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不同溶質(zhì)及礦化度對(duì)土壤溶液鹽離子的影響

2019-07-23 02:11郭全恩王益權(quán)南麗麗李保國(guó)曹詩(shī)瑜
關(guān)鍵詞:礦化度咸水水溶液

郭全恩,王益權(quán),南麗麗,李保國(guó),曹詩(shī)瑜

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不同溶質(zhì)及礦化度對(duì)土壤溶液鹽離子的影響

郭全恩1,2,3,王益權(quán)2,南麗麗4,李保國(guó)3,曹詩(shī)瑜1

(1. 甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料與節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)研究所,蘭州 730070; 2. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,楊凌 712100;3. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,北京 100193;4. 甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)草業(yè)學(xué)院,蘭州 730070)

中國(guó)西北旱區(qū)水源短缺已成為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要限制因素,如何科學(xué)有效地利用微咸水資源對(duì)于提高灌區(qū)水資源利用效率和保障糧食安全生產(chǎn)具有十分重要的意義。該研究以甘肅省秦安縣果園粉砂質(zhì)黏壤土為研究對(duì)象,基于土壤水分特征曲線的測(cè)定方法,采用蒸餾水(CK)和不同礦化度(1, 3, 5, 10 g/L)的NaCl、Na2SO4兩種類型的鹽溶液對(duì)土壤飽和浸泡8~12 h后離心,收集不同轉(zhuǎn)速下的釋水溶液,研究不同吸力(分別為1.0,1.49,2.01,2.71,3.49,4.09)條件下土壤釋水溶液鹽分離子的組成。結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+的影響差異均達(dá)極顯著(<0.01)或顯著水平(<0.05)。相同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4在土壤釋水過程中對(duì)不同鹽分離子的影響不同。同為1 g/L的NaCl和Na2SO4,NaCl中的Cl-置換土壤中HCO3-的能力要強(qiáng)于Na2SO4中的SO42-。在土壤水吸力()小于2.01時(shí),高礦化度(>3 g/L)的NaCl對(duì)于土壤溶液中Ca2+的解離具有促進(jìn)作用,且促進(jìn)能力隨著礦化度的增大而增大;在土壤水吸力()大于2.01時(shí),加入溶液中的Cl-和SO42-均具有抑制土壤中HCO3-的解離,加入溶液中的Cl-具有抑制土壤中SO42-的解離,加入溶液中的SO42-具有抑制土壤溶液中Cl-的解離,低礦化度(1 g/L)的NaCl對(duì)于土壤溶液中Ca2+的解離具有抑制作用。不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4,對(duì)土壤溶液中Mg2+的解離具有促進(jìn)作用。因此,從微咸水利用于鹽漬化土壤改良的角度來看,對(duì)于蘇打型鹽土,可嘗試用含Cl-和SO42-的鹽水灌溉;對(duì)于硫酸鹽型鹽土,可嘗試用含Cl-的鹽水灌溉;對(duì)于氯化物型鹽土,可嘗試用含SO42-的鹽水灌溉。

土壤;溶液;鹽離子;水吸力;咸水灌溉;溶質(zhì)類型;礦化度

0 引 言

中國(guó)西北旱區(qū)水源短缺已成為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要限制因素[1],開發(fā)利用微咸水是解決干旱區(qū)水資源短缺的重要途徑[2]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),中國(guó)西北地區(qū)地下微咸水(礦化度2~5 g/L)儲(chǔ)量為88.7 億m3[3],如何科學(xué)有效地利用微咸水資源對(duì)于提高灌區(qū)水資源利用效率和保障糧食安全生產(chǎn)具有十分重要的意義。

