學(xué)效率,促進(jìn)學(xué)生更好地學(xué)習(xí)英語。

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