楊濤春 羅堯治
摘 要: 爆炸超壓是描述爆炸荷載的重要指標(biāo),不同方法的超壓計(jì)算結(jié)果具有較高的離散性。通過分析試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)圖表擬合確定入射超壓與反射超壓關(guān)系的反射系數(shù)計(jì)算式,搜集轉(zhuǎn)化得到大量爆炸超壓理論計(jì)算公式與爆炸試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),從而對(duì)爆炸超壓在不同比例距離下的分布特征進(jìn)行分析。研究結(jié)果表明:當(dāng)比例距離小于0.5? m/kg1/3時(shí),爆炸超壓概率密度服從指數(shù)分布;當(dāng)比例距離大于0.5? m/kg1/3時(shí),爆炸超壓概率密度服從正態(tài)分布。當(dāng)比例距離小于0.5? m/kg1/3時(shí),爆炸超壓變異系數(shù)達(dá)最大值1,比例距離在1.5~6.0? m/kg1/3之間時(shí),變異系數(shù)較小,在0.13~0.2? m/kg1/3之間;反射超壓變異系數(shù)較入射超壓略大。依據(jù)不同比例距離下爆炸超壓分布期望數(shù)據(jù),擬合得到爆炸超壓的計(jì)算公式與具有95%保證率條件下的爆炸超壓分布范圍計(jì)算公式。
關(guān)鍵詞: 爆炸超壓;比例距離;變異系數(shù);分布特征
中圖分類號(hào):TU312? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A? ?文章編號(hào):2096-6717(2020)02-0115-10
Distribution characteristic and determination of overpressure for blast resistant study of buildings
Yang Taochun1,2, Luo Yaozhi1
(1.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027,P.R.China; 2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R.China)
Abstract: Explosion overpressure is an important indicator to describe blast load.And the results obtained by different methods have high discreteness.Based on this, the reflection coefficient formula of the relationship between incident overpressure and reflection overpressure is determined firstly by analyzing the experimental data chart fitting.Then a large number of theoretical calculation formulas and explosion test data were collected and transformed to analyze the distribution characteristics of explosion overpressure at different proportional distances.The results show that the probability density of explosion overpressure obeys exponential distribution when the scaled distance less than 0.5? m/kg1/3.And obeys normal distribution when the scaled distance greater than 0.5 m/kg1/3.The variation coefficient reaches the maximum value 1 when the scaled distance less than 0.5 m/kg1/3.While variation coefficient is in the range of 0.13 to 0.2 when the scaled distance within the range of 1.5 m/kg1/3 to 6 m/kg1/3.The variation coefficient of reflect overpressure is a little bigger than that of incident overpressure.According to the expected data of explosion overpressure distribution at different proportional distances, the calculation formula of explosion overpressure and the calculation formula of explosion overpressure distribution range with 95% guarantee rate are obtained by fitting.
Keywords: explosion overpressure; scale distance; variation coefficient; distribution characteristic
隨著恐怖襲擊事件和偶然爆炸事故的不斷發(fā)生,建筑結(jié)構(gòu)防爆、抗爆研究已成為土木工程領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)問題,特別是從“9·11”事件以來,世界多國(guó)學(xué)者已開展很多相關(guān)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的抗爆研究工作,如爆炸荷載、結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力響應(yīng)、破壞模式及簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算、抗爆分析方法及抗爆加固措施等,得出很多非常有意義的結(jié)論,對(duì)指導(dǎo)工程結(jié)構(gòu)防爆、抗爆安全有重要參考價(jià)值。
在搜集的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)中,既有垂直入射數(shù)據(jù),也有非垂直入射數(shù)據(jù),為分析數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)一和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性,僅保留垂直入射的數(shù)據(jù),即上述數(shù)據(jù)共計(jì)125組。而在這125組試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)中,有的僅有入射超壓,有的僅有反射超壓,入射超壓與反射超壓同時(shí)存在的只有11組,對(duì)于同批試驗(yàn),有22組數(shù)據(jù)存在較大差異,在分析中未考慮,因此,實(shí)際使用的試驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)有103組。