微咸水進(jìn)入土壤后,與土壤溶液和固體顆粒發(fā)生各種物理化學(xué)作用,必然會(huì)改變土壤結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致土壤孔隙特性發(fā)生變化,進(jìn)而影響土壤能量和導(dǎo)水特征,也影響土壤原有化學(xué)元素存在的狀態(tài)和形式,勢(shì)必造成土壤水鹽運(yùn)移特征的變化[4]。目前,咸水灌溉對(duì)土壤水鹽運(yùn)移[5-9]、物理特性[10-14]、酶活性[15]和微生物[16-17]以及冬小麥光合參數(shù)[18]的影響方面已有大量報(bào)道,有關(guān)不同溶質(zhì)類型和礦化度的咸水對(duì)土壤持水性[19]、水分有效性[20]、水分?jǐn)U散率[21]等方面有所涉及,但有關(guān)不同溶質(zhì)類型和礦化度的鹽分離子進(jìn)入土壤,在釋水過程中對(duì)鹽分離子含量的影響還鮮見報(bào)道。由于土壤吸持的水分對(duì)植物的有效性不在于含水量的高低,而在于水吸力的大小[22],且土壤所吸持水分并非在某一吸力段100%釋放出來供植物吸收利用,而是隨著吸力增大漸漸釋放,釋放速度也隨著吸力的改變而變化[23]。因此,不同吸力段土壤溶液離子組成的變異性決定了離子危害性的不同。

甘肅省秦安縣興國(guó)鎮(zhèn)果園長(zhǎng)期利用微咸水灌溉,導(dǎo)致果園土壤次生鹽漬化的發(fā)生,特別是鈉鹽的危害[24],嚴(yán)重制約了當(dāng)?shù)毓麡I(yè)的發(fā)展。為此,本研究以秦安縣果園土壤為研究對(duì)象,從微咸水利用的角度出發(fā),在不同吸力條件下探討不同鹽分類型和礦化度的水質(zhì)進(jìn)入土壤對(duì)釋水溶液鹽分離子含量的影響,為微咸水灌溉提供理論支持和技術(shù)支撐,具有重要的科學(xué)意義。

1 材料與方法

1.1 供試土壤

供試土壤采集甘肅省秦安縣興國(guó)鎮(zhèn)果園,砂粒(0.02~2 mm)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為252.0 g/kg,粉砂粒(0.002~0.02 mm)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為539.3 g/kg,黏粒(<0.002 mm)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為208.7 g/kg,屬粉砂質(zhì)黏壤土,有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10.52 g/kg,pH值為8.54,電導(dǎo)率為0.43mS/cm,HCO3-為0.85 g/kg,Cl-為0.16 g/kg,SO42-為0.14 g/kg,Ca2+為0.24 g/kg,Mg2+為0.06 g/kg,K+為0.05 g/kg,Na+為0.13 g/kg,碳酸鈣質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為134.8 g/kg。

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

由于甘肅省秦安縣的鹽漬化土壤類型主要是氯化物型和硫酸鹽型,故本試驗(yàn)分別選擇NaCl和Na2SO4兩種不同類型的鹽溶液,鹽溶液的礦化度分別設(shè)置為:1,3,5和10g/L,用蒸餾水作為對(duì)照(CK)。在室溫條件下用高速離心機(jī)進(jìn)行釋水試驗(yàn),重復(fù)4次。

1.3 試驗(yàn)方法

將待測(cè)土樣過2 mm篩,按容重1.30 g/cm3裝入底部預(yù)先鋪雙層濾紙的環(huán)刀中。試驗(yàn)分別用不同處理的鹽溶液和蒸餾水(CK)浸泡裝填土壤的環(huán)刀,經(jīng)過8~12 h飽和后,用日本HITACHI公司生產(chǎn)的CR21G離心機(jī)在不同水吸力(1.01,1.49,2.01,2.71,3.49,4.09)下離心,收集不同轉(zhuǎn)速下的釋水溶液,分別測(cè)定不同吸力下釋水溶液的電導(dǎo)率、HCO3-、SO42-、Cl-、水溶性Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+等。

1.4 分析方法和數(shù)據(jù)處理方法

釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率和鹽分離子的測(cè)定均采用常規(guī)的分析方法[25]。離心溶液電導(dǎo)率用電導(dǎo)法測(cè)定,HCO3-用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)H2SO4滴定法測(cè)定,SO42-用EDTA絡(luò)合滴定法測(cè)定,Cl-用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)硝酸銀滴定法測(cè)定,水溶性Na+用火焰光度計(jì)法測(cè)定,Ca2+、Mg2+用EDTA絡(luò)合滴定法測(cè)定。用OriginPro8.0軟件進(jìn)行作圖,用DPS7.5軟件進(jìn)行方差分析和配對(duì)檢驗(yàn)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率的影響

