国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

文學(xué)里的江南年

2020-02-14 05:59余連祥
文化交流 2020年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:年糕豐子愷魯迅

余連祥

盡管我們生活的時(shí)代不同,生活的方式會(huì)有差異,年節(jié)的習(xí)俗會(huì)有變化,但過節(jié)時(shí)的歡樂與期待應(yīng)該是一致的。讓我們來看一下現(xiàn)代江南作家筆下的年味吧。

傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中,春節(jié)是最大的節(jié)日。童年在老家浙江桐鄉(xiāng)石門鎮(zhèn)過的春節(jié),給豐子愷留下了深刻的印象。他在《新年懷舊》和《過年》兩篇隨筆中,都詳細(xì)描述了童年時(shí)過春節(jié)的熱鬧情況。

請(qǐng)豐同裕染坊里的伙計(jì)吃年酒,似乎是豐家過年的“序幕”。染坊里的三個(gè)染匠司務(wù)是紹興人,按慣例,農(nóng)歷十二月十六日動(dòng)身回鄉(xiāng)過年。十五日,染坊里提早辦一桌年酒為他們送行。染坊習(xí)俗,年酒席上一只全雞的擺法大有講究:雞頭向著誰,誰就要被辭退。豐同裕里染坊里都是老伙計(jì),不需要辭退誰,故豐子愷母親非常小心,上菜時(shí)總要關(guān)照仆人,必須把雞頭向著空位。這也是童年豐子愷從母親這里接受的“愛的教育”。

過年從什么時(shí)候開始

不少地方過年是從吃臘八粥開始的。不過石門鎮(zhèn)一帶不吃臘八粥。過年往往從臘月廿三晚上送灶開始。豐子愷在《過年》中寫了豐家送灶的情景。在江南民間,灶君是一位具有喜劇色彩的神。江南人游戲鬼神的天性在對(duì)待灶君時(shí)發(fā)揮得淋漓盡致。灶君是玉皇大帝派駐每家每戶監(jiān)視善惡言行的。人們既供奉他,又善意地戲弄他。送灶時(shí)給灶君吃赤豆糯米飯,甚至拿一點(diǎn)糖塌餅來粘在他嘴上,就是要粘住他的嘴巴,免得他在玉皇大帝面前多嘴多舌講主人家的壞話。

魯迅在《送灶日漫筆》一文中說:“灶君升天的那日,街上還賣著一種糖,有柑子那么大小,在我們那里也有這東西,然而扁的,像一個(gè)厚厚的小烙餅。那就是所謂‘膠牙餳了。本意是在請(qǐng)?jiān)罹粤?,粘住他的牙,使他不能調(diào)嘴學(xué)舌,對(duì)玉帝說壞話?!?/p>

魯迅另有詩《庚子送灶即事》曰:“只雞膠牙糖,典衣供瓣香。家中無長(zhǎng)物,豈獨(dú)少黃羊?!?/p>

“黃羊”典出《后漢書·陰識(shí)傳》:“宣帝時(shí),陰子方者至孝有仁恩。臘日晨炊,而灶神形見,子方再拜受慶;家有黃羊,因以祀之。自是巳后,暴至巨富。至識(shí)三世,而遂繁昌,故后常以臘日祀灶而薦黃羊焉?!睆脑娋洹暗湟鹿┌晗恪眮硗茢?,周家家道中落,連按俗祭灶都要典當(dāng),自然無法增添厚禮“黃羊”了。

在豐子愷的老家石門一帶,準(zhǔn)備過年時(shí)的一件大事便是“打年糕”?!案狻迸c“高”諧音,吃年糕意味著“芝麻開花節(jié)節(jié)高”,日子一年比一年過得好。“打年糕”是一件比較麻煩的事,所以往往是幾家人合伙一起“打”。豐家卻是自家單獨(dú)請(qǐng)人來打的:

