無障礙設(shè)計(jì)：劉琮，胡霄雯/北京市建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

Accessible Design: LIU Cong, HU Xiaowen/Beijing Institute of Architectural Design

北京大興國際機(jī)場是習(xí)近平總書記親自關(guān)懷的國家重點(diǎn)工程，按照建設(shè)“四個(gè)工程”（精品工程、樣板工程、平安工程、廉潔工程）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和打造“四型機(jī)場”（平安機(jī)場、綠色機(jī)場、智慧機(jī)場、人文機(jī)場）的目標(biāo)，積極推進(jìn)各項(xiàng)工作。無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)是精品、樣板工程的重要組成和人文機(jī)場的重要體現(xiàn)。截止目前，中國各類殘疾人總數(shù)近8500 萬，60 歲以上老年人近2.5 億，兩者累積占全國總?cè)丝诘谋壤s24%。如何解決這一龐大群體的出行是機(jī)場航站樓一直面臨的技術(shù)問題。北京大興國際機(jī)場的設(shè)計(jì)堅(jiān)持問題及需求導(dǎo)向，總結(jié)出一套“國際領(lǐng)先，國內(nèi)一流，世界眼光，高點(diǎn)定位”的無障礙系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)則。

航站樓功能簡介

航站樓地上5 層，地下2 層，地上采用“雙層出發(fā)+雙層到達(dá)”的總體豎向功能組織。通過對旅客全流程的需求分析，在航站樓內(nèi)、外包括車道邊、值機(jī)區(qū)、檢查區(qū)、候機(jī)區(qū)、登機(jī)橋、遠(yuǎn)機(jī)位等區(qū)域?yàn)槁每吞峁┤鞒痰臒o障礙服務(wù)，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)全面無障礙通行體驗(yàn)，為國內(nèi)其他機(jī)場無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)提供示范樣板和標(biāo)桿，同時(shí)完成服務(wù)2022 年季冬殘奧會(huì)的使命。

無障礙設(shè)計(jì)突破及創(chuàng)新

在梳理全樓各種流線所涉及的無障礙設(shè)施后，我們將北京大興國際機(jī)場無障礙系統(tǒng)分為八大系統(tǒng)、包括：停車系統(tǒng)、通道系統(tǒng)、公共交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)、專用檢查通道系統(tǒng)、服務(wù)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)、登機(jī)橋系統(tǒng)、標(biāo)識(shí)信息系統(tǒng)、人工服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。針對行動(dòng)不便、聽障、視障三大人群的不同需求，展開無障礙設(shè)計(jì)專項(xiàng)研究，結(jié)合圖示對各系統(tǒng)無障礙設(shè)計(jì)提出新的思路和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

（1）停車系統(tǒng)：結(jié)合航站樓出入口就近設(shè)置無障礙停車位，車位包含寬度不小于1.2m 的側(cè)向輪椅通行區(qū)及車尾輪椅通行區(qū)。

（2）通道系統(tǒng)：從落客平臺(tái)人行道起通過三面坡銜接航站樓標(biāo)高，設(shè)置連續(xù)盲道引導(dǎo)至入口召援電話；入樓后有連續(xù)盲道引導(dǎo)至內(nèi)部綜合問詢柜臺(tái)。

（3）公共交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)：以電梯為例，通過收集三類人群的不同需求定制出大興國際機(jī)場特有的電梯設(shè)施。比如一體化的連續(xù)扶手帶與低位橫向操控面板、外部腳踏按鈕、轎廂內(nèi)壁反射材質(zhì)的運(yùn)用等。

（4）專用檢查系統(tǒng)：對航站樓內(nèi)不同功能的檢查現(xiàn)場均考慮滿足輪椅通行寬度的專用檢查通道，并且在安檢現(xiàn)場設(shè)私密檢查間。

（5）服務(wù)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)：作為服務(wù)行業(yè)的載體，航站樓內(nèi)服務(wù)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)是整個(gè)無障礙設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，也是無障礙環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀的痛點(diǎn)所在。所涉及服務(wù)設(shè)施包括：低位柜臺(tái)、低位電話、登機(jī)口輪椅、專用停靠區(qū)、愛心座椅，公共衛(wèi)生間，無障礙衛(wèi)生間，母嬰候機(jī)室，無高差行李托運(yùn)設(shè)施。

以無障礙衛(wèi)生間為例，除了符合需設(shè)潔具的要求，首次引進(jìn)人工造瘺清洗器，并增加母嬰設(shè)施（嬰兒打理臺(tái)、嬰兒掛斗），打破傳統(tǒng)無障礙衛(wèi)生間的定義，實(shí)現(xiàn)通用化設(shè)計(jì)的無障礙衛(wèi)生間。類似呼叫按鈕、安全抓桿等設(shè)施經(jīng)常容易被忽略，本次設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)過實(shí)地調(diào)研、學(xué)術(shù)討論、專家評(píng)審、現(xiàn)場實(shí)踐，最終形成精確到毫米級(jí)的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

