李賢 蘇秀蘭
[摘要]訶子是一種廣泛記載于中藥、蒙藥和藏藥經(jīng)典方中的傳統(tǒng)植物藥物,成分豐富多樣,主要含鞣質(zhì)類、酚酸類和三萜酸類物質(zhì),可用于水煎液、提取液以及各種炮制品。訶子具有除傳統(tǒng)的抗菌、體外抗氧化、清除自由基和抗腫瘤等功效,還具有保護(hù)肝臟的功效。訶子藥理作用較多,機(jī)制復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)代臨床研究顯示,訶子是通過減毒抗氧化、降酶保肝、抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖及激活調(diào)節(jié)核因子紅血球相關(guān)因子2(Nrf2)、AKT/Nrf2或p53等信號(hào)通路來誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡一系列方式來保護(hù)肝臟免受損傷。本文對(duì)訶子的保肝作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述,為訶子的研發(fā)和臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞]訶子;減毒;保肝作用
[中圖分類號(hào)] R285.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)8(c)-0022-04
[Abstract] Terminalia chebula is a kind of traditional plant medicine widely recorded in the classical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine, Mongolian medicine and Tibetan medicine. It contains tannins, phenolic acids and triterpene acids. It can be used in water decoction, extracts and various processed products. In addition to traditional antimicrobial, antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-cancer effects, Terminalia chebula also has the effect of protecting liver. Terminalia chebula has many pharmacological effects and complex mechanisms. Modern clinical studies have shown that Terminalia chebula can protect the liver from injury by reducing toxicity and antioxidation, reducing enzymes and protecting the liver, inhibiting the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and activating signal pathways such as regulating nuclear factor red blood cell related factor 2 (Nrf2), AKT/Nrf2 or p53 to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. In this paper, the mechanism of liver protection of Terminalia chebula was reviewed to provide references for the research and development and clinical application of Terminalia chebula L.
[Key words] Terminolia chebula; Reduce toxicity; Hepatoprotective effect
肝損傷是多種慢性肝病發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵過程,嚴(yán)重影響患者的健康。肝病是可以預(yù)防的,而尋找安全有效的藥物成分是預(yù)防肝損傷的關(guān)鍵[1-2]。在醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)踐中,訶子作為中草藥在肝病的治療中發(fā)揮著重要作用。研究顯示,訶子的主要作用是體外抗氧化、清除自由基[3]、抗炎[4]、降血糖[5]和作為強(qiáng)心治療藥物[6]等,也因其具有多重作用,在民間廣泛應(yīng)用,治療多種疾病[7]。近年來對(duì)訶子抗腫瘤和保護(hù)肝臟的研究日益增多,對(duì)預(yù)防肝損傷作用機(jī)制的研究尚不完善。因此,本文總結(jié)了訶子的化學(xué)成分和提取方法,歸納了保護(hù)肝臟的作用機(jī)制、臨床應(yīng)用情況和未來發(fā)展趨勢,為訶子的進(jìn)一步研究和將來的臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。
1訶子概述
訶子(Terminalia chebula),又名訶黎勒,蒙醫(yī)學(xué)上稱為阿如拉(Arura),顏色為黃棕色或暗棕色,形狀為長圓形或卵圓形,無臭,味道酸澀后甘甜,是一味功效眾多,用途廣泛的藥物。在我國,訶子產(chǎn)量豐富,主要分布在云南、西藏、廣東、廣西,福建等地,也是中華人民共和國藥典收載的傳統(tǒng)藥物品種[8-9]。訶子中含有脂肪族化合物、酚酸類、鞣質(zhì)類、三萜類、黃酮類和揮發(fā)油等[10],目前已分離得到大約幾十種酚酸類及鞣質(zhì)類化合物。酚酸類成分包括奎寧酸、訶子次酸、沒食子酸甲酯、莽草酸等[11]。鞣質(zhì)成分包括訶子酸、訶黎勒酸、原訶子酸、訶子素、訶子鞣質(zhì),1,3,6-三沒食子酰葡萄糖等[12]。訶子中的三萜類成分主要是五環(huán)三萜,包括阿江欖仁素、馬斯里酸[13]、訶子醇、2α-羥基烏蘇酸等。黃酮類包括蘆丁、槲皮素、槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷等[14]。其他成分有番瀉苷、胡蘿卜苷、微生物P、微生物C、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、谷氨酸、賴氨酸、油酸、亞油酸、多酚氧化酶、過氧化物酶和鞣酸酶等[15]。
2訶子的保肝成分
2.1訶子水煎液
近期研究中,用95%乙醇從訶子干果中提取的水煎液具有明顯的抗氧化、保肝和膜穩(wěn)定作用[16]。有研究顯示,以訶子為主要來源的水煎液對(duì)小鼠有劑量依賴性的肝損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但在大鼠亞急性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)中并未顯示存在肝毒風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其可能是給藥劑量未達(dá)到大鼠的最大給藥劑量[17]。室溫下浸漬法制備的訶子提取液進(jìn)一步用乙酸乙酯和水分別進(jìn)行分餾,得到的產(chǎn)物與粗提物相比,各組分的自由基清除活性較高,且乙酸乙酯分餾組表現(xiàn)出最大的自由基清除活性[18]。
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(收稿日期:2019-06-20? 本文編輯:劉克明)