這糯米年糕又大又韌,自己不會(huì)打,必須請(qǐng)一個(gè)男工來幫忙。這男工大都是陸阿二,又名五阿二……兩枕“當(dāng)家年糕”,約有三尺長(zhǎng);此外許多較小的年糕,有兩尺長(zhǎng)的,有一尺長(zhǎng)的;還有紅糖年糕,白糖年糕,此外是元寶、百合、橘子等小擺設(shè),這些都是由母親和姐姐們?nèi)プ觥?/p>

江南習(xí)俗,臘月廿七夜祭“年菩薩”,除夕夜祭祖。豐家也是廿七夜祭“年菩薩”的。豐子愷在《過年》中寫道:

廿七夜過年,是個(gè)盛典。白天忙著燒祭品:豬頭、全雞、大魚、大肉,都是裝大盤子的。吃過夜飯之后,把兩張八仙桌接起來,上面供設(shè)“六神牌”,前面圍著大紅桌圍,擺著巨大的錫制的香爐蠟臺(tái)。桌上供著許多祭品,兩旁圍著年糕……這六神牌畫得非常精美,一共六版,每版上畫好幾個(gè)菩薩,佛、觀音、玉皇大帝、孔子、文昌帝君、魁星……都包括在內(nèi)。

“江南多淫祭”。所謂“年菩薩”,儒道釋都包括在內(nèi)。反正就祭這么一桌,把這些“年菩薩”都供全了,廣結(jié)善緣,何樂而不為?童年豐子愷感興趣的是家里還要祭“小年菩薩”。在大桌旁設(shè)兩張接長(zhǎng)的茶幾,供一位小年菩薩,用小香爐蠟臺(tái),設(shè)小盆祭品,竟像是小人國里過年。

廿七夜大人們忙著祭“年菩薩”,少兒們忙于放花炮。年前年后,少兒們的零花錢大都用于買花炮了。豐子愷和他的小伙伴們感興趣的是“雪炮、流星、金轉(zhuǎn)銀盤、水老鼠、萬花筒等好看的花炮”。

除夕夜,自然要祭祖和吃年夜飯。童年豐子愷對(duì)這些習(xí)俗興趣不大。他在《新年懷舊》中寫道:“大年夜的夜飯,我故意不吃飽。留些肚皮,用以享受夜間游樂中的小食,半夜里的暖鍋,和后半夜的接灶圓子。”

除夕夜,童年豐子愷感興趣的第二件事是“看放谷花”。正月里浙西人家招待客人,首先要為客人泡一碗糖茶,讓客人甜甜蜜蜜。糖茶里除了放糖外,還要放“鑊糍”或爆米花。豐子愷家也放爆米花,且是自家土法爆的。

大年初一見人說恭喜

大年初一,人人要圖吉祥,但“童言無忌”,一旦兒童脫口而出不吉利的話,總還是犯忌的。浙西人早有防備,即用擦屁股的“毛草紙”為孩子揩嘴。此俗有兩種用意:被擦過嘴的孩子,過去一年里說的不吉利的話或罵人的臟話等于放屁;新年里再亂說話,也等于放屁。童年豐子愷的興趣自然不是自己被大人揩,而是拿了老毛草紙去揩別人。

大年初一清晨,浙西的善男信女有“燒頭香”的習(xí)俗。能到附近的寺廟里“燒頭香”,可以保佑全家新年平安。

灶君臘月廿三上天,大年初一下凡。家家戶戶都要清晨接灶,灶臺(tái)上敬放新的灶君畫像,點(diǎn)上香燭跪拜。家家煮上一鍋圓子,盛一碗供奉灶君,其他則全家人吃,俗稱“接灶圓子”?!敖釉顖A子”洗沙餡,還要加糖,以祈新年甜甜蜜蜜。吃過圓子,可以再睡。大年初一睏晏覺,俗稱“焐蠶花”,可以保佑新年蠶事大熟,這大概可以算是一種巫術(shù)。豐子愷隨筆《新年懷舊》就寫了這些習(xí)俗:

