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構(gòu)筑釕基納米催化劑用于5-羥甲基糠醛加氫制2,5-二羥甲基四氫呋喃

2020-06-05 12:44藍梓桀王聰李輝
關(guān)鍵詞:胺基氫化生物質(zhì)

藍梓桀 王聰 李輝

摘 要: 合理使用生物質(zhì),對解決環(huán)境污染和資源短缺問題大有裨益.5-羥甲基糠醛(5-HMF)可以由生物質(zhì)衍生的糖類脫水獲得,進一步完全氫化可以轉(zhuǎn)化為具有高附加值的2,5-二羥甲基四氫呋喃(DHMTHF).以表面胺基功能化介孔二氧化硅小球(SiO2-NH2)為載體,采用等體積浸漬法制備了高分散釕(Ru)基(Ru-B)納米催化劑(Ru-B/SiO2-NH2).以2-丁醇為溶劑,將制得的Ru-B/SiO2-NH2用于5-HMF加氫制DHMTHF.在160 ℃,2.76 MPa,800 r·min-1的條件下,5-HMF轉(zhuǎn)化率為100%,DHMTHF的產(chǎn)率為87%.與目前報道的催化劑相比,該催化體系可以在更為溫和的條件下獲得較好的效果.構(gòu)效關(guān)系研究表明:載體表面胺基功能化可以起到錨定和高度分散Ru-B非晶態(tài)合金納米粒子的作用.

關(guān)鍵詞: 釕(Ru)基(Ru-B); 5-羥甲基糠醛(5-HMF); 2,5-二羥甲基四氫呋喃(DHMTHF); 完全加氫; 生物質(zhì)催化轉(zhuǎn)化

中圖分類號: O 643.32? 文獻標志碼: A? 文章編號: 1000-5137(2020)02-0151-07

Synthesis of Ru-based nanocatalyst for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural hydrogenation to 2,5-dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran

LAN Zijie, WANG Cong, LI Hui*

(College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)

Abstract: Rational use of biomass is of great benefit to solving environmental pollution and resource shortage.5-Hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) can be obtained via dehydration of sugars derived from biomass,which can be converted into high-value-added 2,5-dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran(DHMTHF) by further complete hydrogenation.High-dispersionruthenium(Ru)-based(Ru-B) nanocatalyst(Ru-B/SiO2-NH2) was synthesized with surface amino-functionalized mesoporous silica spheres (SiO2-NH2) as the carrier.During the hydrogenation of 5-HMF to DHMTHF,the as-prepared Ru-B/SiO2-NH2was used as the catalyst with 2-butanol as the solvent.Under optimized reaction conditions (reaction temperature:160 ℃,reaction pressure:2.76 MPa),the conversion of 5-HMF was 100% and the selectivity to DHMTHF was 87%.Compared with the catalysts reported so far,better results can be achieved by the present catalytic system under milder conditions.Structure-activity relationship studies show that amino-functionalization on the surface of the carrier can anchor and disperse Ru-B amorphous alloy nanoparticles.

Key words: ruthenium(Ru)-based(Ru-B); 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF); 2,5-dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran(DHMTHF); complete hydrogenation; catalytic biomass conversion

0 引 言

生物質(zhì),目前被認為是燃料和化學中間體的替代碳源,對未來的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義[1],其最受關(guān)注的研究方向之一是生物質(zhì)向呋喃衍生物的轉(zhuǎn)化[2].5-羥甲基糠醛(5-HMF)是一種高附加值的平臺化合物,可以取代化石能源在精細化學品、高分子等方面的工業(yè)應(yīng)用.5-HMF通過氧化可轉(zhuǎn)化為2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)等[3],醚化可轉(zhuǎn)化為2,5-二(甲氧基甲基)呋喃(BMMF)等[4],氫化可轉(zhuǎn)化為2,5-二羥甲基四氫呋喃(DHMTHF)等.其中,5-HMF完全加氫的產(chǎn)物DHMTHF是一種具有高附加值的化學品,由于DHMTHF易降解、毒性低,并比其他不飽和呋喃化合物更穩(wěn)定,在特種化學品領(lǐng)域中具有重要作用,如可以進一步轉(zhuǎn)化為工業(yè)中重要的單體1,6-己二醇.DHMTHF的制備方法可分為兩步:首先由菊粉或生物質(zhì)衍生的糖類(葡萄糖、果糖)在固體酸催化劑作用下脫水為5-HMF[5-8];然后5-HMF在金屬催化劑作用下完全氫化為DHMTHF.NAKAGAWA等[9]在8 MPa氫氣(H2)壓力和低溫條件下,對鈀-銥/二氧化硅(Pd-Ir/SiO2)催化劑進行了水相5-HMF加氫性能研究.LIMA等[10]在9 MPa H2壓力和90 ℃條件下將5-HMF在水溶液中兩步氫化制DHMTHF,首先以雷尼銅(Raney?Cu)為催化劑制得2,5-二羥甲基呋喃(DHMF),再以雷尼鎳(Raney?Ni)為催化劑制得DHMTHF.研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在水存在的條件下5-HMF極易與其反應(yīng)生成甲酸和乙酰丙酸等副產(chǎn)物[1].KONG等[11]在6 MPa H2壓力和60 ℃的條件下,以鎳/氧化鋁(Ni/Al2O3)為催化劑,在二氧六環(huán)溶劑中實現(xiàn)了5-HMF完全氫化制DHMTHF.為了抑制副反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生,大量研究使用合金催化劑或采用分步反應(yīng)等方法,以至于反應(yīng)過程復雜,增加了成本.因此,開發(fā)5-HMF完全氫化制DHMTHF的高效率催化體系具有重要的應(yīng)用價值和研究意義.本研究以2-丁醇為溶劑,采用單一釕(Ru)金屬催化劑,既避免了水的不利影響,又簡化了反應(yīng)過程,降低了成本,并著重探討了SiO2載體表面修飾胺基的作用.

