李建峰 李強(qiáng) 張承韶 陳修福 趙永生
[摘要]目前,治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮性骨折(OVCF)的手術(shù)方式主要為經(jīng)皮椎體成形術(shù)及經(jīng)皮椎體后凸成形術(shù)。這兩種微創(chuàng)手術(shù)方式已得到廣泛應(yīng)用,并為廣大OVCF病人解除了病痛,但是術(shù)后往往有些病人會(huì)發(fā)生新發(fā)椎體壓縮性骨折。本文將對(duì)椎體成形術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行綜述,以提高對(duì)鄰椎再骨折危險(xiǎn)因素的認(rèn)識(shí),預(yù)防鄰椎再骨折的發(fā)生。
[關(guān)鍵詞]椎體成形術(shù);脊柱骨折;骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折;危險(xiǎn)因素;綜述
[中圖分類號(hào)]R683.2[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2019)03-0367-05
隨著我國人口老齡化加重,骨質(zhì)疏松癥病人逐年增多。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,我國每年約有110萬人發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮性骨折(OVCF)[1]。經(jīng)皮椎體成形術(shù)(PVP)及經(jīng)皮椎體后凸成形術(shù)(PKP)在緩解疼痛、恢復(fù)椎體高度方面效果顯著,且具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、避免長期臥床導(dǎo)致的一些并發(fā)癥等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[2],已成為較成熟的技術(shù),并普遍應(yīng)用于OVCF的治療。但術(shù)后再骨折的發(fā)生也嚴(yán)重影響著病人的生活質(zhì)量。故發(fā)現(xiàn)椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,在治療和生活中避免這些危險(xiǎn)因素,顯得尤為重要。近年來,越來越多的研究報(bào)道了椎體成形術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,本文就此方面進(jìn)行了綜述。
1椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的發(fā)生率及發(fā)生時(shí)間
目前,關(guān)于OVCF椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的發(fā)生率,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道尚不統(tǒng)一,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道為6.81%~37.95%[3],有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道為6.2%~51.8%[4]。再骨折多發(fā)生于手術(shù)椎體的鄰近椎體[4-10]。關(guān)于術(shù)后再骨折的時(shí)間,多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)為鄰椎再骨折的高發(fā)期,術(shù)后1年內(nèi)為再骨折的主要發(fā)生期[8-9]。因此術(shù)后1年內(nèi),尤其是6個(gè)月內(nèi),應(yīng)該做好隨訪,叮囑病人采取相應(yīng)預(yù)防措施,以降低再骨折的發(fā)生率。
2椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素
2.1手術(shù)治療及手術(shù)方式
椎體成形術(shù)的安全性及有效性已得到人們的廣泛認(rèn)同。但是椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是否會(huì)增加仍存在爭議。XIE等[10]從文獻(xiàn)中選取了7個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),2個(gè)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示行椎體成形術(shù)或保守治療與鄰椎再骨折無相關(guān)性;但其余5個(gè)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,椎體成形術(shù)組鄰椎再骨折發(fā)生率要高于保守治療組,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。YI等[11]對(duì)290例病人隨訪4年發(fā)現(xiàn),椎體成形術(shù)組的新發(fā)骨折時(shí)間比保守治療組要早得多,而且鄰椎骨折發(fā)生率增高,但最終試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示椎體成形術(shù)組與保守治療組鄰椎再骨折發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。FALOON等[12]對(duì)258例病人共361個(gè)骨折椎體研究顯示,保守治療的病人再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較PKP治療的病人高2.28倍。也有研究表明,椎體成形術(shù)并沒有增加鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13-16]。