夜半過后在時(shí)序上已經(jīng)是新年了;但在習(xí)慣上,這五六個(gè)小時(shí)還算是舊年。我們于后半夜結(jié)伴出門,各種商店統(tǒng)統(tǒng)開著,街上行人不絕,收賬的還是提著燈籠幢幢來往。但在一方面,燒頭香的善男信女,已經(jīng)攜著香燭向寺廟巡禮了。我們跟著收賬的,跟著燒香的,向全鎮(zhèn)亂跑。直到肚子跑餓,天將向曉,然后回到家里來吃接灶圓子,懷著明朝的大歡樂的希望而酣然就睡。

浙江鎮(zhèn)海人王魯彥在回憶性散文《開門炮》里回憶了兒時(shí)在故鄉(xiāng)的過年情景。由于父親長(zhǎng)年在外,“我”不能像別的孩子那樣,享受過年的快樂,經(jīng)常要代表父親祭祀和拜年,但無奈中也有樂趣。特別是有一年,父親回家來過年,還答應(yīng)了“我”的請(qǐng)求,年底買了六七個(gè)爆竹,讓我來放“開門炮”。散文回憶了大年初一清晨,開門出去,父親指點(diǎn)“我”放“開門炮”,又驚又喜,特別刺激。“這是什么樣的快樂!那一次元旦的早晨!一生中的那一個(gè)新年!”

周作人對(duì)于江南小城鎮(zhèn)習(xí)俗的文化記憶,主要為歲時(shí)習(xí)俗文化。其《兒童雜事詩》開頭三首,都是對(duì)兒時(shí)過新年的回憶。第一首《新年》:

新年拜歲換新衣,白襪花鞋樣樣齊。

小辮朝天紅線扎,分明一只小荸薺。

農(nóng)歷新年,孩子換上新衣,喜氣洋洋。紅線扎小辮,則為晚清特有的裝扮。

第二首《壓歲錢》:

昨夜新收壓歲錢,板方一百枕頭邊。

大街玩具商量買,先要金魚三腳蟾。

第三首《下鄉(xiāng)作客》:

下鄉(xiāng)作客拜新年,半日猴兒著小冠。

待得歸舟雙櫓動(dòng),打開帽盒吃桃纏。

清末民初的江南人家,“以舟為車,以楫為馬”。坐船去鄉(xiāng)下做客拜新年,臨別時(shí)親戚家會(huì)專門送給孩子糕點(diǎn)和水果。明明剛吃飽拜年酒,但歸舟櫓動(dòng),孩子們就迫不及待地打開“帽盒”,吃起桃纏來。大人們往往會(huì)嘲笑孩子“猴子不留隔夜飯”。

周作人在《祝福與過年》中,專門介紹舊時(shí)過年的情景。他引述《清嘉錄》中蘇州過年的熱鬧情景,進(jìn)而又引清代詩人蔡云詩曰:“三牲三果賽神虔,不說賽神說過年。一樣過年分早晚,聲聲聽取霸王鞭?!彼J(rèn)為浙東紹興祝福情形與吳地詩文中所說大同小異。普通紹興人家,把謝年與求福,混稱祝福。正月里則忙于拜年和請(qǐng)客。

對(duì)于過年的規(guī)矩,魯迅在回憶性散文《阿長(zhǎng)與山海經(jīng)》中,生動(dòng)地?cái)懥俗约旱谋D烽L(zhǎng)媽媽教給童年魯迅的一些年俗規(guī)矩:

但是她懂得許多規(guī)矩。這些規(guī)矩,也大概是我所不耐煩的。一年中最高興的時(shí)節(jié),自然要數(shù)除夕了。辭歲之后,從長(zhǎng)輩得到壓歲錢,紅紙包著,放在枕邊,只要過一宵,便可以隨意使用。睡在枕上,看著紅包,想到明天買來的小鼓、刀槍、泥人、糖菩薩……然而她進(jìn)來,又將一個(gè)福橘放在床頭了。

