高俊俊 于友洪 韓先章
【中圖分類號(hào)】R 737
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】A
【文章編號(hào)】
1005-0019(2019)16-013-01
膀胱癌是最常見(jiàn)的泌尿系惡性腫瘤。我國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥中心2015年統(tǒng)計(jì)[1],膀胱癌位列男性最常見(jiàn)實(shí)體瘤第6位,女性位列第17位。2015年中國(guó)新增膀胱癌病例 8 萬(wàn)人,男性62萬(wàn),女性18萬(wàn),男女比為34:1;2015年膀胱癌死亡人數(shù)34萬(wàn),男性 25萬(wàn),女性09萬(wàn)。膀胱癌發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì),死亡率卻略有下降,可能與新抗腫瘤藥物的研制、新放療技術(shù)的成熟應(yīng)用、及多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作的發(fā)展等相關(guān)[1-2]。
膀胱癌根據(jù)是否有肌層浸潤(rùn),臨床分為粘膜表淺性膀胱癌(NMIBC)和肌層浸潤(rùn)性膀胱癌(MIBC)。不伴有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的肌層浸潤(rùn)性膀胱癌是目前研究熱點(diǎn)之一。其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療是根治性膀胱切除術(shù)(RC)+盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)(PLND)。令人遺憾的是,膀胱切除+尿流改道術(shù)后或膀胱切除+原位膀胱成形術(shù)后,部分患者合并尿路感染、造瘺口糜爛、尿失禁、尿潴留等并發(fā)癥,明顯影響生活質(zhì)量[3-6]?,F(xiàn)有循證醫(yī)學(xué)提出:選擇合適的MIBC患者,接受最大化 TURBT 聯(lián)合同步放化療的綜合治療,5 年生存率與膀胱根治性切除術(shù)類似,但保留了患者的膀胱功能,生存質(zhì)量得到改善 [7-10]。
TURBT聯(lián)合同步放化療的保膀胱功能的綜合治療:選擇肌層浸潤(rùn)性膀胱癌(T2-T4aN0)且不伴有轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,尤其是膀胱腫瘤局部單發(fā)、腫瘤直徑不大的患者,先行最大化 TURBT,序貫誘導(dǎo)同步化放療,在放療劑量達(dá) 40Gy 時(shí)應(yīng)用膀胱鏡等進(jìn)行療效評(píng)定,若療效評(píng)定為完全消退或接近完全消退,繼續(xù)鞏固同步化放療( 追加放療劑量20-25Gy);若療效評(píng)定為 T1 或更高分期,立即行根治性膀胱切除術(shù)。接受根治劑量同步化放療患者,接受密切隨訪,若發(fā)現(xiàn)局部非浸潤(rùn)性復(fù)發(fā),建議接受TURBT;若發(fā)現(xiàn)局部浸潤(rùn)性復(fù)發(fā),建議接受挽救性 RC。
保存膀胱功能的綜合治療,5年生存率與膀胱根治術(shù)類似,且保存了患者膀胱功能,提高了患者生活質(zhì)量。循證醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),影響綜合治療療效的因素有:TURBT徹底性,腫瘤T分期,是否接受同步化療,是否合并癌性腎盂積水等。綜合治療的III級(jí)、IV級(jí)毒性反應(yīng)發(fā)生率極低,絕大部分患者能耐受治療副反應(yīng)。經(jīng)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷等形式,約80%患者對(duì)膀胱功能滿意[7-10]。
不伴有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的肌層浸潤(rùn)性膀胱癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療為:膀胱根治性切除術(shù)+盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。保存膀胱功能的綜合治療取得了類似的治療效果,且保存了大部分患者膀胱功能,在國(guó)內(nèi)需大樣本、前瞻、隨機(jī)、對(duì)照研究,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)其治療療效。
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