除此之外，服務(wù)設(shè)施無障礙設(shè)計(jì)同樣惠及普通旅客。傳統(tǒng)行李托運(yùn)設(shè)備與地面有一定高差，北京大興國際機(jī)場通過特殊定制的斜面式稱重系統(tǒng)方便旅客將行李輕松推上行李稱重機(jī)。

（6）登機(jī)橋系統(tǒng)：控制橋內(nèi)坡度，并增設(shè)雙層扶手保證輪椅乘坐者的行動(dòng)安全。

（7）標(biāo)識(shí)信息系統(tǒng)：設(shè)置無障礙設(shè)施導(dǎo)向標(biāo)志，并在無障礙設(shè)施旁顯著位置設(shè)無障礙設(shè)施位置標(biāo)志。

（8）人工服務(wù)系統(tǒng)：軟性的人員服務(wù)是對硬性無障礙設(shè)施的補(bǔ)充和升華，旨在為各類旅客群體提供舒適和流暢的出行體驗(yàn)?！?/p>

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

建筑面積/Area: 780,000m2建筑高度/Height: 50.9m攝影/Photos: 劉琮，胡霄雯，王亦知/LIU Cong, HU Xiaowen, WANG Yizhi

1 航站樓鳥瞰/Aerial view of terminal

3 信息服務(wù)臺(tái)/ Information service counter

Beijing Daxing International Airport is a major project of national importance that President XI Jinping personally cares for. According to the standards of building "four projects" (quality projects, model projects, safety projects, clean projects) and the goal of "four types of airports" (safety airport, green airport, smart airport, humanistic airport), the airport actively promote various tasks. The construction of barrier-free environment is an important component of quality and model projects and an important reflection of the humanistic airport. Up to now, the total number of disabled people in China is nearly 85 million, and the number of elderly people over 60 is nearly 250 million. The two aforementioned categories count for 24% of the total population. How to solve this huge group travelling is a technical problem that the airport has been facing. The design of Beijing Daxing International Airport insist following problem and demand, finally we summarise a set of international leading, domestic first-class, world vision and high-point positioning guidelines.

Terminal function overview

4 無障礙停車位/Accessible parking space

The terminal building has 5 floors above ground and 2 underground floors. It adopts "double-layer departure + double-layer arrival" transportation organization. Through the analysis of the needs of passenger's entire process, the terminal provides full-process accessibility services inside and outside including curbside, check-in area, security check, departure lounge, boarding bridge, and departure lounge of remote stands. In the end, it promotes a comprehensive barrier-free experience, provide demonstration models and benchmarks for the construction of barrier-free environment in other airports in China, and complete the mission of serving the 2022 Winter Paralympic Games.

Innovation of accessibility design

After sorting out the accessible facilities involved in the various passenger's process of the whole building, we divided the accessible facilities of Beijing Daxing International Airport into 8 systems: including those for parking, access, public transportation, specific channel, service facilities, boarding perts, identification information system and manual service system. In response to the three different groups of people with limited mobility, hearing impairment and visual impairment, specific research on accessibility design is carried out. Meanwhile the design idea and standards for each system are presented in diagrams.

(1) Parking system:

An accessible parking space is provided near the entrance and exit of the terminal building. The parking space includes a side and a back wheelchair passing area both with a width of not less than 1.2 meters.

(2) Access system:

5 電梯/Elevator

A three-sided slope is set to connect the sidewalk of the drop-off platform and terminal entrance/exit. And the continuous blind sidewalk is set to the alarm call, after entering the building, there is a continuous sidewalk leading to the information counter.

(3) Public transportation system:

Taking the elevator as an example, the elevator of Daxing International Airport is unique due to customised design by collecting the different needs of the three types of people. Such as the integrated continuous handrail belt and the low lateral control panel, the additional foot button, and the reflection material of the inner wall of the lift.

(4) Specific channel system:

A specific inspection channel suits for wheelchair width is considered in the terminal building, also a private inspection room is set up at the security check area.

(5) Service facilities system:

As a carrier of the service industry, the service facility system in the terminal building is the focus and difficulty of the entire accessibility design system, also it is the pain point of the status of accessibility environment. The involved service facilities include: lower counters, lower bar, seats, public washrooms and accessible washroom, guide dog rooms, baggage delivery belt facilities.

Taking accessible bathroom as an example, it is first time introducing ostomate cleaning devices and additional maternal and child facilities (baby care tables, baby hoppers) that breaks the definition of traditional accessible bathroom and realise generalised design. In addition, facilities such as alarm call buttons, safety grab bars are often ignored. This time the design has been filed-researched, academically discussed, expert reviewed and practiced to form a design standard that is accurate on millimeter level.

