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額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)晚石炭-晚二疊世地層沉積學(xué)和年代學(xué)研究及其構(gòu)造背景分析*

2020-05-08 05:09杜一濱張焱杰徐備楊振寧王志偉王智慧
巖石學(xué)報(bào) 2020年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:礫巖紫紅色鋯石

杜一濱 張焱杰 徐備** 楊振寧 王志偉 王智慧

1. 河北地質(zhì)大學(xué)區(qū)域地質(zhì)與成礦作用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,石家莊 0500312. 河北地質(zhì)大學(xué)資源學(xué)院,石家莊 050031

中國(guó)北方中部的北山-額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)是連接西部天山造山帶與東部興蒙造山帶的紐帶,也是理解古亞洲洋形成、演化和消亡的重要地區(qū)(Lietal., 2009;任紀(jì)舜等,2013;Xiaoetal., 2015),對(duì)其構(gòu)造演化的認(rèn)識(shí)一直有不同觀點(diǎn)。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,古亞洲洋的閉合發(fā)生于中-晚泥盆世,之后進(jìn)入大規(guī)模的陸內(nèi)伸展演化階段,地殼性質(zhì)屬于拉張型過渡殼(何國(guó)琦和李茂松,2004),從石炭紀(jì)到二疊紀(jì)以發(fā)育裂谷和有限洋盆為特征(左國(guó)朝和何國(guó)琦,1990;Zuoetal., 1991;吳泰然和何國(guó)琦,1993;Xiaetal., 2008, 2012;Xuetal., 2013; 徐學(xué)義等, 2006, 2008)。另一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為古亞洲洋的俯沖一直持續(xù)到二疊紀(jì)末期,發(fā)育多期溝弧盆體系和加積楔(Xiaoetal., 2010)。

額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)出露較完整的晚古生代地層(內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局,1991),是研究興蒙造山帶演化過程的理想地區(qū)。近年來在晚古生代古地理格局研究方面,提出了隆起與坳陷相伴生的構(gòu)造格局,并揭示了其對(duì)沉積相帶和油氣地質(zhì)條件的控制(盧進(jìn)才等,2011,2012,2017a,2018)。另一方面,通過鋯石年代學(xué)測(cè)試,對(duì)銀額盆地西南緣北山及北緣紅石山地區(qū)原早石炭世火山巖進(jìn)行了重新厘定,揭示了一批晚石炭世-中二疊世火山巖,使得該時(shí)期火山作用的年代格架更為清晰(盧進(jìn)才等,2013;牛亞卓等,2013,2018a;陳高潮等,2016)。銀額盆地西南緣甘肅北山的地層格架及全盆地的層序地層學(xué)研究也取得長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展,查明北山南部下石炭統(tǒng)到中二疊統(tǒng)為基本連續(xù)的沉積層序,代表由小型斷陷海盆發(fā)育為大型裂谷盆地的演化過程(Niuetal., 2018;牛亞卓等,2018b;盧進(jìn)才等,2018)。

為了進(jìn)一步解釋額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)沉積古地理特征并與甘肅北山進(jìn)行沉積古地理對(duì)比,需要對(duì)與晚石炭世-二疊紀(jì)火山巖交替產(chǎn)出的沉積巖系開展精細(xì)研究,查明多期次巖漿活動(dòng)與沉積作用的過程,揭示隆起與坳陷伴生的構(gòu)造格局對(duì)沉積作用的控制和火山物質(zhì)、造山帶及古老基底剝蝕物質(zhì)等不同物源對(duì)于沉積體系的貢獻(xiàn)。因此本文選擇額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)的3個(gè)典型露頭區(qū),在實(shí)測(cè)沉積地層剖面基礎(chǔ)上,分析沉積相及其古地理,并通過碎屑鋯石定年方法推測(cè)地層形成時(shí)代、查明不同物源對(duì)于沉積體系的貢獻(xiàn),以便準(zhǔn)確分析晚石炭世-晚二疊世額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)的構(gòu)造背景。

1 區(qū)域構(gòu)造背景

研究區(qū)屬于天山-興蒙造山帶中段(圖1a),可劃分為4個(gè)構(gòu)造單元(圖1b),從北到南依次為黑鷹山-額濟(jì)納旗坳陷帶、馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶、紅柳泉-巴丹吉林坳陷帶和敦煌-阿拉善隆起帶(郝海洋,2013;盧進(jìn)才等,2018)。黑鷹山-額濟(jì)納旗坳陷帶南以明水-公路井?dāng)嗔褳榻?,北至中蒙邊境,向西延入新疆的北天山,東段延入蒙古國(guó)境內(nèi)。帶內(nèi)發(fā)育早古生代造山帶的奧陶紀(jì)及泥盆紀(jì)地層,并于晚泥盆世之后進(jìn)入板內(nèi)演化階段(徐學(xué)義等,2008)。晚石炭世-晚二疊世發(fā)育裂陷盆地,形成濱淺海相碎屑巖建造及雙峰式火山巖組合(陳高潮等,2016)。

圖1 研究區(qū)大地構(gòu)造位置(a)、構(gòu)造單元?dú)w屬(b)及地質(zhì)圖(c)(據(jù)盧進(jìn)才等,2018)

馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶南界為石板井-小黃山斷裂,北界為明水-公路井?dāng)嗔?,西與中天山隆起相連,向東延入蒙古國(guó)。該隆起帶可能由多個(gè)不連續(xù)的“微陸塊”形成隆-坳相間的古地貌構(gòu)架,從西向東依次有馬鬃山古陸、賽汗陶來古陸及切刀古陸等古老基底(盧進(jìn)才等,2012,2017a),例如在切刀東部亞干地區(qū)花崗質(zhì)片麻巖中獲得了916±16Ma的鋯石年齡,表明該區(qū)屬于青白口紀(jì)的變質(zhì)巖系(王濤等,2001)。石炭紀(jì)-二疊紀(jì)該帶發(fā)育多期花崗質(zhì)巖漿侵入活動(dòng);晚二疊世晚期發(fā)育淺海相碎屑巖、碳酸鹽巖和火山-沉積建造。

紅柳泉-巴丹吉林坳陷帶以牛圈子-洗腸井?dāng)嗔押投鞲駹枮跆K斷裂為北界,孤山-紅柳泉斷裂及雅布賴哈拉烏山斷裂為南界。坳陷帶內(nèi)發(fā)育于石炭-二疊紀(jì)地層,石炭系主要為碎屑巖建造及含火山巖碎屑-碳酸鹽建造;二疊系主要為海相碎屑巖及海相碳酸鹽巖建造;宗乃山到沙拉扎山發(fā)育晚二疊世輝長(zhǎng)巖-二長(zhǎng)花崗巖組合的雙峰式侵入巖。

敦煌-阿拉善隆起帶出露大量前寒武紀(jì)基底。西部阿爾金山北緣至敦煌西南主要出露米蘭巖群和敦煌巖群,新元古界蓋層由碎屑巖-碳酸鹽巖建造組成(劉永順等,2009)。顯生宙期間還記錄了早古生代巖漿-變質(zhì)作用及晚古生代巖漿作用(趙燕,2017)。東部阿拉善-狼山隆起帶整體呈現(xiàn)出向南突出的弧形,結(jié)晶基底為中太古代迭布斯格巖群和古元古代阿拉善巖群,沉積蓋層有中-新元古界碎屑巖-碳酸鹽巖建造,并發(fā)育多期巖漿活動(dòng)(內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局,1991)。

2 晚古生代沉積學(xué)研究

研究區(qū)位于額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū),分別涉及紅石山-額濟(jì)納旗坳陷帶和馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶。具體包括大狐貍山地區(qū)上石炭-下二疊統(tǒng)干泉組下段、額濟(jì)納旗東北八道橋二疊系、額濟(jì)納旗埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)二疊紀(jì)埋汗哈達(dá)組和嘎順扎德蓋地區(qū)中二疊統(tǒng)哈爾蘇海組等4個(gè)實(shí)測(cè)剖面,代表銀額盆地北緣晚石炭世到中二疊世典型沉積層序(圖1c)。