“哥兒,你牢牢記?。 彼龢O其鄭重地說。“明天是正月初一,清早一睜開眼睛,第一句話就得對(duì)我說:‘阿媽,恭喜恭喜!記得么?你要記著,這是一年的運(yùn)氣的事情。不許說別的話!說過之后,還得吃一點(diǎn)福橘?!彼帜闷鹉情僮觼碓谖业难矍皳u了兩搖,“那么,一年到頭,順順流流……?!?/p>

夢(mèng)里也記得元旦的,第二天醒得特別早,一醒,就要坐起來。她卻立刻伸出臂膊,一把將我按住。我驚異地看她時(shí),只見她惶急地看著我。

她又有所要求似的,搖著我的肩。我忽而記得了──

“阿媽,恭喜……?!?/p>

“恭喜恭喜!大家恭喜!真聰明!恭喜恭喜!”她于是十分喜歡似的,笑將起來,同時(shí)將一點(diǎn)冰冷的東西,塞在我的嘴里。我大吃一驚之后,也就忽而記得,這就是所謂福橘。元旦辟頭的磨難,總算已經(jīng)受完,可以下床玩耍去了。

魯迅的小說《祝?!?,寫“我”于送灶那天的夜里回到久別的故鄉(xiāng)魯鎮(zhèn),感受到了市鎮(zhèn)上迎新年的氣象:“灰白色的沉重的晚云中間時(shí)時(shí)發(fā)出閃光,接著一聲鈍響,是送灶的爆竹;近處燃放的可就更強(qiáng)烈了,震耳的大音還沒有息,空氣里已經(jīng)散滿了幽微的火藥香?!?/p>

江南有些大戶人家,宗族的祭祀活動(dòng)更為隆重。大宗族的祖上都為子孫后代留下了“祭田”,各家輪流主持宗族春節(jié)、清明和冬至的三節(jié)祭祀活動(dòng),“祭田”里收來的租谷開銷掉祭祀的費(fèi)用后還有積余。魯迅、周作人童年時(shí)的周家就是這么一個(gè)人丁興旺的大宗族。三十幾房共有一個(gè)祖先,所以魯迅他們這一房三十多年才輪到一回“祭祀的值年”。魯迅的小說《故鄉(xiāng)》就由母親說起閏土而回憶到了童年時(shí)周家主持宗族祭祀的盛況:

那時(shí)我的父親還在世,家景也好,我正是一個(gè)少爺。那一年,我家是一件大祭祀的值年。這祭祀,說是三十多年才能輪到一回,所以很鄭重;正月里供祖像,供品很多,祭器很講究,拜的人也很多,祭器也很要防偷去。我家只有一個(gè)忙月(我們這里給人做工的分三種:整年給一定人家做工的叫長(zhǎng)工;按日給人做工的叫短工;自己也種地,只在過年過節(jié)以及收租時(shí)候來給一定人家做工的稱忙月),忙不過來,他便對(duì)父親說,可以叫他的兒子閏土來管祭器的。

童年的魯迅、周作人就在周家祭祀的大典上結(jié)識(shí)了“閏土”,聽他講述江邊各種神奇的故事。

春節(jié)的壓軸戲是元宵節(jié)

元宵節(jié)又稱上元節(jié)。過完元宵節(jié),春節(jié)才算過完。周作人照例以兒童為視角,來寫打油詩《上元》:

上元設(shè)供蠟高燒,堂屋光明勝早朝。

買得雞燈無用處,廚房去看煮元宵。

孩子們無憂無慮,買上元的雞燈只是出于好玩。

杭州人施蟄存的短篇小說《上元燈》中的“我”是位破落戶家的少年,卻患得患失地過元宵節(jié)。作為背景,小說也寫了孩子們的元宵節(jié):