Besides, the accessible facilities also consider ordinary travelers. The traditional baggage handling equipment has a certain height difference with the ground. The new airport solve the problem by a special customised weighing system that eliminate the height difference.

(6) Boarding bridge system:

To ensure wheelchair user's walking safety, boarding bridge add double-layer handrails besides control the slope.

(7) Identification information system:

In the building accessible facility-oriented sign is placed and facility mark is located next to accessible facilities.

(8) Manual service system:

Manual service is a soft way to complement and improve accessible facilities, finally provide a comfortable and smooth travel experience for all types of travelers. □

6.7 公共衛(wèi)生間/Public bathroom

10.11 無障礙衛(wèi)生間/Accessible bathroom

12 無障礙衛(wèi)生間平面/Plan of accessible bathroom

13 洗手臺(tái)立面和平面/Elevation & plan of washbasin

14 小便斗立面和平面/Elevation & plan of urinal

15 坐便器立面和平面/Elevation & plan of toilet

16.17 登機(jī)橋內(nèi)景/Interior view of boarding bridge

評(píng)論

呂小泉：機(jī)場無障礙是復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程，作為城市與國家公共建筑無障礙建設(shè)對外展示的窗口，北京大興國際機(jī)場在旅客抵離與使用的無障礙流線、無障礙標(biāo)識(shí)與信息系統(tǒng)、貼心的無障礙服務(wù)等方面很有特色。分布在航站樓內(nèi)的100多座無障礙衛(wèi)生間成為無障礙設(shè)計(jì)的亮點(diǎn)。設(shè)計(jì)師通過無障礙需求分析，創(chuàng)造了便捷周到、較為完善的無障礙設(shè)備設(shè)施和為各類客戶群復(fù)合使用的空間，并將通過2022冬殘奧會(huì)等團(tuán)隊(duì)殘障旅客集中使用，動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整與運(yùn)行無障礙設(shè)施。

孫立揚(yáng)：北京大興國際機(jī)場的無障礙設(shè)計(jì)從停車、通道、公共交通運(yùn)輸、專用檢查通道、服務(wù)設(shè)施、登機(jī)橋、標(biāo)識(shí)信息、人工服務(wù)多方面入手，提出服務(wù)殘疾人、老年人等行動(dòng)不便人群的解決方案，系統(tǒng)地將我國空港設(shè)施無障礙設(shè)計(jì)提高到了一個(gè)新的水平。

特別是“機(jī)場訂制無障礙電梯”“托運(yùn)行李斜面式稱重系統(tǒng)”“人工造瘺清洗器”等先進(jìn)設(shè)備在國內(nèi)機(jī)場設(shè)計(jì)中都是首次實(shí)踐應(yīng)用，具有引領(lǐng)示范作用。北京大興國際機(jī)場高水平的無障礙設(shè)施不僅方便了行動(dòng)不便群體的出行，同時(shí)結(jié)合安檢、值機(jī)等的特殊群體服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，以包容多樣的“通用設(shè)計(jì)”原則，體現(xiàn)了對殘障者的尊重，踐行了以人為本、服務(wù)旅客的理念。

18 登機(jī)橋剖面/Section of boarding bridge

19 登機(jī)橋通道立面/Boarding bridge interior elevation

Comments

LYU Xiaoquan: Accessible design for an airport can be regarded as a complicated systematic project. As a window for both the city and the country to present their accessibility of public buildings, this project has demonstrated its distinctive accessibility in various aspects including the passengers' arrivals & departures, their use of the accessible circulation, the signage and wayfinding system for accessibility and considerate accessible service. The over 100 accessible toilets in the terminal has become the highlight of the accessible design. By analysing the accessibility requirements, the architect has created convenient and relatively-perfect accessible facilities and a universal design for different users. Moreover, with the centralised employment of the airport by groups of disabled passengers during the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games, the accessible facilities will be adjusted accordingly and operated. (Translated by Dandan Wang)

SUN Liyang: The accessible design of Beijing Daxing International Airport puts forward solutions for the travel of people with limited mobility including disabled people and elderly people from perspectives including parking, access, public transportation, specific check channel, service facilities, boarding bridge, identification information, and manual service, systematically promoting the accessibility of Chinese airport to a new level.

Particularly, advanced equipment like "airport customized barrier-free elevator", "beveled baggage weigher", and "ostomate cleaner" are used for the first time in a Chinese airport, which can be a demonstration for other airports in the country. The high-level access facilities in Beijing Daxing International Airport not only make it convenient for the travel of people with limited mobility, but also show respect to disabled people and practice the idea of human-oriented and serving for passengers with the service systems for security check and checkin of special groups and the inclusive and diversified "universal design" principles. (Translated by QIAN Fang)