(1)大狐貍山地區(qū)上石炭統(tǒng)-下二疊統(tǒng)干泉組下段(圖1c中的D1剖面)

前人研究將甘泉組分為下段碎屑巖和上段火山巖,本剖面屬于下段,位于嘎順淖爾西部大狐貍山附近,共15層(圖2),總厚度494m(起點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N42°22′00″、E100°4′57″;終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N42°21′36″E100°4′45″),其層序如下:

閃長(zhǎng)玢巖侵入

15. 黑色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 119.7m

14. 青灰色細(xì)礫巖夾細(xì)砂、粉砂巖 20.9m

13. 黑色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 69.9m

12. 青灰色中砂巖、細(xì)砂巖、粉砂巖 29.6m

11. 黑色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 42.5m

10. 泥巖夾細(xì)-中砂巖 48m

閃長(zhǎng)玢巖侵入 10m

9. 紫紅色礫巖 2.2m

8. 黑色細(xì)砂巖與粉砂巖互層 16.6m

7. 黑色泥巖 18.7m

6. 黑色粉砂巖與中、細(xì)砂巖互層 21.6m

5. 黑色細(xì)砂巖與黃綠色粉砂巖互層 13.0m

圖2 額濟(jì)納旗大狐貍山地區(qū)干泉組沉積相綜合柱狀圖

4. 黑色泥質(zhì)粉砂巖夾黃褐色細(xì)砂巖 15.9m

閃長(zhǎng)玢巖侵入 3m

3. 黑色粉砂巖 7.2m

2. 含礫中、粗砂巖 20.2m

1. 灰綠色和黑色細(xì)砂巖 18m

---------未見底----------

根據(jù)巖性組合、沉積構(gòu)造等特征,將干泉組下段分為濱海相、前三角洲相和三角洲前緣相等三種沉積相類型(圖2):

濱海相由剖面1~6層組成,厚約95.6m,由灰黑色中厚層粗砂巖、細(xì)砂巖的韻律組成(圖2a),單個(gè)韻律厚約0.5~1m,砂巖中發(fā)育水平紋層(圖2b)、小型低角度斜層理;3~6層為片理化黑色、黃綠色細(xì)砂巖、粉砂巖互層層序,厚約57.7m,水平紋層發(fā)育。上述沉積構(gòu)造表明這些碎屑巖應(yīng)形成于水動(dòng)力較強(qiáng)、分選作用較好且物質(zhì)供應(yīng)較充分的濱海環(huán)境。

前三角洲相由黑灰色厚層泥巖及粉砂巖組成(圖2c),包括剖面的7、10、11、13和15層,各層厚度幾十米或百米,呈塊狀構(gòu)造,內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)均一,未見沉積層理,反應(yīng)低能環(huán)境,符合前三角洲相的特征(陳建強(qiáng)等,2004;安慰等,2012)。

三角洲前緣相為剖面的8~9層、12層及14層,厚度分別為18.8m、29.6m和20.9m,其共同特征是紫紅色含礫砂巖、砂巖及粉砂巖構(gòu)成旋回,單個(gè)旋回厚約1~3m,總體表現(xiàn)為向上粒度加粗、厚度加大的趨勢(shì)。砂巖可分凝灰質(zhì)砂巖和含礫砂巖兩類,前者具中細(xì)粒結(jié)構(gòu),碎屑顆粒為長(zhǎng)石和石英及少量泥巖巖屑,后者均為透鏡狀不連續(xù)分布,呈微正地形,其底部可達(dá)礫巖并與下伏泥巖呈突變或下切關(guān)系,其中的礫石多為黑色泥礫,呈不規(guī)則狀或扁平狀,長(zhǎng)軸約3~5cm,無分選,定向排列(圖2d)。這種泥礫的出現(xiàn)是由水流侵蝕下伏地層所造成,是三角洲水道砂巖的標(biāo)志。因此,這些粗碎屑層序應(yīng)歸為三角洲前緣。

本剖面地層發(fā)育三次從前三角洲相到三角洲前緣相的旋回,具有向上粒度變粗的特征,屬于由三角洲快速供應(yīng)為主的近岸濱海帶沉積環(huán)境。

(2)額濟(jì)納旗東北八道橋二疊系剖面(圖1c中的B2剖面)

1:20萬地質(zhì)調(diào)查(甘肅省地質(zhì)局地質(zhì)力學(xué)區(qū)調(diào)隊(duì),1981(1)甘肅省地質(zhì)局地質(zhì)力學(xué)區(qū)域測(cè)量隊(duì). 1979. 六駝山幅1:20萬區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查報(bào)告)顯示該區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)為一套火山-碎屑巖建造,呈北東向展布,可分上、下段。下段為沉積巖段,包括粗礫巖、中礫巖、細(xì)礫巖、粗砂巖夾少量薄層細(xì)砂巖;上段為火山碎屑巖段,巖石組合主要為厚層英安質(zhì)-流紋質(zhì)凝灰?guī)r夾沉凝灰?guī)r,顯示多個(gè)噴發(fā)旋回。本研究主要對(duì)八道橋下二疊統(tǒng)碎屑巖段進(jìn)行了剖面實(shí)測(cè)(圖3),共31層,總厚度543m(起點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N42°3′33″、E101°21′29″;終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N42°3′11″ E101°22′17″),其層序如下:

上覆地層:八道橋下二疊統(tǒng)火山巖段

-------整合-------

31. 紫紅色砂巖與泥巖互層 17m

30. 紫紅色粗砂巖夾礫巖 14.4m

29. 紫紅色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 15.7m

28. 紫紅色礫巖-砂巖-泥巖韻律 17.5m

27. 紫紅色礫巖夾砂巖 22.6m

26. 紫紅色粉-細(xì)砂巖、紫紅色粉砂巖 27m

25. 青灰色含礫中砂巖 14.2m

24. 紫紅色中-粉砂巖韻律 14.2m

23. 紫紅色細(xì)-中礫巖 2.7m

22. 灰綠色砂巖與礫巖互層 5.3m

灰綠色閃長(zhǎng)玢巖侵入 10m

21. 灰綠色細(xì)粒巖 9.7m

20. 紫紅色細(xì)砂巖與粗砂巖互層 15.9m

19. 青灰色礫巖與砂巖互層 28.3m

18. 青灰色礫巖與粗砂巖互層 44.3m

17. 青灰色含礫粗砂巖-青灰色礫巖 4.4m

16. 紅褐色礫巖-細(xì)砂巖韻律 13.3m

15. 紫紅色細(xì)砂巖夾青灰色礫巖 26.6m

14. 紅褐色-青灰色礫巖 7.7m

13. 砂巖夾礫巖 22.3m

12. 青灰色-紅褐色礫巖 18.6m

11. 紫紅色砂巖夾礫巖 8.4m

10. 紫紅色-灰黑色礫巖 8.0m

9. 青灰色礫巖-紅褐色細(xì)砂巖韻律 7.1m

8. 紫紅色礫巖與細(xì)砂互層 23.9m

7. 青灰色砂巖夾礫巖 25.2m

6. 紅褐色礫巖 17.3m

5. 青灰色礫巖 13.3m

4. 黑色粉砂巖 9.7m

第四紀(jì)沉積物 35m

3. 青灰色礫巖與紫紅色粗砂巖互層 23.9m

2. 青灰色礫巖與中-粗砂巖互層 22.6m

1. 灰綠色凝灰?guī)r 42m

---------未見底----------

圖3 額濟(jì)納旗八道橋地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)沉積相綜合柱狀圖

剖面由巨厚的紫紅色礫巖、砂巖多次重復(fù)組成旋回,各旋回的厚度變化于10~50m,以厚層礫巖為底形成多個(gè)正韻律(圖3a)。礫石分選、磨圓度均差(圖3b),成分復(fù)雜,包括大理巖、燧石、石英巖、鈣質(zhì)粉砂巖礫石(圖3c)。砂巖多為中厚層狀或薄層狀,具不平行不連續(xù)層理(圖3d)。碎屑呈次棱角狀,分選較差,雜基支撐,鐵質(zhì)及鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)。上述特征表明該層序形成于干旱條件下的快速沉積,屬陸相洪沖積環(huán)境產(chǎn)物。