土壤電導(dǎo)率與土壤含鹽量之間存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系,可用電導(dǎo)率反映土壤含鹽量的變化情況[26]。由圖1可知,不同吸力條件下土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨NaCl和Na2SO4溶液礦化度的增大而增大。對(duì)于礦化度為1 g/L的NaCl處理,當(dāng)水吸力由1.0增大到1.49時(shí),土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率呈現(xiàn)出增大的趨勢(shì);當(dāng)水吸力由1.49增大到2.71時(shí),土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率呈現(xiàn)出逐漸減小的趨勢(shì);當(dāng)水吸力大于2.71時(shí),土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率呈現(xiàn)出隨水吸力的增加而增大的趨勢(shì)。而對(duì)于礦化度為1 g/L的Na2SO4處理,土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大基本保持不變。當(dāng)?shù)V化度為3 g/L時(shí),NaCl處理的土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大而逐漸增大;而Na2SO4處理的土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大而增大,當(dāng)水吸力為2.01時(shí),土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率值最大,隨后隨著水吸力的增大土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率呈現(xiàn)減小的趨勢(shì)。當(dāng)?shù)V化度為5 g/L時(shí),NaCl處理的土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力由1.0增大至1.49呈現(xiàn)減小的趨勢(shì),隨后水吸力由1.49增大至2.01時(shí),土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率在這吸力段呈現(xiàn)增加的趨勢(shì),當(dāng)水吸力大于2.01時(shí),土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大呈現(xiàn)減小的趨勢(shì);而Na2SO4處理的土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大基本保持不變。當(dāng)?shù)V化度為10 g/L時(shí),NaCl處理的釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大先基本保持不變,當(dāng)大于3.49時(shí),土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大明顯減??;而Na2SO4處理的釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率隨水吸力的增大先略有減小,后基本保持不變。方差分析結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率的影響差異均達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01),而不同水吸力之間差異均不顯著(>0.05)。

圖1 不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率的影響

2.2 不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液鹽分離子組成的影響

2.2.1 HCO3-含量

從圖2可知,NaCl處理比Na2SO4處理對(duì)釋水溶液HCO3-含量的影響大。對(duì)于礦化度為1、3和10 g/L的NaCl處理,隨著水吸力的增大,釋水溶液HCO3-含量規(guī)律不明顯。對(duì)于礦化度為5g/L的NaCl處理和1、5 g/L的Na2SO4處理,釋水溶液HCO3-量隨著水吸力的增大,一直保持恒定值;對(duì)于礦化度3 g/L的Na2SO4處理,在低吸力段(小于2.01),釋水溶液HCO3-含量為12 mg/L;在吸力大于2.71時(shí),釋水溶液HCO3-含量為15 mg/L;而對(duì)于礦化度10 g/L Na2SO4處理,釋水溶液HCO3-含量隨著水吸力的增大,呈先減小后趨于穩(wěn)定。

圖2 不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤溶液HCO3-含量的影響

與對(duì)照(蒸餾水)相比,不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4處理在大于2.01時(shí),釋水溶液HCO3-含量都低于對(duì)照,說明在土壤水吸力大于2.01時(shí),加入溶液中的Cl-和SO42-均具有抑制土壤中HCO3-的解離,從而使土壤釋水溶液中的HCO3-含量降低。這進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了土壤碳酸鹽的溶解度也受溶液中所含其他鹽類的影響。方差分析結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液HCO3-的影響差異分別達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01)和顯著水平(<0.05)。