分析爆炸超壓計(jì)算公式發(fā)現(xiàn),入射超壓的計(jì)算公式主要有兩種形式,如式(4)、式(5)所示,在每個(gè)公式中,均存在3個(gè)待定系數(shù)。其中,式(4)通過爆炸力學(xué)理論求得,并通過試驗(yàn)確定相關(guān)系數(shù),此方法在已有入射超壓的計(jì)算公式中得到更多應(yīng)用,式(5)主要通過試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)擬合而得,在入射超壓的計(jì)算公式中也有一定應(yīng)用。對(duì)于統(tǒng)計(jì)的僅有入射超壓或反射超壓的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),通過反射系數(shù)式(2)和入射超壓計(jì)算公式可得到該組試驗(yàn)條件下的相關(guān)入射超壓公式和反射超壓相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),為分析得到爆炸超壓的概率分布特征提供統(tǒng)計(jì)樣本。
P0= a Z + b Z2 + c Z3? (4)
P0=d·Ze+f (5)
式中:Z為比例距離。
2 超壓分布特征
基于統(tǒng)計(jì)的爆炸超壓數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)不同比例距離下的離散超壓值進(jìn)行分析,畫出對(duì)應(yīng)不同比例距離的超壓分布直方圖,結(jié)合超壓直方圖分布特征,并通過K-S檢驗(yàn)和Lilliefors檢驗(yàn)分別開展不同比例距離下的超壓概率分布擬合優(yōu)度檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)比例距離小于0.5 m/kg1/3時(shí),入射超壓和反射超壓分布均服從指數(shù)分布,當(dāng)比例距離大于0.5 m/kg1/3時(shí),超壓分布均服從正態(tài)分布。在確定概率分布模型基礎(chǔ)上,計(jì)算得到不同比例距離條件下的超壓均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的極大似然估計(jì)值,同時(shí),得到超壓均值在95%保證率條件下的置信區(qū)間,如表2、表3所示,從而得到不同比例距離下的超壓分布概率密度曲線,如圖4、圖5所示(指數(shù)分布和正態(tài)分布各兩組)。從表2、表3中可以看出,比例距離較小時(shí),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差最大,超壓分布越分散。
為對(duì)比不同比例距離條件下入射超壓與反射超壓的分散程度,通過表2、表3中超壓期望和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的極大似然估計(jì)值得到超壓分布的變異系數(shù),如圖6所示。從圖6可以看出,比例距離小于0.5 m/kg1/3時(shí),超壓變異系數(shù)達(dá)到最大,為指數(shù)分布的常值1;當(dāng)比例距離約在1.5~6 m/kg1/3之間時(shí),得益于較多的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),變異系數(shù)較小,在0.13~0.2之間,且反射超壓的變異系數(shù)較入射超壓略大。
3 爆炸超壓公式確定
根據(jù)表2、表3中超壓期望的極大似然估計(jì)值,可得到入射超壓和反射超壓95%置信區(qū)間上、下限隨比例距離的變化關(guān)系,分別如圖7、圖8所示,因不同比例距離的超壓值相差較大,故將比例距離分3段分別繪制,從圖中也可看出超壓分散程度隨比例距離的變化趨勢(shì),比例距離越小,超壓分布越分散。取比例距離和超壓值的自然對(duì)數(shù),再通過最小二乘法對(duì)自然對(duì)數(shù)超壓進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)式擬合,如圖9、圖10所示,入射超壓和反射超壓擬合曲線的回歸系數(shù)均大于0.99,最終得到入射超壓的計(jì)算公式為
ln P0=0.158 3ln2Z-2.342ln Z-0.097 7 (6)
入射超壓95%置信區(qū)間上、下限的計(jì)算公式為
ln P0=0.214 9ln2Z-2.486 7ln Z+0.071 1(上限) (7)
ln P0=0.111 1ln2Z-2.242 8ln Z-0.250 6(下限) (8)
同理,可得到反射超壓的計(jì)算公式為
ln Pr=0.208 7ln2Z-2.926 3ln Z+1.564 7 (9)
反射超壓95%置信區(qū)間上、下限的計(jì)算公式為
ln Pr=0.264 3ln2Z-3.065 2ln Z+1.751 2(上限) (10)
ln Pr=0.162ln2Z-2.833 9ln Z+1.389 8(下限) (11)
其中,比例距離Z在0.1~15 m/kg1/3范圍內(nèi)。
4 結(jié)論
通過搜集文獻(xiàn)獲取大量爆炸超壓的試驗(yàn)與理論數(shù)據(jù),并從不確定性角度出發(fā),研究了爆炸超壓的概率分布特征,主要得到以下結(jié)論:
1)爆炸超壓試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)受炸藥類型、當(dāng)量、形狀及試驗(yàn)環(huán)境等因素影響明顯,超壓分布具有較高的離散性,且試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)多以小當(dāng)量炸藥為主,比例距離多集中于0.4~2.0 m/kg1/3之間。
2)基于試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),針對(duì)垂直入射情況擬合給出反射系數(shù)公式,并得到根據(jù)入射超壓獲取反射超壓的計(jì)算公式。
3)比例距離小于0.5 m/kg1/3時(shí),爆炸超壓概率密度服從指數(shù)分布;比例距離大于0.5 m/kg1/3時(shí),爆炸超壓概率密度服從正態(tài)分布。
4)比例距離小于0.5 m/kg1/3時(shí),爆炸超壓變異系數(shù)達(dá)最大值1;比例距離約在1.5~6 m/kg1/3間時(shí),變異系數(shù)較小,在0.13~0.2之間;反射超壓變異系數(shù)較入射超壓略大。
5)根據(jù)不同比例距離下爆炸超壓分布期望數(shù)據(jù),擬合得到爆炸超壓的計(jì)算公式與具有95%保證率條件下的超壓分布范圍計(jì)算公式。
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(編輯 胡玥)
收稿日期:2019-05-15
基金項(xiàng)目:? 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(51608229);山東省高??蒲邪l(fā)展計(jì)劃(J18KA206)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:? 楊濤春(1983- ),男,副教授,博士,主要從事爆炸災(zāi)害分析評(píng)估研究,E-mail:yangtaochun@126.com。
Received: 2019-05-15
Foundation items:? National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51608229); Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (No. J18KA206).
Author brief:? Yang Taochun (1983- ), associate professor, PhD, main research interest: anlysis and assessment of explosion disaster, E-mail: yangtaochun@126.com.