部分研究認(rèn)為不同手術(shù)方式之間,椎體新發(fā)骨折的發(fā)生率可能存在差異。ZHAO等[17] 對(duì)16個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中的2 046例病人研究表明,選擇PKP治療較選擇PVP治療有較低的新發(fā)骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)于骨質(zhì)疏松病人,骨水泥的強(qiáng)化可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致手術(shù)椎體內(nèi)部強(qiáng)度及剛度不均,此時(shí)如果發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏,使椎間盤損傷,加上過早過度活動(dòng),可能會(huì)影響鄰椎所受應(yīng)力,增加鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.2脊柱椎體及椎間盤生物力學(xué)變化
2.2.1脊柱后凸角脊柱后凸角過大或過小都會(huì)改變脊柱力線,進(jìn)而影響各椎體之間的應(yīng)力,加重各椎體所受應(yīng)力的不均,加上骨水泥強(qiáng)化后椎體局部強(qiáng)度及剛度增大,術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也將會(huì)增大。有研究表明,椎體成形術(shù)后脊柱局部后凸角的變化是再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,再骨折的發(fā)生率隨術(shù)前脊柱后凸角的增大而增大[18-19]。有研究顯示,脊柱后凸角的過度矯正以及椎體前柱高度的過度恢復(fù)均與鄰椎再骨折存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系,每矯正1°的后凸角度,骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加9%,每增高1%的椎體前柱高度,骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加7倍[20]。但也有許多研究認(rèn)為,椎體成形術(shù)后脊柱后凸角的變化并不是鄰椎再骨折的影響因素[3,8,21-23]。
2.2.2椎體高度恢復(fù)多數(shù)脊柱外科醫(yī)師認(rèn)為,壓縮的椎體應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能恢復(fù)到原先的椎體高度。但部分研究表明,椎體高度過度恢復(fù)也是再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。MA等[4]認(rèn)為,椎體高度恢復(fù)雖可減輕脊柱后凸畸形導(dǎo)致的并發(fā)癥,恢復(fù)脊柱生物力學(xué),減輕脊柱不正常曲率,但是也可能增加鄰近椎體的負(fù)荷,同時(shí)椎旁軟組織張力隨著椎體高度的恢復(fù)而增加,致使鄰椎負(fù)荷進(jìn)一步加大,最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致新發(fā)椎體壓縮性骨折。KIM等[24]研究表明,經(jīng)PVP治療后,傷椎高度恢復(fù)通常為2.5~8.4 mm,平均恢復(fù)率為17%~29%,如果高度恢復(fù)大于10 mm,則會(huì)加重力學(xué)傳導(dǎo)不均,易引起鄰椎骨折。而LU等[25]研究認(rèn)為,椎體骨折使椎體應(yīng)力負(fù)荷分布發(fā)生較大改變,椎體高度恢復(fù)和后凸角度糾正能夠改善脊柱各椎體之間的應(yīng)力不均。也有研究表明,術(shù)后椎體高度恢復(fù)程度與鄰椎再骨折并無相關(guān)性[8,23]。
2.2.3椎體骨折病史、傷椎位置、傷椎數(shù)量以及手術(shù)椎體數(shù)量存在椎體骨折病史的病人,其脊柱生物力學(xué)已經(jīng)發(fā)生改變,給予椎體成形術(shù)治療后,鄰椎所承受應(yīng)力不均概率相對(duì)較大,可能會(huì)增加鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。KIM等[26]對(duì)666例病人的研究顯示,對(duì)于存在骨折病史的病人,其椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高3.4倍,若術(shù)前發(fā)生2個(gè)及以上的椎體骨折,則再骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加7.4倍。胸腰段為人體脊柱活動(dòng)度較大的節(jié)段,術(shù)后該節(jié)段活動(dòng)也相對(duì)較多,使此處術(shù)椎與鄰椎之間發(fā)生應(yīng)力傳導(dǎo)不均的概率增加,鄰椎骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也會(huì)相應(yīng)增加[27]。SUN等[9]研究認(rèn)為,手術(shù)椎體位于胸腰段是術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。
術(shù)前骨折椎體數(shù)目越多,脊柱畸形就越嚴(yán)重,脊柱力線改變也越大,術(shù)椎及傷椎之間發(fā)生應(yīng)力不均的可能性就越大,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致發(fā)生鄰椎骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大。REN等[8]的研究顯示,初始骨折椎體數(shù)每增加1個(gè)椎體,新發(fā)骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加2.58倍。LI等[28]的研究表明,初始骨折椎體數(shù)是術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,且接受骨水泥強(qiáng)化的骨折椎體數(shù)目越多,術(shù)椎及鄰椎之間應(yīng)力分布不均概率就會(huì)越大,就越易導(dǎo)致鄰椎骨折。有許多研究表明,經(jīng)椎體強(qiáng)化術(shù)治療的椎體數(shù)量越多,術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大[3,8,24,29]。