(3)阿拉善右旗埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)二疊紀(jì)埋汗哈達(dá)組剖面(圖1c中的M1剖面)

剖面位于內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)阿拉善左旗筍布爾鄉(xiāng)埋汗哈達(dá)附近,不整合于志留紀(jì)園包山組之上。剖面共20層(圖4),總厚度484.9m(起點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N41°44′38″、E102°54′48″;終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N41°44′8″ E102°54′10″),其層序如下:

上覆地層:阿其德組

------整合------

灰綠色閃長(zhǎng)玢巖 10m

20. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖 28.9m

19. 灰綠色泥巖與黃褐色細(xì)砂巖互層 23.9m

18. 褐紅色石英砂巖 9.4m

17. 青灰色泥巖 52.1m

16. 青灰色泥巖夾中砂巖 62.8m

15. 紫紅色粉砂巖與黃褐、青灰色泥巖互層 62.8m

14. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖 30.2m

13. 紫紅色石英砂巖與泥巖互層 18.8m

12. 紫紅色泥巖夾青灰色灰?guī)r透鏡體 12.6m

11. 青灰色泥巖與粉砂巖互層 20.7m

10. 青灰色生物碎屑灰?guī)r 0.6m

9. 青灰色粉砂巖與泥巖互層 5.0m

8. 紫紅色生物碎屑灰?guī)r 1.3m

圖4 阿拉善右旗埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)埋汗哈達(dá)組沉積相綜合柱狀圖

7. 紫紅色石英砂巖、紫紅色石英砂巖夾黃褐色砂巖 23.9m

6. 灰綠色中砂-紅褐色細(xì)砂-灰綠色泥巖體層 28.3m

5. 青灰色泥巖與紅褐色泥巖互層、青灰色泥巖 55.3m

4. 青灰色灰?guī)r 3.1m

3. 灰綠色泥巖粉砂巖互層 20.1m

2. 青灰色灰?guī)r 5.0m

1. 褐紅色礫巖、褐紅色中-細(xì)礫巖 10.1m

~~~~~~~~~角度不整合~~~~~~~~

下伏地層:志留系園包山組

根據(jù)巖性組合、沉積構(gòu)造等特征,將埋汗哈達(dá)組從下向上分為洪沖積相、濱海瀉湖相和濱海相等三種類型。它們構(gòu)成一個(gè)從陸相到海相變化的沉積序列(圖4):

洪沖積相即剖面第1層巨厚紫紅色礫巖-砂巖旋回(圖4a),底部不整合于志留系園包山組濁積巖之上。礫巖呈塊狀構(gòu)造,層厚不穩(wěn)定但稍具韻律變化,礫石成分有粉砂巖、凝灰質(zhì)砂巖、石英巖等,無分選,磨圓好;砂巖為具塊狀層理的含礫長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖。根據(jù)這些礫巖和砂巖的顏色、沉積構(gòu)造、成份、結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度及其與下伏地層的不整合關(guān)系判斷,這些礫巖應(yīng)屬洪沖積相,代表新的沉積旋回開始。

圖5 額濟(jì)納旗嘎順扎德蓋地區(qū)上二疊統(tǒng)哈爾蘇海組沉積相綜合柱狀圖

濱海瀉湖相由2~6層、8~13層以及15~17層組成,以紫紅色粉砂、泥互層韻律層理為特征;粉砂巖具水平紋層(圖4b),泥巖為塊狀構(gòu)造;7~11層粉砂巖中夾有兩層紫紅色白云巖(2m和1m),12層紫紅色泥巖中也夾有透鏡狀白云巖,其內(nèi)均含有大量生物碎屑(以海百合莖和腕足類最多,其次為腹足類、苔蘚蟲等)和巖屑(圖4c)。這些特征表明沉積環(huán)境不是正常流通的海相環(huán)境,而可能是干旱氣候條件下半封閉的濱海瀉湖環(huán)境。15~17層為紫紅色薄層粉砂巖、泥巖韻律狀互層,厚層泥巖具有細(xì)紋層。第17層為厚層泥巖,呈塊狀構(gòu)造,內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)均一,成分為極細(xì)的火山灰物質(zhì),代表水動(dòng)力條件較弱的瀉湖環(huán)境。

濱海相由剖面的地7、14及18~20層組成,為青灰色砂巖及砂巖、泥巖韻律層(圖4d),發(fā)育水平層理,表明沉積環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)為水動(dòng)力較強(qiáng)的濱海相。

(4)晚二疊世哈爾蘇海組(圖1c中的M3剖面)

哈爾蘇海組主要出露于銀額盆地北緣的洪果爾山地區(qū),與埋汗哈達(dá)組未見直接接觸。本次該組實(shí)測(cè)剖面分30層(圖5),總厚度487.9m(起點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N41°49′12″、E102°53′25″;終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo):N41°49′40″ E102°53′34″),其層序如下:

------未見頂------

30. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖夾粗砂巖 5.7m

29. 灰綠色粉砂巖與泥質(zhì)粉砂巖互層 9.0m

28. 灰黑色粗砂巖-灰綠色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖韻律 9.3m

27. 灰綠色細(xì)砂巖與粉砂巖互層 14.7m

26. 青灰色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 15.8m

第四系沉積物 7m

25. 灰黑色粉砂巖與青灰色細(xì)砂巖互層 12.8m

24. 淺灰綠色中-細(xì)砂巖-粉砂巖韻律 11.7m

第四紀(jì)沉積物 57m

23. 灰綠色細(xì)砂巖-泥質(zhì)粉砂巖韻律 26.4m

22. 灰綠色粉砂巖與灰色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 11.7m

21. 灰綠色粉砂巖-粉砂質(zhì)泥巖韻律層 14.2m

20. 粉砂巖與粉砂質(zhì)泥巖互層 13.6m

19. 灰綠色細(xì)砂巖-粉砂質(zhì)泥巖韻律層 19.6m

18. 灰綠色細(xì)砂與粉砂巖互層 5.4m

17. 灰綠色粉砂巖與細(xì)砂巖互層 29.4m

16. 青灰色粉砂巖 10.3m

15. 青灰色砂屑灰?guī)r 12.5m

14. 青灰色泥質(zhì)粉砂巖與粉-細(xì)砂巖互層 31.6m

13. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖與粉砂巖互層 40.3m

12. 青灰色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 14.2m

11. 泥質(zhì)粉砂巖、粉砂質(zhì)泥巖夾細(xì)砂巖 12.5m

10. 青灰色泥質(zhì)粉砂巖、粉砂質(zhì)泥巖互層 41.9m

9. 青灰色泥質(zhì)粉砂巖與粉砂質(zhì)泥巖互層 32.1m

8. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖與粉砂巖互層 10.3m

7. 青灰色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖 9.3m

6. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖和粉砂巖韻律層 10.9m

5. 青灰色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖夾粉-細(xì)砂巖 25m

4. 泥質(zhì)粉砂巖夾粉砂巖 39.2m

3. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖 15.2m

2. 青灰色薄層狀粉砂巖與細(xì)砂巖互層 31.6m

1. 青灰色細(xì)砂巖與粉砂巖互層 10.9m

------未見底------

該組層序總體為青灰色砂巖泥巖韻律層(圖5a),雖厚度巨大,但變化單調(diào)。單個(gè)韻律厚度為1~5m左右,局部夾灰?guī)r透鏡體。砂巖為塊狀構(gòu)造,中細(xì)粒碎屑結(jié)構(gòu),雜基含量較少;多層砂巖發(fā)育水平紋層和交錯(cuò)層理(圖5b, c),在14層出現(xiàn)波痕構(gòu)造(圖5d),這些沉積構(gòu)造表明該組形成于水動(dòng)力較強(qiáng)的濱海沉積環(huán)境。

3 晚古生代年代學(xué)研究

3.1 樣品概況

為了準(zhǔn)確約束銀額盆地北緣石炭-二疊系地層的年代學(xué)特征,筆者對(duì)大狐貍山地區(qū)晚石炭-早二疊統(tǒng)干泉組、八道橋地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)、埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)埋汗哈達(dá)組和上二疊統(tǒng)哈爾蘇海組的碎屑巖進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的鋯石U-Pb定年研究。

樣品D1-23為巖屑砂巖,采于干泉組下段D1剖面的第14層,鏡下觀察,碎屑物直徑在0.2~1.0mm之間,分選性較差,磨圓度呈次棱角狀-次圓狀。樣品中的雜基含量約為5%,呈孔隙式膠結(jié),以泥質(zhì)膠結(jié)為主,結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度中等(圖6a)。樣品中石英約占30%,巖屑約占60%,巖屑主要為火山巖巖屑及泥巖巖屑。

樣品B2-7為巖屑石英砂巖,采于八道橋地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)B1剖面的第31層,鏡下觀察,碎屑物直徑在0.05~0.3mm之間,分選性差,磨圓度較差。樣品中的雜基含量約為5%,呈接觸式膠結(jié),以鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)為主,結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度中等(圖6b)。樣品中石英約占60%,巖屑約占20%,長(zhǎng)石約占10%,樣品中常見次生方解石、綠泥石等礦物。

樣品M1-12為長(zhǎng)石雜砂巖,采于埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)上二疊統(tǒng)埋汗哈達(dá)組M1剖面的第20層,鏡下觀察,碎屑物直徑在0.05~0.3mm之間,分選性中等,磨圓度較差。樣品中的雜基含量約為15%,呈基底式膠結(jié),以硅質(zhì)膠結(jié)為主(圖6c)。樣品中長(zhǎng)石約占65%,石英約占15%。

