文 / 李 健
(作者單位:南京市建筑市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督站)
我們已經(jīng)討論了FIDIC1999 建造合同文本Conditions of Contract for Construction 第18 條“保險(xiǎn)Insurance”子款18.1 General Requirements for Insurances “18.1 保險(xiǎn)的一般要求”翻譯中的語(yǔ)言及法律問(wèn)題。我們接下來(lái)討論其子款18.2 Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipment “18.2 工程和承包商設(shè)備保險(xiǎn)”。
原文1:The insuring Party shall insure the Works, Plant, Materials and Contractor’s Documents for not less than the full reinstatement cost including the costs of demolition, removal of debris and professional fees and profit. This insurance shall be effective from the date by which the evidence is to be submitted under sub-paragraph (a) of Sub-Clause 18.1 [General Requirements for Insurances], until the date of issue of the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works.
試譯:投保人應(yīng)當(dāng)為工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件辦理保險(xiǎn),保險(xiǎn)金額不得低于全部復(fù)原費(fèi)用,包括拆除、移除廢棄物的費(fèi)用及行業(yè)收費(fèi)和利潤(rùn)。從第18.1 款〔保險(xiǎn)的一般要求〕(a)項(xiàng)規(guī)定的提交證據(jù)之日起,至工程接收證書(shū)簽發(fā)之日,該保險(xiǎn)均應(yīng)當(dāng)保持有效。
點(diǎn)評(píng):1.先熟悉若干專業(yè)詞匯。Plant,工程設(shè)備;Contractor’s Documents,承包商文件;reinstatement,復(fù)原;reinstatement cost,復(fù)原費(fèi)用(后文replacement value,是“重置價(jià)值”的意思);demolition,拆除,爆破;removal,移除,運(yùn)走;debris,瓦礫堆,廢墟、碎片;professional fees and profit,行業(yè)收費(fèi)和利潤(rùn);the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works,工程接收證書(shū)。
2.本款是關(guān)于工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件保險(xiǎn)的規(guī)定。特別提示:這里的“承包商文件”是有專門含義的。工程、工程設(shè)備以及最終構(gòu)成工程一部分的材料,最后都會(huì)移交業(yè)主接收,我們有理由相信這里的“承包商文件”應(yīng)當(dāng)是那些由承包商形成而最終應(yīng)當(dāng)移交給業(yè)主的有關(guān)工程施工的文件?!俺邪涛募睂?duì)業(yè)主將來(lái)確切知道工程、工程設(shè)備的技術(shù)性能等意義重大。業(yè)主對(duì)這樣的“承包商文件”擁有利益,這和其對(duì)接收到的工程、工程設(shè)備、材料擁有利益一樣。事實(shí)上,1.1.6.1 “Contractor’s Documents” means the calculations, computer programs and other software, drawings, manuals, models and other documents of a technical nature (if any) supplied by the Contractor under the Contract。這些文件在業(yè)主接收之前,處在承包商的保管之下。在1.8 中,F(xiàn)IDIC 文本有這樣的規(guī)定—Each of the Contractor’s documents shall be in the custody and care of the Contractor, unless and until taken over by the Employer. 工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件等一旦移交給業(yè)主,則其上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(包括滅失風(fēng)險(xiǎn))也隨之轉(zhuǎn)移至業(yè)主。
3.經(jīng)由點(diǎn)評(píng)2,我們也就自然理解了該保險(xiǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)從提交保險(xiǎn)證據(jù)之日起至“工程接收證書(shū)”簽發(fā)之日the date of issue of the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works 保持有效,而不是至“履約證書(shū)”簽發(fā)之日the date of issue of the Performance Certificate 保持有效?!奥募s證書(shū)”的簽發(fā)確認(rèn)了承包商義務(wù)的最終完成時(shí)間,而“工程接收證書(shū)”的簽發(fā)則確認(rèn)了工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件等的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)間。
原文2:The insuring Party shall maintain this insurance to provide cover until the date of issue of the Performance Certificate, for loss or damage for which the Contractor is liable arising from a cause occurring prior to the issue of the Taking-Over Certificate, and for loss or damage caused by the Contractor in the course of any other operations (including those under Clause 11 [Defects Liability]).