2.2.4終板損傷、椎間盤損傷與退變椎體發(fā)生壓縮性骨折的同時(shí),椎間盤及終板往往也會(huì)發(fā)生損傷,從而改變了椎體之間的應(yīng)力平衡,使鄰椎所受應(yīng)力不均,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致鄰椎骨折。ZHAO等[30]研究認(rèn)為,骨水泥強(qiáng)化所引起的鄰椎終板偏移及椎間盤受壓增高是導(dǎo)致鄰椎骨折的重要原因。BAROUD等[31]的研究表明,由于骨水泥強(qiáng)化,手術(shù)椎體的強(qiáng)度增高為正常椎體的35倍,剛度也增高為正常椎體的12倍,使相鄰椎間盤及鄰椎終板所受應(yīng)力增大,導(dǎo)致鄰椎終板生理內(nèi)凹減輕,椎體受力改變,骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大。
2.3骨水泥
2.3.1骨水泥類型目前,關(guān)于骨水泥類型對(duì)術(shù)后再骨折影響的研究報(bào)道較少,不同類型骨水泥優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)各有不同,最為常用的骨水泥種類為聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)骨水泥。DICKEY等[32]對(duì)PMMA骨水泥和玻璃離子水門?。℅PC)骨水泥進(jìn)行分析比較發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用GPC骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎體,對(duì)椎體應(yīng)力分布產(chǎn)生的影響最小,在生理負(fù)荷下,強(qiáng)化椎體與正常椎體有相似的力學(xué)特點(diǎn),使用無鋁的GPC骨水泥可能有助于預(yù)防鄰椎再骨折。ABOUAZZA等[33]研究也表明,與PMMA骨水泥相比,GPC骨水泥最大抗壓負(fù)荷更接近術(shù)前椎體最大抗壓負(fù)荷,術(shù)后對(duì)鄰椎的應(yīng)力較小,鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也較低。GILULA等[34]對(duì)PMMA骨水泥和雙酚A雙甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯(BIS-GMA)骨水泥的比較研究顯示,PMMA骨水泥組再骨折發(fā)生率為31.9%,高于BIS-GMA骨水泥組的27.8%,認(rèn)為這可能是由于BIS-GMA骨水泥的機(jī)械性能和材質(zhì)要強(qiáng)于PMMA骨水泥所致,應(yīng)用BIS-GMA骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎體,更有助于手術(shù)椎體生理負(fù)荷的傳導(dǎo)。錢明等[35]的研究也表明,與PMMA骨水泥相比,BIS-GMA骨水泥可以降低術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.3.2骨水泥注入量椎體成形術(shù)中注入骨水泥會(huì)加強(qiáng)椎體強(qiáng)度及剛度,但同時(shí)會(huì)使術(shù)椎和鄰椎之間應(yīng)力增加,從而增加鄰椎再骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。有研究認(rèn)為,隨著骨水泥體積的增加,骨水泥滲漏和鄰椎骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加,建議骨水泥注入的體積約為椎體體積的1/4[36]。LIEBSCHNER等[37]認(rèn)為,如果骨水泥注入量不足椎體體積的15%,則很難維持椎體的強(qiáng)度和硬度,使再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加大。JIN等[38]研究認(rèn)為,要使椎體剛度達(dá)到正常水平,骨水泥注入量應(yīng)達(dá)到椎體體積的30%,若超過椎體體積的30%,則椎體剛度會(huì)超過正常骨骼,并且椎體局部所受應(yīng)力與骨水泥填充量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,當(dāng)骨水泥注入量>椎體體積的70%時(shí),松質(zhì)骨所受應(yīng)力明顯增加,鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也明顯加大。但是也有研究認(rèn)為,骨水泥注入量與新發(fā)鄰椎骨折不相關(guān)[3]。
2.3.3骨水泥滲漏骨水泥滲漏至椎間隙,會(huì)加速椎間盤損傷退變,致使椎間盤與終板間應(yīng)力負(fù)荷傳導(dǎo)不均,破壞骨折椎體與鄰近椎體之間的應(yīng)力平衡,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)鄰椎骨折。伴有椎體裂隙征、骨皮質(zhì)破裂、所注骨水泥黏稠度低及骨水泥注入量大的病人,可能有較高的骨水泥滲漏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[39-41],而使用高黏度骨水泥可以預(yù)防嚴(yán)重滲漏和相應(yīng)臨床癥狀[42-43]。許多研究表明,骨水泥椎間隙滲漏是引起鄰椎再骨折的重要因素[7,44-46]。SUN等[47]的研究表明,假如骨水泥只局限于骨小梁范圍內(nèi),沒有滲漏,則鄰椎骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為7%;若骨水泥達(dá)到終板水平,則鄰椎骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升到29%;而骨水泥達(dá)到椎間盤水平,則鄰椎骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升到44%。
