金炳祥

The 18th Amendment2 to the U.S. Constitution3， prohibiting the “manufacture， sale， or transportation of intoxicating4 liquors5 for beverage6 purposes，” was ratified7 on January 16， 1919 and became the law of the land.

The movement for the prohibition of alcohol began in the early 19th century. By the late 19th century， these groups had become a powerful political force， campaigning on the state level and calling for total national abstinence8. In December 1917， the 18th Amendment， also known as the Prohibition Amendment， was passed by Congress9 and sent to the states for ratification10.

Prohibition took effect in January 1919. Nine months later， Congress passed the National Prohibition Act， over President Woodrow Wilsons veto11. It provided for the enforcement of prohibition， including the creation of a special unit of the Treasury Department.

Despite a great effort by law-enforcement agencies， the Act failed to prevent the large-scale distribution12 of liquors， and organized crime flourished in America.

In 1933， the 21st Amendment to the Constitution was passed and ratified， repealing prohibition.

1919年1月16日，美國(guó)憲法第18條修正案正式生效，該修正案禁止“生產(chǎn)、銷(xiāo)售或運(yùn)輸用于飲用的烈酒”，并成為了美國(guó)的法律。

禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)開(kāi)始于19世紀(jì)早期。到19世紀(jì)晚期，這些團(tuán)體已經(jīng)成為一股強(qiáng)大的政治力量，在州一級(jí)開(kāi)展活動(dòng)，呼吁全國(guó)徹底禁酒。1917年12月，第18條修正案，也被稱(chēng)為禁酒令修正案，由國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)并送交各州批準(zhǔn)。

禁酒令于1919年1月生效。九個(gè)月后，國(guó)會(huì)不顧伍德羅 · 威爾遜總統(tǒng)的否決，通過(guò)了禁酒法案。禁酒法案為禁酒提供了法律依據(jù)，包括在財(cái)政部設(shè)立一個(gè)特別單位。

盡管執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)做出了積極的努力，禁酒法案仍未能阻止酒精飲料的大規(guī)模分銷(xiāo)，有組織的犯罪活動(dòng)在美國(guó)日益猖獗。

1933年，美國(guó)憲法第21條修正案獲得通過(guò)和批準(zhǔn)，廢除了禁酒令。