圖5分別為Ru-B/SiO2和Ru-B/SiO2-NH2的XPS圖.2個催化劑的Ru 3d5/2能級中的電子結(jié)合能均與純金屬Ru在Ru 3d5/2的結(jié)合能(280.0 eV)一致,表明Ru主要是以金屬態(tài)存在.由元素硼1 s能級可見,與純單質(zhì)硼樣品的標準電子結(jié)合能(187.1 eV)相比,與Ru形成合金的單質(zhì)硼的電子結(jié)合能均發(fā)生正移,說明在Ru-B中部分電子由硼轉(zhuǎn)移到Ru,使Ru富電子,而硼缺電子.上述結(jié)果與超細Ru-B非晶態(tài)合金表征結(jié)果基本相同[13],表明載體不顯著改變Ru-B非晶態(tài)合金的電子結(jié)構(gòu).

2.2 催化性能測試

采用2%(質(zhì)量分數(shù))的Ru-B/SiO2-NH2為催化劑,以2-丁醇為溶劑,在100 ℃,0.34 MPa,800 r·min-1的條件下,5-HMF加氫反應(yīng),進程圖如圖6(a)所示.由圖6(a)可知,5-HMF轉(zhuǎn)化率和DHMTHF產(chǎn)率均隨著反應(yīng)時間的延長而逐漸提高,當反應(yīng)時間為48 h時,5-HMF轉(zhuǎn)化率和DHMTHF產(chǎn)率均達到較高值.繼續(xù)延長反應(yīng)時間,5-HMF轉(zhuǎn)化率幾乎不再變化,但DHMTHF產(chǎn)率有所下降.這是由于反應(yīng)時間過長,生成的DHMTHF會在催化劑表面繼續(xù)發(fā)生氫解等副反應(yīng),造成產(chǎn)率下降.在相同條件下比較了載體對催化性能的影響,如圖6(b)所示.比較實驗結(jié)果可見,Ru-B/SiO2-NH2上5-HMF轉(zhuǎn)化率和DHMTHF產(chǎn)率均優(yōu)于Ru-B/SiO2.這可歸因于載體表面胺基對金屬的高分散作用.

采用2%(質(zhì)量分數(shù))Ru-B/SiO2-NH2為催化劑,2-丁醇為溶劑,在100 ℃,0.34 MPa,800 r·min-1的條件下,考察了催化劑質(zhì)量對催化性能的影響,如圖7(a)所示.當催化劑質(zhì)量由0.2 g增加到0.5 g時,DHMTHF產(chǎn)率明顯增加.繼續(xù)增加催化劑質(zhì)量到0.6 g時,DHMTHF產(chǎn)率略有降低,這是由于催化劑過量導致氫解副反應(yīng)的發(fā)生.接下來優(yōu)選催化劑用量為0.5 g,考察了Ru負載量對催化性能的影響,結(jié)果如圖7(b)所示.隨著Ru負載量的提高,催化活性顯著提高,這可歸因于Ru的用量增大.繼續(xù)增加Ru負載量到2.5%(質(zhì)量分數(shù))時,DHMTHF產(chǎn)率開始下降,這可能是由于高Ru負載量時金屬分散度下降所致.采用0.5 g 2.0%Ru-B/SiO2-NH2為催化劑,2-丁醇為溶劑,在2.76 MPa,800 r·min-1的條件下,考察了反應(yīng)溫度對催化性能的影響,結(jié)果如圖7(c)所示.隨著反應(yīng)溫度的提高反應(yīng)活性增加,當反應(yīng)溫度為160 ℃時,DHMTHF產(chǎn)率達到87%.繼續(xù)增加反應(yīng)溫度到180 ℃,DHMTHF產(chǎn)率略有下降,這是由于高溫有利于氫解副反應(yīng)所致.與目前報道的催化劑相比,當前催化體系可以在更為溫和的條件下獲得較好的催化活性和選擇性.在優(yōu)化的反應(yīng)的條件下(160 ℃,2.76 MPa),考察了0.5 g 2.0% Ru-B/SiO2-NH2催化劑的穩(wěn)定性,結(jié)果如圖7(d)所示.