2.3.4骨水泥穿刺路徑和骨水泥分布骨水泥的強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)高于椎體松質(zhì)骨,其分布形態(tài)會(huì)影響到椎體各部分所受的應(yīng)力。如果骨水泥彌散均勻,椎體各部分骨質(zhì)之間的應(yīng)力分布可能會(huì)相對(duì)均衡,發(fā)生術(shù)椎塌陷及鄰椎再骨折的可能性就會(huì)降低。如果骨水泥彌散不均,椎體各部分骨質(zhì)之間的應(yīng)力傳導(dǎo)可能會(huì)相對(duì)不均衡,隨著病人術(shù)后活動(dòng)量增多及活動(dòng)幅度增大,術(shù)椎塌陷及鄰椎再骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能會(huì)增大。LIEBSCHNER等[37]研究表明,單側(cè)穿刺容易導(dǎo)致骨水泥在椎體中分布不對(duì)稱,即使提高單側(cè)載荷傳遞,也較難獲得理想的效果;而雙側(cè)穿刺使骨水泥分布比較均勻,術(shù)后鄰椎骨折的概率低于單側(cè)穿刺。但也有研究顯示,穿刺途徑對(duì)再骨折的影響無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[28,43]。SUN等[47]研究表明,骨水泥在椎體內(nèi)過度彌散將會(huì)增大鄰椎骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但HE等[48]認(rèn)為,廣泛均勻的水泥分布可以有效改善后凸角和椎體高度,改善椎體之間的應(yīng)力,不會(huì)導(dǎo)致相鄰椎體骨折。
2.4骨質(zhì)疏松
目前,骨質(zhì)疏松被廣泛認(rèn)為是椎體成形術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,絕大多數(shù)臨床研究結(jié)果表明,骨質(zhì)疏松是鄰椎再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素[3-4,7-9,21,25,43-45]。有些研究更是認(rèn)為,骨質(zhì)疏松是鄰椎再骨折的根本影響因素[12,46]。因此,對(duì)于骨質(zhì)疏松病人,應(yīng)積極堅(jiān)持抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,以預(yù)防術(shù)后再骨折的發(fā)生。
2.5其他因素
許多研究結(jié)果表明,高齡是PVP術(shù)后再骨折的高危因素[3,12,24,49-50]。關(guān)于其機(jī)制,普遍認(rèn)為是老年人骨密度降低。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低體質(zhì)量指數(shù)是再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素[21,43]。由于雌激素活性和低體質(zhì)量指數(shù)呈正相關(guān),雌激素可刺激成骨細(xì)胞分泌骨質(zhì),從而增加骨量,因此,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)越低,雌激素水平也越低,雌激素對(duì)與衰老相關(guān)骨丟失的保護(hù)作用降低,加重骨質(zhì)疏松,從而加大椎體再骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另有研究表明,絕經(jīng)后期女性發(fā)生再骨折的可能性較大[28],這也主要與雌激素降低導(dǎo)致的骨質(zhì)疏松有關(guān)。如果體內(nèi)破骨活動(dòng)過于旺盛,而成骨活動(dòng)較弱,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致骨質(zhì)疏松,增大再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。ANGELES等[50]研究表明,體內(nèi)25-(OH)D3血清水平較低與PVP治療后新發(fā)骨折有關(guān)。CAO等[3]研究表明,長期使用類固醇藥物會(huì)加重骨質(zhì)疏松,是術(shù)后再骨折的高危因素,而且非甾體類抗炎藥的使用也是再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。
綜上所述,目前普遍認(rèn)同的椎體成形術(shù)后鄰椎再骨折危險(xiǎn)因素有骨質(zhì)疏松、骨水泥滲漏及局部生物力學(xué)改變等,而手術(shù)方式、脊柱畸形矯正、骨水泥類型、骨水泥劑量、骨水泥黏度、骨水泥穿刺途徑及骨水泥分布等因素尚有爭議。因此,堅(jiān)持抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,選擇合適的骨水泥材料,提高手術(shù)技巧,避免骨水泥滲漏,可能會(huì)降低鄰椎再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前關(guān)于骨水泥彌散類型、術(shù)后抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療藥物類型及肌少癥等因素對(duì)鄰椎再骨折影響的研究較少,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)