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蠋蝽成蟲對草地貪夜蛾不同齡期幼蟲的捕食能力

2019-11-27 09:34王燕張紅梅尹艷瓊
植物保護 2019年5期
關鍵詞:草地貪夜蛾生物防治

王燕 張紅梅 尹艷瓊

摘要 為了探究蠋蝽Arma chinensis (Fallou)對草地貪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)的生防潛力,在室內條件下測定了蠋蝽成蟲對草地貪夜蛾3、4、5齡幼蟲的捕食能力。結果表明:雌性成蟲對草地貪夜蛾3、4、5齡幼蟲的日最大捕食量分別為59.7、23.4、9.0頭;瞬時攻擊率分別為1.081±0.133、1.247±0.116、0.984±0.159;處理時間分別為(0.017±0.001)、(0.043±0.002)、(0.111±0.014)d。雄性成蟲對草地貪夜蛾3、4、5齡幼蟲的日最大捕食量分別為58.9、22.5、8.3頭;瞬時攻擊率分別為0.964±0.118、1.248±0.095、1.025±0.183;處理時間分別為(0.017±0.002)、(0.044±0.002)、(0.121±0.015)d。蠋蝽成蟲對草地貪夜蛾3、4、5齡幼蟲都能捕食,對3齡幼蟲捕食量最大,最喜歡捕食4~5齡幼蟲,雌雄成蟲都對4齡幼蟲的瞬時攻擊率最高。試驗證實蠋蝽對草地貪夜蛾具有較好的控害效果,可用于對草地貪夜蛾的防控實踐。

關鍵詞 蠋蝽成蟲; 草地貪夜蛾; 捕食; 生物防治

中圖分類號: S 476 ?文獻標識碼: A ?DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019346

Abstract In order to investigate the biological control potential of Arma chinensis (Fallou) on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith), the ability of adults to prey on 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae under indoor conditions was studied. The results showed that the maximum daily predation amount of female adults to the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae of the fall armyworm was 59.7, 23.4 and 9.0 individuals, respectively. The instantaneous attack rates were 1.081±0.133, 1.247±0.116, 0.984±0.159, respectively. The handling time was 0.017±0.001, 0.043±0.002, 0.111±0.014 days, respectively. The maximum prey consumed daily of male adults to 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae was 58.9, 22.5 and 8.3, respectively. The instantaneous attack rates were 0.964±0.118, 1.248±0.095 and 1.025±0.183, respectively. Handling time was 0.017±0.002, 0.044±0.002 and 0.121±0.015 days, respectively. Adults of A.chinensis can prey on 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of S.frugiperda. The daily predation amount of A.chinensis adults on the 3rd instar larvae of S.frugiperda was the largest, and they prefer to prey on 4th and 5th instar larvae. The instantaneous attack rates of both male and female adults of A.chinensis against 4th instar larvae of S.frugiperda is the highest. The results indicate that A.chinensis has good control effect on S.frugiperda and can be used for the prevention and control of the moth.

Key words adults of Arma chinensis; Spodoptera frugiperda; predation; biological control

草地貪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith),又稱秋黏蟲,英文名fall armyworm,屬于鱗翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae,是一種原產(chǎn)于美洲熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)的雜食性害蟲[1-4]。草地貪夜蛾1~6齡幼蟲都可取食為害植物,其寄主植物多達76科353種[4]。低齡幼蟲取食葉片后剩下葉表皮、形成半透明薄膜狀“窗孔”,高齡幼蟲取食后形成不規(guī)則的長形孔洞,發(fā)生嚴重時可導致植株死亡。

草地貪夜蛾適生區(qū)域廣,遷飛能力強,繁殖倍數(shù)高,自2019年1月11日確認傳入我國云南普洱市江城縣后,目前在云南的16個州市124個縣區(qū)都有發(fā)生為害,并已擴散蔓延到全國19個省區(qū)。對草地貪夜蛾的發(fā)生為害應采用化學防治、生物防治、農(nóng)業(yè)防治、理化誘控等多項措施進行可持續(xù)綜合防控。其中,生物防治具有不污染環(huán)境、持續(xù)控制效果好的特點,在綜合防治體系中占有重要地位。隨著草地貪夜蛾的入侵、發(fā)生和定殖,生物防治將會發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。

蠋蝽5齡若蟲對小菜蛾4齡幼蟲的日捕食量可達83.33頭[21],對榆紫葉甲成蟲和幼蟲的日捕食量可達47.33頭和62.74頭[16],由于草地貪夜蛾4~5齡幼蟲蟲體比小菜蛾和榆紫葉甲幼蟲大,蠋蝽成蟲對草地貪夜蛾4齡和5齡幼蟲的日捕食量少于對小菜蛾4齡幼蟲和榆紫葉甲幼蟲的捕食量。捕食量有差異其原因與草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的體積和蟲體的營養(yǎng)成分密切相關,并且可能因為蠋蝽5齡若蟲在羽化為成蟲之前需要儲存更多的物質和能量用于發(fā)育繁殖,而成蟲的主要任務是交配,雌成蟲為產(chǎn)卵需要補充更多營養(yǎng)。

在試驗中觀察到,蠋蝽有較強的攻擊性,有許多草地貪夜蛾幼蟲被蠋蝽刺死,草地貪夜蛾幼蟲被刺死量大于實際取食量,而蠋蝽會繼續(xù)取食部分已經(jīng)刺吸致死的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲。在害蟲生物防治應用實踐中,蠋蝽對各種獵物的致死量都較大,這對其在害蟲生物防治中的應用有較大的實際價值。

由于本研究在室內進行,只是對蠋蝽的捕食功能進行初步試驗,而當它們處于自然環(huán)境條件下時,氣候因子(如日照、風、溫度、雨水等)會影響捕食蝽對獵物的捕食效率。綜上所述,在田間釋放時,應綜合考慮天敵的捕食攻擊力、田間環(huán)境條件、獵物的密度等因素,以制定適宜的釋放量和釋放方式。在田間釋放蠋蝽時,如果草地貪夜蛾蟲口密度較大,宜選擇蠋蝽5齡若蟲,其迅速控害的效果比成蟲好。成蟲能夠交配產(chǎn)卵,下一代蝽若蟲數(shù)量會迅速增加,釋放成蟲也能達到較好的控制效果。

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(責任編輯: 田 喆)

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