該催化劑循環(huán)使用3次沒有發(fā)生顯著的催化性能下降.當套用第4次之后,5-HMF轉(zhuǎn)化率和DHMTHF產(chǎn)率均明顯下降.這是由于5-HMF加氫反應(yīng)是一個強放熱反應(yīng),在長時間的反應(yīng)過程中Ru-B非晶態(tài)合金納米顆粒發(fā)生團聚,造成活性下降,如圖8所示.

3 結(jié) 論

運用多種表征技術(shù)證實本實驗室已成功地制備了介孔SiO2并在其表面修飾了胺基,以上述胺基功能化的介孔SiO2為載體,采用等體積浸漬法制備了負載型Ru-B非晶態(tài)合金納米顆粒催化劑,用于有機相5-HMF完全加氫制DHMTHF的反應(yīng).通過制備參數(shù)和反應(yīng)條件的優(yōu)化,篩選出最優(yōu)條件,得到了催化活性和選擇性較好的催化劑體系和反應(yīng)條件,并能重復使用3次以上.研究結(jié)果表明該催化劑具有良好的應(yīng)用潛力.

參考文獻:

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[2]???? ZHAO P,CUI H,ZHANG Y,et al.Synergetic effect of Br?nsted/Lewis acid sites and water on the catalytic dehydration of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by heteropolyacid-based ionic hybrids [J].Chemistry Open,2018,7(10):824-832.

[3]???? HAYASHI E,YAMAGUCHI Y,KAMATA K,et al.Effect of MnO2 crystal structure on aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid [J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2019,141(2): 890-900.

[4]???? LI X L,ZHANG K,CHEN S Y,et al.Cobalt catalyst for reductive etherification of 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural to 2,5-bis(methoxymethyl) furan under mild conditions [J].Green Chemistry,2018,20(5):1095-1105.

[5]???? FACHRI B A,ABDILLA R M,RASRENDRA C B,et al.Experimental and modeling studies on the acid-catalyzed conversion of inulin to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in water [J].Chemical Engineering Research & Design,2016,109:65-75.

[6]???? SARAVANAN K,PARK K S,JEON S,et al.Aqueous phase synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose over large pore mesoporous zirconium phosphates:effect of calcination temperature [J].ACS Omega,2018,3(1):808-820.

[7]???? BHAUMIK P,CHOU H J,LEE L C,et al.Chemical transformation for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production from saccharides using molten salt system [J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering,2018,6(5):5712-5717.

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[10]???? LIMA S,CHADWICK D,HELLGARDT K.Towards sustainable hydrogenation of 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural:a two-stage continuous process in aqueous media over RANEY?catalysts [J].RSC Advances,2017,7(50):31401-31407.

[11]???? KONG X,ZHENG R,ZHU Y,et al.Rational design of Ni-based catalysts derived from hydrotalcite for selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural [J].Green Chemistry,2015,17(4):2504-2514.

[12]???? ZHENG D,CAO X N,WANG X.Precise formation of a hollow carbon nitride structure with a janus surface to promote water splitting by photoredox catalysis [J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2016,55(38):11512-11516.

[13]???? WANG M,F(xiàn)ENG B,LI H,et al.Controlled assembly of hierarchical metal catalysts with enhanced performances [J].CheM,2019,5(4):805-837.

(責任編輯:郁 慧,顧浩然)

收稿日期: 2019-11-19

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金面上項目(21972093)

作者簡介: 藍梓桀(1992—),男,碩士研究生,主要從事生物質(zhì)能源的催化轉(zhuǎn)化方面的研究.E-mail:lanzijie@outlook.com

通信作者: 李 輝(1974—),男,教授,主要從事多相催化方面的研究.E-mail: lihui@shnu.edu.cn

引用格式: 藍梓桀,王聰,李輝.構(gòu)筑釕基納米催化劑用于5-羥甲基糠醛加氫制2,5-二羥甲基四氫呋喃 [J].上海師范大學學報(自然科學版),2020,49(2):151-157.

Citation format:?LAN Z J,WANG C,LI H.Synthesis of Ru-based nanocatalyst for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural hydrogenation to 2,5-dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran [J].Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Sciences),2020,49(2):151-157.

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