2.2.2 Cl-含量

由圖3可知,不同礦化度Na2SO4處理要比NaCl處理對(duì)土壤溶液中Cl-含量的影響復(fù)雜。對(duì)于NaCl處理,釋水溶液中Cl-含量隨著加入溶液礦化度的增大而增大;蒸餾水、3、5 g/L的NaCl處理,釋水溶液中Cl-含量隨著水吸力的增大基本呈現(xiàn)波動(dòng)式的較小變化。這是由于Cl-與其他離子相比最易活動(dòng),且Cl-帶負(fù)電荷,與土壤顆粒所帶的電荷相同,它們之間產(chǎn)生排斥力,Cl-便于脫離土壤顆粒隨水溶液遷移,Cl-隨土壤水吸力變化較為平緩的現(xiàn)象充分地證實(shí)Cl-在不同持水孔隙中的分布具有均勻性。對(duì)于1 g/L的NaCl處理,在為1.49時(shí),釋水溶液中Cl-含量明顯增高,這說明低濃度的NaCl在此吸力條件下對(duì)土壤中的Cl-具有誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)。對(duì)于10 g/L的NaCl處理,在大于3.49時(shí),釋水溶液中Cl-含量明顯增高。對(duì)于1、10 g/L的Na2SO4處理,釋水溶液中Cl-含量隨水吸力的增大呈現(xiàn)先減小后保持恒定;而5 g/L的Na2SO4處理,釋水溶液中Cl-含量隨水吸力的增大呈現(xiàn)先保持恒定(大于2.71)后增大的趨勢(shì);對(duì)于蒸餾水,在為2.01時(shí),釋水溶液中Cl-含量最低,為105 mg/L,在其余吸力段土壤溶液中Cl-含量基本穩(wěn)定;對(duì)于3 g/L的Na2SO4處理,在為2.71時(shí),釋水溶液中Cl-含量最高,為110 mg/L,其余吸力段土壤溶液中Cl-含量均為50 mg/L。且所有Na2SO4處理的釋水溶液Cl-含量都低于對(duì)照處理的,這說明加入溶液中的SO42-對(duì)于土壤溶液中Cl-的解離具有抑制作用。方差分析結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液Cl-含量的影響差異均達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01)。

圖3 不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤溶液Cl-含量的影響

2.2.3 SO42-含量

由圖4可知,不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4處理對(duì)土壤釋水過程中SO42-含量的影響不同。不同礦化度的NaCl處理,土壤釋水溶液中SO42-含量隨水吸力的增大呈現(xiàn)波動(dòng)式變化,且當(dāng)大于2.01時(shí),NaCl各處理土壤釋水溶液中SO42-含量都低于對(duì)照,這說明加入溶液中的Cl-具有抑制土壤中SO42-的解離。而不同礦化度Na2SO4處理對(duì)釋水溶液中SO42-含量的影響與NaCl處理對(duì)土壤溶液中Cl-含量的影響有些相似。釋水溶液SO42-含量隨著Na2SO4礦化度的增大而增大,隨著水吸力的增大呈波動(dòng)式變化。與NaCl處理對(duì)土壤溶液中Cl-含量影響不同的是,對(duì)照處理的釋水溶液SO42-含量高于1 g/L Na2SO4處理,這說明加入低濃度的Na2SO4溶液具有抑制土壤中SO42-的解離。方差分析結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液SO42-含量的影響差異均達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01)。

圖4 不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤溶液SO42-含量影響

Fig.4 Effect of mineralization degree of NaCl and Na2SO4on content of SO42-in soil solution

2.2.4 Ca2+含量

Ca2+是土壤質(zhì)量的重要標(biāo)志。咸水灌溉和大量使用無機(jī)化肥,對(duì)土壤質(zhì)量的重要影響就在于加速了土壤脫鈣和鎂,使得土壤顆粒分散,影響土壤物理狀態(tài)。如圖5所示,在水吸力小于2.01時(shí),對(duì)于礦化度分別為3、5和10 g/L的NaCl處理,土壤溶液中的Ca2+含量明顯高于對(duì)照處理,且土壤溶液Ca2+含量隨著礦化度的增大而增大。這說明在低水吸力條件下,加入NaCl溶液有助于土壤中的Ca2+淋失而脫鈣,這種作用隨著加入溶液礦化度的增大而增大。而對(duì)于礦化度1g/L的NaCl處理,在水吸力大于2.01時(shí),其土壤溶液Ca2+含量明顯低于對(duì)照處理,這說明低濃度的NaCl溶液在高水吸力條件下(>2.01),對(duì)土壤溶液Ca2+的解離具有抑制作用。與NaCl處理相比,礦化度分別為5和10 g/L的Na2SO4處理,在水吸力小于2.71時(shí),其土壤溶液Ca2+含量明顯高于對(duì)照,這說明礦化度5和10 g/L的Na2SO4溶液,在此吸力條件下,對(duì)土壤溶液Ca2+的解離具有促進(jìn)作用;而在水吸力大于2.71時(shí),土壤溶液Ca2+含量與對(duì)照差別不大。相同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)土壤釋水溶液Ca2+含量的影響比較,NaCl促進(jìn)土壤溶液中Ca2+解離的能力大于Na2SO4。方差分析結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液Ca2+含量的影響差異均達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01)。