樣品M3-31為長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖,采于埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)哈爾蘇海組M3剖面的第30層,鏡下觀察,碎屑物直徑在0.1~0.2mm之間,磨圓度呈次棱角狀。樣品中的雜基含量約為10%,呈基底式膠結(jié),以鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)為主,結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度中等(圖6d)。樣品中石英約占55%,長(zhǎng)石約占20%,巖屑約占10%,含少量白云母。

3.2 測(cè)試方法

鋯石分選在廊坊誠(chéng)信地質(zhì)技術(shù)服務(wù)公司進(jìn)行。經(jīng)過粗碎、細(xì)碎,過篩、浮選、重液選、磁選、介電分離等過程完成重礦物挑選,之后在雙目顯微鏡下挑選鋯石單礦物。挑選出的鋯石顆粒經(jīng)環(huán)氧樹脂澆鑄、打磨、拋光,最后制成厚5~6mm、直徑約2.54cm的圓形靶。利用光學(xué)顯微鏡對(duì)樣品靶進(jìn)行透射光與反射光圖像拍攝,利用掃描電子顯微鏡對(duì)樣品靶拍攝陰極發(fā)光圖像(圖7),并依據(jù)樣品靶的透射光、反射光和陰極發(fā)光圖像選取晶形較好,無明顯裂痕、包裹體的鋯石顆粒進(jìn)行測(cè)試。

圖6 鋯石年代學(xué)樣品鏡下照片

圖7 部分碎屑鋯石陰極發(fā)光(CL)圖像

鋯石微量元素及U-Pb同位素年代學(xué)測(cè)試在河北地質(zhì)大學(xué)區(qū)域地質(zhì)與成礦作用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。激光剝蝕系統(tǒng)采用搭載Laurin Technic S155樣品池和GeoStarμGISTM軟件的澳大利亞RESOlution-LR型高能量ArF2準(zhǔn)分子激光剝蝕系統(tǒng),質(zhì)譜儀為美國(guó)賽默飛iCAP RQ型等離子體質(zhì)譜儀。激光剝蝕條件為:激光束斑直徑29μm,激光能量密度3J/cm2,剝蝕頻率8Hz。剝蝕前采集10s的空白,隨后進(jìn)行40s的樣品剝蝕,剝蝕完成后進(jìn)行20s的吹掃。載氣使用高純度氦氣,氣流量為0.6L/min;輔助氣為Ar氣,氣流量為0.8L/min。使用國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石91500作為外部標(biāo)樣進(jìn)行同位素比值校正,國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石GJ-1和Ple?ovice作為監(jiān)控盲樣。元素含量以國(guó)際標(biāo)樣NIST610為外標(biāo),Si為內(nèi)標(biāo)元素進(jìn)行計(jì)算,NIST612作為監(jiān)控盲樣。測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)采用Iolite(試用版)軟件進(jìn)行同位素比值及元素含量的計(jì)算(Patonetal., 2010),測(cè)試精度以2σ表示。樣品的U-Pb年齡諧和圖繪制、年齡權(quán)重平均計(jì)算及年齡概率分布圖等均采用Isoplot 3.0 (Ludwig, 2003)完成。

表1 額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)鋯石年代學(xué)LA-ICP-MS測(cè)試結(jié)果

Table 1 Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating results for in Ejin Banner area

測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年齡1σ年齡1σ年齡1σConcord.B2-7八道橋巖屑石英砂巖-12762091.320.05420.00200.34530.01290.04640.00073898030110292497%-25182152.400.05260.00200.32600.01200.04530.0007309812879286499%-31531191.280.07370.00171.65220.04290.16260.0020103146990169711198%-41271271.000.05520.00230.33140.01330.04370.00064209129110276494%-51231231.000.05680.00280.33320.01510.04300.000648310729212272492%-61671461.150.04990.00250.30410.01580.04420.000819111227012279596%-74139140.450.05740.00100.66040.01310.08360.0010506395158518699%-83562301.550.05850.00330.36500.02370.04510.001154612431618284789%-91643850.430.07520.00141.97480.04270.19040.002310763611071511231398%-102011581.270.05080.00200.32780.01290.04690.00062328928810296497%-111011380.730.06040.00290.69200.03830.08220.00126209753423509795%-121101041.060.10290.00184.47900.09780.31520.003616773317271817661897%-132271961.160.06820.00220.77870.02700.08270.00108766958515512686%-147562952.560.05170.00160.31750.00950.04470.0005333702807282399%-152472550.970.12260.00215.97350.11070.35320.003719943419721619501798%-161091410.770.05400.00190.59240.02240.07930.00093698447214492595%-17751000.750.05110.00230.34820.01720.04920.00062567530313310497%-18206952.160.05750.00390.36870.02760.04640.001350914831920292891%-192391831.300.05450.00220.35330.01520.04670.00063918930711294495%-201911311.450.05380.00280.33350.01730.04520.000736111929213285497%-2166341.950.06000.00600.36810.03360.04570.001160621831825288789%-221071190.900.05240.00250.31720.01440.04420.000730610728011279499%-2382681.190.05380.00360.33900.02210.04600.000836114729617290597%-243433850.890.05630.00150.37480.01060.04830.0008461573238304593%-2596791.220.05610.00300.35620.02060.04580.000845712030915289593%-262193420.640.05640.00150.64670.01760.08310.00104655750611515698%-2767561.190.05400.00370.33680.02370.04570.000936915429518288697%-2819138522.250.05170.00110.30870.00740.04320.0005333502736273399%-29814470.180.05600.00130.66670.01580.08640.00134541851910534897%-301341271.060.05330.00270.32390.01570.04440.000633911528512280498%-311321131.170.05540.00280.34120.01910.04440.000742811529814280493%-323123780.820.05360.00140.36400.00960.04920.0006367573157309498%-331461051.390.05530.00290.32730.01580.04330.000643314928812274495%-344475030.890.05110.00130.32900.00920.04650.0006256592897293498%-351261241.020.04930.00220.29240.01370.04290.000516110626011271396%-364555770.790.05810.00120.50800.01100.06340.0008600514177396594%-37911500.610.05880.00170.64390.02100.07920.00105676050513491697%-382512331.070.05020.00190.32690.01160.04760.0008211822879300595%-3941530.780.05700.00380.61950.04000.07940.001450014249025493899%-401211101.090.05090.00260.31390.01580.04490.000723911727712283497%-411961301.510.05440.00210.33050.01240.04430.0007391852909279496%-421361870.730.05230.00160.32730.01010.04560.0006298682888287499%-431132020.560.05340.00200.33410.01360.04530.00053468729310285397%-4479741.060.04850.00260.29080.01530.04390.000812413125912277593%-4516110380.160.07250.00091.58560.02170.15860.00111000259659949698%-461941071.810.05130.00200.31380.01220.04470.0006254882779282498%-47811430.570.05730.00180.53500.01600.06820.00105027043511425697%-482281811.260.05110.00170.31200.01040.04450.0006243762768281398%-491125860.190.05530.00100.64680.01380.08500.0012433415079526796%