試譯:在履約證書(shū)簽發(fā)之前,投保人應(yīng)當(dāng)確保該保險(xiǎn)用于彌補(bǔ)在工程接收證書(shū)簽發(fā)前發(fā)生的且應(yīng)由承包商負(fù)責(zé)的損失或損害,以及在其他任何操作(包括第11 條 〔缺陷責(zé)任〕下的那些)過(guò)程中由承包商引起的損失或損害。
點(diǎn)評(píng):1.本款是關(guān)于前述保險(xiǎn)的用途的規(guī)定,具體來(lái)說(shuō),回答了兩個(gè)問(wèn)題:一是對(duì)依據(jù)“提交證據(jù)之日起至工程接收證書(shū)簽發(fā)之日”有效的保險(xiǎn)合同而獲得的保險(xiǎn)賠償金用來(lái)干什么;二是應(yīng)當(dāng)確保在什么時(shí)點(diǎn)前實(shí)現(xiàn)該用途。
2.這是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句,其主干是—The insuring Party shall maintain this insurance to provide cover for loss or damage。投保人應(yīng)當(dāng)確保該保險(xiǎn)用于彌補(bǔ)損失或損害。這里provide cover,提供(一種)彌補(bǔ),cover 是名詞。其余的成分都是狀語(yǔ)或者其嵌套的定語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)或從句。
3.這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句翻譯起來(lái)有些困難。有文獻(xiàn)提供的譯文是—“應(yīng)投保方應(yīng)維持該保險(xiǎn)在直到頒發(fā)履約證書(shū)的日期為止的期間繼續(xù)有效,以便對(duì)承包商應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)的,由頒發(fā)接收證書(shū)前發(fā)生的某項(xiàng)原因引起的損失或損害,以及由承包商在任何其他作業(yè)(包括第11 條〔缺陷責(zé)任〕中的作業(yè))過(guò)程中造成的損失或損害,提供保險(xiǎn)?!边@是一個(gè)詰屈獠牙的中文譯文!甚至還有文獻(xiàn)譯成—“對(duì)于頒發(fā)接收證書(shū)前發(fā)生的由承包商負(fù)責(zé)的原因以及承包商在進(jìn)行任何其他作業(yè)(包括第11 條〔缺陷責(zé)任〕所規(guī)定的作業(yè))過(guò)程中造成的損失或損壞,保險(xiǎn)方應(yīng)將此類保險(xiǎn)的有效期延至履約證書(shū)頒發(fā)的日期?!边@兩個(gè)譯文,有一個(gè)共同錯(cuò)誤,都把保險(xiǎn)用途(provide cover)問(wèn)題譯成了保險(xiǎn)效力(be effective)問(wèn)題。
4.關(guān)于用途的范圍,從The insuring Party shall maintain this insurance to provide cover for loss or damage 來(lái)看,限于彌補(bǔ)loss or damage 損失或損害,不包括缺陷責(zé)任期內(nèi)承包商為修復(fù)缺陷而支出的費(fèi)用。根據(jù)本款內(nèi)容,缺陷責(zé)任期內(nèi)承包商為修復(fù)缺陷而支出的費(fèi)用,應(yīng)當(dāng)由承包商自行承擔(dān),與保險(xiǎn)賠償金的用途無(wú)關(guān)。
原文3:The insuring Party shall insure the Contractor’s Equipment for not less than the full replacement value, including delivery to Site. For each item of Contractor’s Equipment, the insurance shall be effective while it is being transported to the Site and until it is no longer required as Contractor’s Equipment.