小說采用日記體,寫了“我”的初戀故事?!拔摇毕矚g她,她曾叫我元宵節(jié)去吃元宵,去她家看她扎的花燈。吃過元宵,我提了燈兒與她道別。

我走熱鬧的大街回家,提著青紗彩畫的燈兒,很光榮地回家。在路上,我以為我已是一個(gè)受人歡頌的勝利者了。

為了迎元宵,熱心人還會(huì)組織燈展。豐子愷在《視覺的糧食》一文中寫道:“更規(guī)模地誘導(dǎo)我美術(shù)制作的興味的,是迎花燈?!?/p>

石門鎮(zhèn)上元宵節(jié)迎花燈活動(dòng)大約隔數(shù)年或十?dāng)?shù)年舉行一次。全鎮(zhèn)上的人全都很興奮,努力制造各式的花燈爭(zhēng)奇斗艷。四周農(nóng)村里的人也天天夜里跑到鎮(zhèn)上來看燈。豐子愷兒童時(shí)代有幸遇上一回迎花燈的盛事。豐家平時(shí)保藏在箱籠里的一把彩傘,也拿出來參加。豐子愷在燈燭輝煌中第一次看見它,感到異常興奮。彩傘是豐子愷的父親少年時(shí)代和姑母兩人合作的,形式大體像古代的陽傘,六面形,每面由三張扁方形的黑紙用綠色綾條粘接而成,即全體由十八張黑紙圍成。傘的里面點(diǎn)著燈,但黑紙很厚,不透光,只有刺出針孔的地方映出燈光來。故制作的主要工夫就是刺孔。十八張黑紙就如十八幅書畫,每張的四周刺著裝飾圖案的帶模樣。帶模樣的中央,便是書畫的地方。若是書,則筆筆剪空,空處粘著白色的熟礬紙,映著明亮的燈光;此外的空白處又刺著種種圖案花紋作裝飾。若是畫,則畫中的主體剪空,空處粘白色的熟礬紙,紙上繪著這主體的彩色圖,使在燈光中燦爛地映出。其余的背景用針刺出。紙材與燈光的配合,單純明快,富于視覺沖擊力。當(dāng)年這把彩傘被石門鎮(zhèn)上公推為最精致而高尚的工藝品。正是驚嘆于彩傘的精美,豐子愷小小年紀(jì)也學(xué)著制作,進(jìn)而提高了對(duì)于書畫的興趣。

浙江天臺(tái)人陸蠡的散文集《海星》中有一篇叫《元宵》,寫自己回到闊別多年的老家,遵循元宵夜“出門走百步,得大吉祥”的古訓(xùn),一家三口提著燈籠上街去賞燈。盡興而歸后,更好的戲上演了:妻子專門請(qǐng)來的舞獅祈福。“處于深山中的雄獅,漫游,覓食,遇餌,辨疑,吞食,被縶,于是奔騰,咆哮,憤怒,掙扎,終于被人屈伏,駕馭,牽去。這是我們的祖先來這山間篳路藍(lán)縷創(chuàng)設(shè)基業(yè)征服自然的象征,在每一個(gè)新年來示給我們終年辛苦的農(nóng)民,叫我們記起人類的偉大,叫我們奮發(fā)自強(qiáng)。這也更成了孩子們最得意的喜劇?!弊髡邽槠拮拥钠砀K袆?dòng)。

(由新華社、站酷海洛供圖)

Despite all the changes that have taken place in the lifestyle of the Chinese people, the Spring Festival remains an important event on the year calendar. The traditional Chinese New Year revelry has inspired numerous modern Chinese writers in their literary creations.

In traditional Chinese culture, the Spring Festival is the biggest event in a lunar Chinese year. The home-spun revelry of the townspeople in Shimen, Tongxiang, where Feng Zikai (1898-1975), one of the most gifted and important artists to emerge from the politically tumultuous decades of the 1920s and 1930s of China, was born and raised, constituted an eternal part in the mans childhood memory, as is vividly depicted in two of the writer-artists essays. In the eye of a young Feng Zikai, the New Year routine of inviting the workers at the Feng Tong Yu Dye house, a family business created by the great grandfather of Feng Zikai, to join the familys New Year feast, was the best education from his mother about love. His mother would always kindly saw to it that the table was arranged impeccably so that there was nothing to offend the superstitious beliefs of the three dyeing masters from Shaoxing.