續(xù)表1Continued Table 1測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年齡1σ年齡1σ年齡1σConcord.-5077761.010.05870.00220.63850.02500.07920.00115547950116491697%-511731261.380.05270.00250.31090.01450.04300.000631710727511272398%-521281221.050.04960.00270.30280.01640.04440.000617612626913280495%-532444510.540.05160.00110.32690.00900.04580.0007333502877289599%-541091810.600.06870.00141.51280.03330.15970.00169004193613955997%-553091831.690.05090.00210.32070.01340.04580.00052359428210289397%-562412670.910.05010.00160.30860.01100.04450.0005198742739281397%-572221291.720.05100.00210.31220.01300.04460.00062399427610281498%-58811370.590.05190.00190.35300.01270.04950.00072808330710312498%-59781480.530.04910.00180.30150.01200.04460.0006150872689281495%-601832370.770.06990.00141.49180.03210.15490.001892843927139281099%-611151670.690.05310.00230.31930.01320.04390.00063459628110277498%-622921901.540.05300.00180.32750.01130.04500.0005328782889283398%-631814310.420.15720.00199.45890.18490.43550.006524282023841823302997%-641261360.920.05160.00190.30940.01100.04370.0006333822749276499%-651723940.440.05600.00130.33520.00780.04350.0005450502936274393%-661661561.070.05350.00180.32760.01050.04460.0005350812888281397%-671743110.560.04970.00140.30310.00840.04430.0005189602697279396%-683221801.790.05100.00190.31940.01280.04540.00072438928110286498%-691332130.620.05600.00130.52850.01280.06850.0008454194318427599%D1-23干泉組巖屑砂巖-14924990.990.05230.00130.41500.01100.05730.0006302563528359498%-261690.880.05580.00270.44050.02130.05750.000944310737115360597%-31281740.730.05270.00170.39920.01360.05490.00073177634110345598%-41442420.590.05220.00150.43070.01260.06010.0009300603649376696%-5961470.650.05430.00200.51360.02210.06890.001638781421154291098%-63896450.600.06600.00111.21610.02300.13370.00148073580811809899%-71121600.700.05420.00220.42900.01740.05770.00073899536212362499%-8641050.610.05230.00210.52640.02050.07370.00122989042914458793%-9681010.670.05860.00220.68090.02780.08400.00105507752717520698%-101652680.620.05390.00150.44810.01310.06030.0006369633769377499%-113355170.650.05440.00130.43580.01150.05820.0007387543678364599%-121342520.530.05730.00180.46080.01520.05830.00075067038511365494%-131771840.960.05220.00190.38450.01480.05340.00062958333011335498%-142963580.830.05330.00150.39080.01060.05340.0006339953358335499%-154354810.900.05310.00110.39900.00970.05440.0007332463417342599%-164782941.630.05820.00260.42540.01940.05290.00065399636014333492%-171662840.580.05280.00150.40940.01260.05620.0007320673489352498%-182113290.640.05460.00140.43270.01170.05750.0008398573658360598%-19611290.470.05550.00240.44610.01910.05860.00094359237513367697%-201652030.810.05400.00180.39510.01420.05290.00063728133810332498%-211873390.550.05700.00220.42170.01720.05360.00085008335712336593%-222891921.500.05310.00170.38830.01320.05310.000733210633310334499%-23621330.470.06100.00250.65440.02940.07780.00116398751118483794%-241953150.620.05790.00190.49340.01790.06180.00105287240712386694%-253094000.770.05240.00140.40760.01150.05640.0008302593478354598%-261342990.450.05710.00200.50710.01990.06440.00134947841613402896%-271371830.750.05620.00220.45160.01860.05810.00074618737813364496%-283534470.790.05340.00120.41080.01030.05570.0006346523497349399%-29801200.670.05690.00240.48870.02080.06250.00084879740414391596%

續(xù)表1Continued Table 1測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年齡1σ年齡1σ年齡1σConcord.-30441040.420.05340.00320.41230.02560.05610.000734613435118352499%-313734260.880.05490.00130.40390.00970.05350.0007409543447336497%-325977450.800.05910.00120.42750.00950.05240.0006572443617329490%-3359620.950.05450.00350.39140.02460.05320.001039114433518334699%-342963990.740.05490.00140.44690.01180.05920.0007409573758371598%-351332570.520.05350.00180.40660.01460.05510.00073507434611346499%-362163520.610.05930.00150.64920.01740.07930.00095895650811492596%-371001350.740.05960.00210.58270.02100.07100.00105877646613442694%-381222150.570.04990.00170.40920.01390.05970.00081917834810374592%-391452020.720.05310.00150.44490.01370.06070.00083326537410380598%-404703271.440.05240.00160.36710.01240.05070.0007302703179319499%-412183260.670.05450.00120.40580.00940.05410.0006394503467339498%-423593950.910.05350.00150.39190.01200.05320.0008350633369334599%-4331700.450.05810.00210.67530.02320.08490.00126008052414525799%-441571760.890.05660.00180.49390.01560.06350.00084767040811397597%-451312240.590.05300.00160.40420.01330.05520.00073326934510346499%-46591260.470.05580.00200.53410.02210.06910.00104437843515431699%-471271380.920.05720.00210.45640.01650.05810.00074988138212364495%-483212541.260.05600.00150.39550.01190.05120.0006450593389322494%-491282620.490.05710.00140.54130.01430.06870.0008494524399428597%-501851431.300.06710.00151.20670.02940.13040.00148404680414790898%-511841940.950.05610.00170.44450.01380.05760.00094576737310361696%-521523310.460.05530.00120.41040.01000.05380.0008433483497338596%-531111440.770.04970.00260.34580.01700.05060.000718312030213318594%-541922870.670.05480.00150.38590.01080.05100.0006406613318321496%-553335210.640.05580.00100.44670.00860.05800.0006456413756364496%-5651890.570.05960.00240.44300.01830.05390.00075918737213338490%-57