試譯:投保人應(yīng)當(dāng)為承包商設(shè)備辦理保險(xiǎn),保險(xiǎn)金額不得低于全部重置價(jià)值,包括運(yùn)至現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的費(fèi)用。對(duì)承包商的每項(xiàng)設(shè)備,從運(yùn)往現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的過(guò)程起,直到其不再需要作為承包商設(shè)備為止,該保險(xiǎn)都應(yīng)當(dāng)保持有效。
點(diǎn)評(píng):1.這是關(guān)于承包商設(shè)備保險(xiǎn)的規(guī)定。
2.承包商設(shè)備the Contractor’s Equipment,與前文工程設(shè)備Plant 不同。工程設(shè)備Plant 將構(gòu)成工程的一部分,通常是永久的部分,根據(jù)民商法律領(lǐng)域的添附理論,應(yīng)當(dāng)屬于業(yè)主所有;當(dāng)承包商是Plant 的投保人The insuring Party 時(shí),可以認(rèn)為承包商是為業(yè)主的利益而投保的。但是,承包商設(shè)備the Contractor’s Equipment 則是承包商用以完成施工所需的設(shè)備,不是工程本身的一部分,當(dāng)承包商是the Contractor’s Equipment 的投保人時(shí),可以認(rèn)為承包商是為自己的利益而投保的。雖然理論上到底是業(yè)主還是承包商作為投保人是可以協(xié)商的,但通?!肮こ毯统邪淘O(shè)備保險(xiǎn)”的投保人都是承包商,即Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions, insurances under this Sub-Clause: (a) shall be effected and maintained by the Contractor as insuring Party。
3.特別提示:承包商設(shè)備保險(xiǎn)的生效時(shí)間起點(diǎn),不是設(shè)備運(yùn)到施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)delivery to Site 時(shí),而是設(shè)備開(kāi)始起運(yùn)時(shí)。也就是說(shuō),保險(xiǎn)覆蓋了設(shè)備“運(yùn)往”施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的整個(gè)過(guò)程中,直到其不再需要作為承包商設(shè)備為止,所以才會(huì)說(shuō)—For each item of Contractor’s Equipment, the insurance shall be effective “while it is being transported to the Site” and until it is no longer required as Contractor’s Equipment。
原文4:Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions, insurances under this Sub-Clause:… (d) shall also cover loss or damage to a part of the Works which is attributable to the use or occupation by the Employer of another part of the Works, and loss or damage from the risks listed in sub-paragraphs (c), (g) and (h) of Sub-Clause 17.3 [Employer’s Risks], excluding (in each case) risks which are not insurable at commercially reasonable terms, with deductibles per occurrence of not more than the amount stated in the Appendix to Tender (if an amount is not so stated, this subparagraph (d) shall not apply), and…
試譯:除非專用條款另有規(guī)定,本款規(guī)定的保險(xiǎn):……(d)還應(yīng)當(dāng)彌補(bǔ)由于業(yè)主使用或占用工程的一部分而對(duì)工程的另一部分造成的損失或損害,以及第17.3 款〔業(yè)主的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)〕(c)(g)及(h)項(xiàng)所列風(fēng)險(xiǎn)—不包括(各種情況下)那些在商業(yè)上合理的條件下不能進(jìn)行保險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)—所導(dǎo)致的損失或損害,每次發(fā)生事故時(shí)扣減項(xiàng)不大于投標(biāo)函附錄中注明的款額(如果沒(méi)有注明此類款額,本分項(xiàng)(d)不適用)……
點(diǎn)評(píng):此處我們選擇了FIDIC 文本原文中關(guān)于保險(xiǎn)范圍約定的一個(gè)子項(xiàng),列了兩種由業(yè)主原因引起的損失或損害,保險(xiǎn)賠償后,賠償金應(yīng)當(dāng)從業(yè)主所得支付中扣減(deductibles,扣減項(xiàng))給承包商。這一點(diǎn)我們可以從第17.3款〔業(yè)主的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)〕(c)(g)及(h)項(xiàng)所列風(fēng)險(xiǎn)內(nèi)容以及17.4 Consequences of Employer’s Risks〔業(yè)主風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的后果〕中看出—If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from rectifying this loss or damage, the Contractor shall give a further notice to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor’s Claims] to:… (a)an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed…, and (b) payment of any such Cost, which shall be included in the Contract Price。承包商可以就業(yè)主原因引起的損失或損害向業(yè)主索賠。
FIDIC 文本中“工程和承包商設(shè)備保險(xiǎn)”條款的其他內(nèi)容不再贅述,有興趣的讀者可以自行探索。