In many places in the Jiangnan region of China, the New Year celebration officially starts from the eighth day of the 12th lunar month of the year. The tradition is slightly different in Feng Zikais hometown, where celebration begins on the 23rd of lunar December, when the tradition called ?is practiced by every household to worship the Kitchen God.

The hilarious jollification of ?is also mentioned by Lu Xun (1881-1936) in one of his essays, in which the writer reminisced about the special candy peddled on the street and made with the intention of sticking in the teeth of the Kitchen God so that he would have trouble badmouthing the family to the Jade Emperor.

In another essay about his New Year memory from childhood, Lu Xun also revealed how the family had to “keep it simple and basic” after the family had come down in the world.

Like many other places in southern China, it is also a New Year routine in the hometown of Feng Zikai to make ?(the New Year glutinous rice cake), symbolically meaning a thriving new year to come in the Chinese language. The Fengs family tradition makes a big deal of the time-consuming task by calling in an experienced helper to make sure the work was done properly. Feng Zikais mother and sisters would help with other chores such as decorating the house.

In his essay , Feng Zikai described the vividness of worshiping the “Bodhisattva of the Big Year”: “…The grand ceremony is routinely practiced at night after the New Year banquet is finished…My family is fastidious about the tradition, and the most interesting part of the elaborate ritual is to set up a tea table to worship the ‘lesser Bodhisattvas, which feels like playing house…”

“Aside from the more serious New Year ‘clichés such as worshiping ancestors and the New Year feast, for children the best part of the whole thing are the various side events such as sneaking out and enjoying some spicy street snacks with friends…”

It is a standard procedure in western Zhejiang regions to go burning incense at temples on the first day of the lunar New Year, for the blessings of gods. Children and fools speak the truth, but people in western Zhejiang have their own magic way to counteract – using toilet paper to wipe the mouth of a child so that gods would not take the offense from the “truth” too seriously.

Theoretically the New Year begins at the midnight, but habitually the wee hours still belong to the old year. In one of his essays, Feng Zikai recalled:

“…We used to sneak out and hang out together, frolicking and window shopping. The shops would still be open, and watching the bustle of the crowds was fun…The devotees were already seen on their way to the temples…There were heaps of atmosphere and we just ran wild till everyone got hungry and desperate to go home for a New Year breakfast, after which we fell into a profound sleep and dreamt about a happier tomorrow…”

The New Year festivity among the old-timers in the Jiangnan regions can also be relished in the writing of Zhou Zuoren (1885-1967), who cited various literary references in his ?to introduce the boisterous New Year activities in Suzhou. And in , Lu Xun shared his fond memory about all the “New Year protocols” set by the baby-sitter of the family to remind the children of the importance of behaving themselves.

According to the traditional Chinese lunar calendar, Chinese New Year celebrations begin with the New Moon and end on the Full Moon, which is from the first day to the 15th day of the first month in a new year. The last day (the 15th day of the first lunar month) of the New Year celebration is known as the Lantern Festival.

The Lantern Festival is the finale of the New Year fun-making spree. In the Lantern Festival, Shi Zhecun (1905-2003), Hangzhou-born writer, recalled how children enjoyed the carnival and took a more romantic approach by mentioning the puppy love with a girl.

“I fell for her. She invited me to enjoy sweet dumplings together and I went to her home to see the lantern she made. We parted ways after the dinner, and I went home with a lantern in my hand…”

In , the Lantern Festival is recounted by Feng Zikai as the enlightenment education about aesthetics. “The lanterns lured me into the wonderland of artistic creation,” the writer recalled. The moment a young Feng Zikai saw the parasol his parents had kept as a family heirloom in a backdrop of glistening lanterns was indelible in his memory.

猜你喜歡
年糕豐子愷魯迅
爆炒米花
年糕
打年糕
豐子愷漫畫里的童年
豐子愷漫畫里的童年
魯迅《自嘲》句
她曾經(jīng)來到魯迅身邊