401160.340.05230.00240.41430.01770.05790.000729810235213363496%-581451760.820.06160.00210.65610.02460.07710.001766172512154791093%-591972100.940.05440.00170.41650.01380.05540.00063876935410348498%-601392150.650.05560.00150.42890.01150.05590.0006435593628351496%-611262790.450.06140.00200.43640.01410.05160.00056546636810324387%-622204760.460.05320.00100.45000.00940.06140.0009345443777384598%-632284100.560.05210.00110.38640.01020.05350.0006300483327336498%-642113790.560.05410.00140.41230.01070.05530.0005372553518347398%-651944720.410.05450.00130.45410.01250.06050.0011391493809378799%M1-12埋汗哈達(dá)組長(zhǎng)石雜砂巖-160211360.530.05610.00110.34830.00700.04510.0005454443035284393%-25717620.750.05450.00160.35730.01110.04760.0007391653108300496%-33626880.530.05140.00100.32380.00800.04550.0006261462856287399%-45555201.070.05230.00120.33700.00810.04680.0007298452956295499%-55974801.240.05700.00160.36060.01100.04590.0007500633138289492%-615338301.850.05040.00100.33180.00730.04770.0006213442916300496%-793813280.710.05150.00090.33020.00670.04640.0006265342905292499%-82443670.670.05200.00120.34280.00860.04780.0006287542996301499%-959610750.550.05670.00140.37790.00950.04840.0009480523257305593%-10132510691.240.05450.00110.35950.00960.04760.0008394463127300596%-114463841.160.04950.00130.31620.00900.04630.0006169632797292495%-124846190.780.05200.00120.34430.00850.04800.0006287563006302499%-133995640.710.04980.00130.31820.00830.04640.0005183612806292395%

續(xù)表1Continued Table 1測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年齡1σ年齡1σ年齡1σConcord.-142925010.580.04980.00130.32660.00900.04760.0006187662877300495%-156065611.080.05160.00120.33200.00830.04670.0005333542916294398%-161982860.690.05180.00150.33560.01060.04690.0006280652948296499%-174565340.850.05610.00180.35120.01270.04540.00054577230610286393%-184344920.880.05200.00140.32740.00870.04580.0005287562887289399%-1961710520.590.04980.00100.32530.00760.04740.0005187462866299395%-209938461.170.06770.00320.42350.02210.04510.00068579435916285477%-211142140.530.05190.00190.33060.01140.04670.0006283852909294498%-225787620.760.05140.00100.32790.00800.04640.0007257462886292498%-236189140.680.05740.00160.35100.01250.04410.0005509563059278390%-248456491.300.05780.00190.35200.01430.04410.00095247230611278690%-257066591.070.05470.00130.34590.00920.04590.0005398523027289395%-262552341.090.05570.00160.34100.01100.04440.0005439652988280393%-273613411.060.05280.00130.34450.01020.04730.0007320623018298499%-281632560.640.05400.00180.33690.01210.04530.0006369712959285496%-293244320.750.05680.00190.34860.01150.04460.0005483723049281392%-307338790.830.05550.00140.36140.01070.04710.0007432563138297494%-313474720.730.05190.00140.32870.01110.04580.0009280612899289599%-323693341.100.04900.00140.29960.00870.04440.0005146652667280394%-3310826991.550.05290.00090.33040.00670.04520.0006324372905285398%-343643690.990.04990.00140.32540.00990.04730.0006191652868298496%-358158061.010.05610.00140.36950.01170.04760.0007454563199300493%-362604660.560.05280.00160.33900.01120.04640.0005320702968292398%-374805270.910.05480.00120.35630.00870.04710.0007406503097297495%-386046770.890.05570.00130.33730.00820.04380.0005439562956277393%-394354231.030.05540.00130.37410.01060.04880.0007428563238307495%-404844441.090.05300.00140.34760.00910.04760.0005328273037300398%-413875780.670.05460.00130.34160.00940.04520.0005394562987285395%-425194511.150.05150.00130.33140.00900.04660.0005265562917293399%-438156211.310.05220.00100.31800.00590.04420.0004295422805279399%-443323171.050.05150.00150.32490.00980.04570.0006265692868288399%-454133531.170.05190.00140.33840.00930.04740.0007280612967298499%-463964900.810.05230.00140.34010.00960.04710.0006298642977297499%-471051610.650.05430.00210.35010.01350.04670.00063839230510294396%-485526970.790.05170.00110.31480.00700.04410.0006333422785278399%-492712950.920.05200.00150.35540.01150.04930.0007283653099310499%-50105811020.960.05280.00100.32340.00650.04430.0005320432845279398%-515914861.220.05180.00100.33190.00700.04650.0006276462915293499%-522883520.820.05190.00140.32810.00920.04580.0005280612887289399%-532532880.880.05460.00150.34440.01000.04560.0005398563008287395%-542772571.080.05540.00200.34640.01290.04520.00054287830210285394%-552354000.590.05340.00120.35960.00930.04880.0007346493127307598%-561913660.520.05750.00150.37230.00980.04710.0006509593217297492%-573644580.790.05340.00160.33400.01060.04530.0005346692938286397%-582154270.500.06650.00200.87440.04510.09230.002782058638245691688%M3-31哈爾蘇海組長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖-13306450.510.05530.00120.47000.01000.06150.0007433483917385498%-2921410.650.05780.00200.57610.01990.07220.00085247146213450597%-31783460.510.05800.00140.61710.01710.07690.00095285648811478597%-44496500.690.05440.00100.55370.01150.07400.0013387414478460897%

續(xù)表1Continued Table 1測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年齡1σ年齡1σ年齡1σConcord.-52372470.960.05680.00140.56750.01450.07250.0010483564569451698%-62143110.690.04860.00150.34720.01180.05180.0009132793039326592%-71342340.570.05900.00210.51380.02170.06260.00095698442115391592%-82502970.840.05230.00300.31120.02050.04310.001430213427516272996%-91081500.720.05370.00200.55160.01990.07510.00113678344613467795%-104284360.980.05710.00150.52750.01710.06670.00104985743011416696%-114264211.010.05170.00180.30840.01080.04320.0005276782738273399%-122343270.710.05380.00140.56300.01590.07630.00143615945310474895%-134164520.920.06120.00190.61000.02220.07180.00086566048414447592%-142843390.840.08930.00133.18310.05700.25830.003314102814531414811798%-151482260.660.05660.00140.54150.01360.06930.0007476474399432498%-161041540.670.05580.00160.57620.01740.07480.00094566046211465599%-174847530.640.05470.00100.54690.01360.07220.0010467364439449698%-182553490.730.06410.00170.55090.01480.06230.000574625644610389386%-1950611230.450.05220.00100.36860.00820.05110.0007295473196321499%-20911810.500.09030.00153.46310.07080.27790.004214313215191615812196%-211757050.250.09900.00202.50860.09200.18130.004716063712752710742682%-22651190.550.05150.00290.35070.01860.04970.000726512830514313497%-231081830.590.08980.00163.26760.06870.26350.003414213514731615081797%-241041770.590.05320.00190.39560.01470.05400.00093458033811339699%-251322030.650.05710.00190.59370.01940.07560.00104986847312470699%-261302170.600.05580.00140.54650.01640.07070.00104565644311440699%-272943330.880.05440.00110.56800.01390.07590.0014387464579471896%-282233090.720.09160.00153.28810.05940.26020.002714583614781414911499%-293313041.090.06190.00250.34330.01510.04010.00067338230011253483%-303144290.730.05370.00170.36800.01220.04970.0008367703189312598%-31771120.690.06680.00181.22350.03380.13280.00158335681115804999%-32846380.130.06930.00131.45310.02740.15240.001790934911119141099%-331552970.520.05860.00150.59560.01620.07390.00105545747410459696%-341401950.720.05020.00240.29780.01290.04340.000621111826510274498%-351071510.710.05090.00240.30290.01350.04330.000623910726911273498%-3686310140.850.05830.00130.56090.01650.06950.00105394445211433695%-371141340.850.08320.00520.48320.03180.04190.0007127312240022264459%-38884880.180.06910.00111.46560.02580.15360.00169026191611921999%-393156530.480.05360.00110.52170.01160.07050.0008354444268439597%-401512470.610.05560.00150.54490.01510.07100.00094395944210442599%-411513250.470.05090.00150.37010.01040.05290.0006235673208332496%-42561120.500.05820.00200.60330.02160.07490.00095397447914466597%-432934360.670.05430.00170.32420.00850.04350.0006383642857275498%-442954880.610.05820.00110.56640.01190.07050.0008539394568439596%-454987480.670.05630.00110.47010.00970.06060.0008465433917380596%-463026280.480.05540.00090.47080.00980.06150.0007428333927385598%-474644601.010.05740.00130.59260.01680.07510.00145065647311467898%-481671641.020.05620.00170.51410.01510.06650.00074616942110415498%-492733400.800.06500.00200.75070.02100.08420.00097766556912521591%-501492780.540.05470.00160.45840.01440.06070.00074676038310380499%-512543660.690.05390.00140.35750.01070.04820.0008365573108304593%-522963980.740.05580.00110.58480.01570.07570.00114561746810471699%-531532830.540.05220.00150.35290.01020.04920.0006295673078310398%-541701501.130.16550.00209.93780.26690.43430.009725122024292523254495%

續(xù)表1Continued Table 1測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)ThU(×10-6)Th/U207Pb/206Pb207Pb/235U206Pb/238U207Pb/206Pb (Ma)207Pb/235U (Ma)206Pb/238U (Ma)比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年齡1σ年齡1σ年齡1σConcord.-551312710.480.05850.00140.58970.01410.07340.0008546534719457596%-561131330.850.09230.00153.18950.06190.25050.002714733014551514411499%-57791510.530.08560.00132.86600.05170.24290.002913313113731414021597%-58671610.420.06020.00170.64380.01890.07770.00096099450512483595%-59735350.140.05520.00110.45260.01090.05950.0008420463798372598%-603215560.580.05580.00100.52400.01150.06810.000944384288425599%-61931730.540.05630.00190.57400.02030.07430.001046110646113462699%-622011181.690.07250.00151.67730.03730.16810.00249993710001410021399%-633033580.850.05700.00110.59830.01400.07600.0009500384769472699%-641752390.730.05420.00150.44370.01280.05940.0007389633739372499%-651522920.520.05510.00130.46810.01110.06170.0007417563908386499%-66831830.450.05540.00140.63610.01730.08330.00114285450011516796%-672222780.800.05670.00140.59050.01580.07560.00104804947110470699%-681672210.760.06080.00170.62720.01910.07450.00096356449412463693%-692753830.720.05910.00110.61450.01260.07530.0008572394868468596%-70911330.680.05310.00260.36540.01860.04980.000734511331614313497%

3.3 測(cè)試結(jié)果

選取的4個(gè)碎屑巖樣品鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像顯示晶形較好,多數(shù)呈長(zhǎng)柱狀,少數(shù)為短柱狀或橢圓狀,長(zhǎng)寬比變化較小,晶形基本為自形,晶面整潔光滑,多數(shù)鋯石發(fā)育震蕩環(huán)帶(圖7),鋯石的LA-ICPMS測(cè)試結(jié)果見表1。

自干泉組下段的粗砂巖樣品(D1-23)中選取65顆鋯石進(jìn)行測(cè)試,鋯石的Th/U范圍在0.34~1.63間,均為巖漿成因。碎屑鋯石年齡頻譜圖(圖8a)顯示,絕大部分年齡數(shù)據(jù)為古生代,僅有2顆800Ma的元古代鋯石;早古生代年齡數(shù)據(jù)顯示出520Ma、484Ma及428Ma三個(gè)較弱的峰值年齡;晚古生代年齡數(shù)據(jù)顯示出363Ma和336Ma三個(gè)較強(qiáng)的峰值年齡(圖8b)。另樣品中5顆最年輕鋯石給出的諧和年齡為321.5±3.2Ma(圖8a)。

圖8 碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡諧和圖及頻譜圖

自八道橋地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)的粗砂巖樣品(B2-7)選取69顆鋯石進(jìn)行測(cè)試,鋯石的Th/U范圍在0.16~2.56間,均為巖漿成因。碎屑鋯石年齡頻譜圖(圖8d)顯示,有少部分年齡數(shù)據(jù)為元古代,峰值年齡分別為900Ma、1700Ma及1900Ma,早古生代年齡數(shù)據(jù)具有513Ma、490Ma及424Ma三個(gè)較弱的峰值年齡;晚古生代年齡數(shù)據(jù)顯示出285Ma的主要峰值年齡及307Ma的次要峰值年齡,樣品中最年輕一組鋯石的諧和年齡為280.1±1.6Ma(圖8c)。

自埋汗哈達(dá)組青灰色細(xì)砂巖樣品(M1-12)選取56顆鋯石進(jìn)行測(cè)試,鋯石的Th/U范圍在0.5~1.85間,均為巖漿成因。碎屑鋯石年齡頻譜圖(圖8f)顯示,所有年齡數(shù)據(jù)為晚古生代,具有294Ma的主要峰值年齡及287Ma、280Ma的次要峰值年齡,樣品中9顆最年輕鋯石給出的諧和年齡為279.1±2.0Ma(圖8e)。

自哈爾蘇海組厚層細(xì)砂巖樣品(M3-31)中選取70顆鋯石進(jìn)行測(cè)試,鋯石的Th/U范圍在0.13~1.69間,均為巖漿成因。碎屑鋯石年齡頻譜圖(圖8h)顯示,有少部分年齡數(shù)據(jù)為元古代,峰值年齡分別為900Ma、1400Ma及2300Ma,早古生代年齡數(shù)據(jù)具有517Ma、468Ma及383Ma三個(gè)峰值年齡;晚古生代年齡數(shù)據(jù)顯示329Ma、311Ma及273Ma三個(gè)峰值年齡,樣品中最年輕的5顆給出的諧和年齡為273.5±3.4Ma(圖8g)。

圖9 研究區(qū)碎屑鋯石年齡圖譜對(duì)比

4 討論

4.1 地層形成時(shí)代

干泉組下段粗砂巖樣品(D1-23)給出最年輕的鋯石諧和年齡為321.5Ma,代表干泉組下段的沉積下限,該區(qū)干泉組上段火山巖年齡為305±3.9Ma(陳高潮等,2016),因此干泉組下段碎屑巖的沉積時(shí)代應(yīng)介于322~305Ma。八道橋地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)中粗砂巖樣品(B2-7)鋯石最年輕一組鋯石的諧和年齡為280.1±1.6Ma(圖8c), 代表了粗砂巖的沉積下限,即早二疊世晚期。侵入其的閃長(zhǎng)玢巖年代為268Ma(王志偉,未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù));故此區(qū)域的下二疊統(tǒng)的沉積時(shí)代應(yīng)介于280~268Ma。埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)埋汗哈達(dá)組細(xì)砂巖樣品(M1-12)的最年輕一組鋯石的諧和年齡為279.1±2.0Ma,其上阿其德組火山巖時(shí)代為270Ma (牛亞卓等,2018a),故埋汗哈達(dá)組沉積時(shí)代應(yīng)為279~270Ma。哈爾蘇海組樣品(M3-31)最年輕鋯石諧和年齡為273.5±3.4Ma,其中含晚二疊世苔蘚蟲化石,并在烏蘭敖包剖面獲得255.2±2.3Ma的流紋質(zhì)角礫熔巖年齡(盧進(jìn)才等,2012),故可將哈爾蘇海組時(shí)代限定為晚二疊世。

4.2 物源分析

干泉組樣品(D1-23)下段的粗砂巖主要給出了321~520Ma的鋯石年齡區(qū)間,但各有1顆809Ma和790Ma的鋯石(圖9a)。除最年輕的峰期代表年齡下限外,其余鋯石集中在428~520Ma 和336~373Ma兩個(gè)峰期,分別代表馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶北西邊緣古亞洲洋俯沖及其結(jié)束后伸展過程兩期巖漿活動(dòng)的記錄。例如王國(guó)強(qiáng)等(2014)對(duì)的研究揭示紅石山蛇綠巖可能為石炭紀(jì)與大陸裂谷有關(guān)的初始小洋盆,其形成時(shí)代為 346.6±2.8Ma,與336~373Ma的峰期符合;而428~520Ma的年齡區(qū)間與馬鬃山地區(qū)眾多早古生代巖漿活動(dòng)的年齡一致(Heetal., 2018),表明后者可能是前者的物源區(qū)。對(duì)于809Ma和790Ma的2顆鋯石,目前在該區(qū)沒有相應(yīng)的老地塊年齡報(bào)道,其地質(zhì)意義尚待研究。

馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶3個(gè)樣品的碎屑鋯石可分4期(圖9b-d)。第一期約為270~310Ma,包括埋汗哈達(dá)組細(xì)砂巖樣品(M1-12)記錄的3個(gè)連續(xù)峰期年齡即280Ma、287Ma和294Ma、八道橋地區(qū)下二疊統(tǒng)中粗砂巖樣品(B2-7)的年齡譜285 Ma、以及哈爾蘇海組樣品(D3-31)的峰值273~311Ma,顯然本期的碎屑鋯石均來自晚石炭世-中二疊世的多期巖漿活動(dòng)。第二期約為380~520Ma,見于B2-7和D3-31的碎屑鋯石年齡譜中,應(yīng)是早古生代古亞洲洋俯沖的巖漿活動(dòng)記錄,例如在研究區(qū)東北的英巴地區(qū),周印章等(2013)報(bào)道了417~433Ma的火山巖及花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖。第三期約為900~950Ma,它們可能來源于研究區(qū)以北雅干地區(qū)的含有元古代花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的古老基底(916±16Ma;王濤等,2001),以及英巴地區(qū)的元古代基底,其中發(fā)育長(zhǎng)英質(zhì)片麻巖和切穿片麻理的淡色花崗巖,后者形成年齡為905.2±6.1Ma(周印章等,2014)。第四期僅見于哈爾蘇海組的碎屑鋯石年齡譜中,時(shí)代為14~16億年,它們也可能來自英巴地區(qū)的前寒武紀(jì)長(zhǎng)英質(zhì)片麻巖,那里已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)2535~1093Ma的碎屑鋯石(周印章等,2013)。

4.3 構(gòu)造背景分析

牛亞卓等(2018b)通過5個(gè)剖面對(duì)銀額盆地西南部甘肅北山的晚石炭世-中二疊世進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的年代學(xué)及沉積古地理分析,指出存在著干泉、輝銅山兩個(gè)隆起區(qū)和獨(dú)山、紅柳園兩個(gè)裂谷盆地,它們控制了沉積作用和沉積環(huán)境。在干泉隆起區(qū),晚石炭世干泉組發(fā)育臺(tái)地及潮坪碳酸鹽沉積,其上為陸相火山巖;在輝銅山隆起區(qū),發(fā)育濱海臺(tái)地及河流相沉積。而在獨(dú)山和紅柳園裂谷盆地,均以巨厚層塊狀復(fù)成分、分選差的礫巖為主體建造,反映扇三角洲前緣特征。

本文研究區(qū)處于銀額盆地北緣黑鷹山-額濟(jì)納旗坳陷帶和馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶。在黑鷹山-額濟(jì)納旗坳陷帶東南緣的大狐貍山地區(qū),本文研究表明干泉組下段主要為前三角洲相和三角洲前緣相,反映了坳陷區(qū)邊緣晚石炭世海陸過渡相的快速沉積。其上為廣泛分布的干泉組上段雙峰式火山巖,代表晚石炭世的伸展過程(297~315Ma: 黨犇等,2013;盧進(jìn)才等,2013;299~309Ma: 牛亞卓等, 2013)。早二疊世雙堡塘組發(fā)育多個(gè)旋回的三角洲沉積,為持續(xù)的板內(nèi)裂谷伸展作用的沉積響應(yīng)。而在馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶,本文對(duì)八道橋地區(qū)剖面的研究揭示中二疊世沉積由巨厚陸相紫紅色洪沖積相組成,表明當(dāng)時(shí)處于陸相隆起區(qū)背景;而再向東的埋罕哈達(dá)組形成時(shí)代與八道橋地區(qū)基本一致,但出現(xiàn)瀉湖相沉積,表明沉積環(huán)境向東逐步加深,稍晚的哈爾蘇海組已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闉I海環(huán)境。綜上所述,銀額盆地北緣晚石炭世-早中二疊世的沉積學(xué)特征也揭示了隆起區(qū)與坳陷區(qū)截然不同的沉積古地理環(huán)境,表明這種“盆嶺構(gòu)造”對(duì)沉積作用和過程具有控制作用。

值得注意的是,沿天山-興蒙造山帶南緣,學(xué)者們已經(jīng)識(shí)別了一系列晚古生代的“盆嶺構(gòu)造”。例如,Wangetal. (2017)通過總結(jié)天山-柳園-阿拉善-華北北部二疊紀(jì)玄武巖時(shí)代和成因,提出二疊紀(jì)裂谷疊加在北方造山帶之上的構(gòu)造模式,其形成過程具有從西向東逐漸變年輕的趨勢(shì)。陳高潮等(2016)詳細(xì)研究了北山紅柳河和柳園地區(qū)早二疊世地層層序,恢復(fù)了一個(gè)在早古生代造山帶基底上發(fā)育的陸內(nèi)裂谷。夏林圻(2004, 2006, 2008)和徐學(xué)義等(2006, 2012)、Xiaetal. (2008, 2012)系統(tǒng)研究了我國(guó)天山地區(qū)的石炭紀(jì)-二疊紀(jì)巖漿巖,指出中國(guó)天山-興蒙造山帶疊加了以雙峰式火山活動(dòng)和花崗質(zhì)巖漿活動(dòng)為特征的廣泛的晚古生代裂谷作用。徐備等(2018)根據(jù)對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古中東部東烏旗至林西地區(qū)石炭-二疊紀(jì)沉積環(huán)境的研究,提出該區(qū)存在西烏盆地-達(dá)青隆起-林西盆地的盆嶺構(gòu)造格局。

上述對(duì)比研究表明,晚石炭世-二疊紀(jì)在天山-興蒙造山帶基底上廣泛發(fā)育以隆起和坳陷相間為特征的盆嶺構(gòu)造,導(dǎo)致形成不同的沉積古地理環(huán)境并控制沉積相帶的展布,識(shí)別這種古構(gòu)造格局對(duì)于追溯我國(guó)北方晚古生代沉積古地理具有重要意義。

5 結(jié)論

(1)大狐貍山地區(qū)干泉組下段碎屑巖系發(fā)育從前三角洲相到三角洲前緣相的三次旋回,其形成時(shí)代為322~305Ma,物源主要來自早石炭世巖漿活動(dòng)及早古生代造山帶,表明額濟(jì)納旗地區(qū)紅石山-額濟(jì)納旗坳陷帶形成于濱海三角洲沉積環(huán)境;

(2)八道橋地區(qū)的中二疊統(tǒng)屬于洪沖積相,沉積時(shí)代為280~268Ma;而再向東埋汗哈達(dá)地區(qū)的埋汗哈達(dá)組屬于瀉湖相,形成時(shí)代為279~270Ma;其上的哈爾蘇海組為濱海環(huán)境,形成于晚二疊世;上述特征說明馬鬃山-切刀隆起帶二疊世古地理環(huán)境為從陸相到濱海相;

(3)晚石炭世-二疊紀(jì)在天山-興蒙造山帶基底上廣泛發(fā)育以隆起和坳陷相間為特征的盆嶺構(gòu)造,導(dǎo)致形成不同的沉積古地理環(huán)境并控制沉積相帶的展布,識(shí)別這種古構(gòu)造格局對(duì)于追溯我國(guó)北方晚古生代沉積古地理具有重要意義。

致謝野外工作得到西安地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心盧進(jìn)才、牛亞卓、白建科、許偉、宋博等同行以及司機(jī)劉紅軍師傅的熱情幫助,在此表示衷心感謝!

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