圖5 不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤溶液Ca2+含量影響

2.2.5 Mg2+含量

由圖6可以看出,不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4處理,其釋水溶液中的Mg2+含量均高于對(duì)照處理,這說明不同濃度的NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤中Mg2+的解離具有促進(jìn)作用。相同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4處理相比,NaCl處理釋水溶液中Mg2+含量要高于Na2SO4處理,這說明在礦化度相同的條件下,NaCl促進(jìn)土壤溶液中Mg2+解離的能力大于Na2SO4。這是由于NaCl和Na2SO4溶液中的Na+具有交換土壤膠體中的Mg2+的能力,在相同礦化度條件下,NaCl解離的Na+要明顯多于Na2SO4解離的Na+,因而NaCl溶液中的Na+交換出的Mg2+明顯高于Na2SO4溶液中的Na+交換出的Mg2+。方差分析結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液Mg2+含量的影響差異分別達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01)和顯著水平(<0.05)。

圖6 不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤溶液Mg2+含量影響

2.2.6 Na+含量

土壤中的鈉離子含量是反映土壤鹽分的重要指標(biāo),也是鹽分對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)和土壤孔隙狀況產(chǎn)生直接影響的元素。由圖7可以看出,不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4處理對(duì)土壤釋水溶液中Na+含量影響不同。但從整體上來看,對(duì)于NaCl和Na2SO4處理,釋水溶液中Na+含量隨著礦化度的增大而增大,且NaCl處理較Na2SO4處理增幅明顯。這是因?yàn)橥寥廊芤褐械碾x子與土壤膠體表面離子之間的交換是服從于質(zhì)量作用定律,Na2SO4的分子質(zhì)量較NaCl的大,在相同礦化度的條件下,NaCl解離的Na+較Na2SO4解離的多,所以在相同礦化度條件下,NaCl處理的釋水溶液中Na+含量較Na2SO4處理增幅明顯。方差分析結(jié)果表明:不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液Na+含量的影響差異均達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01)。

圖7 不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4溶液對(duì)土壤溶液Na+含量影響

2.3 同一礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率和鹽分離子影響差異性檢驗(yàn)

為了進(jìn)一步分析同一礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)土壤釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率和鹽分離子差異性的影響。本研究利用DPS軟件中配對(duì)樣本檢驗(yàn)法對(duì)同一礦化度的2種鹽溶液處理兩兩比較,結(jié)果表明(表1),2種溶質(zhì)對(duì)釋水溶液中Cl-含量有極顯著的影響(<0.01);礦化度為3,5,10g/L的兩種鹽溶液對(duì)土壤釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率和SO42-的影響均達(dá)極顯著水平(<0.01);礦化度為5g/L的兩種鹽溶液對(duì)土壤釋水溶液中Na+和Mg2+的含量有極顯著的影響(<0.01);礦化度為3g/L的兩種鹽溶液對(duì)土壤釋水溶液中Mg2+的含量有顯著影響(<0.05);礦化度為10g/L的兩種鹽溶液對(duì)土壤釋水溶液中Na+的含量有顯著影響(<0.05)。這說明同一礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)土壤釋水溶液鹽分和離子的影響不同。

表1 同一礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率和鹽分離子的配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)

注:*表示在<0.05水平上差異顯著;**表示在<0.01水平上差異顯著。

Note: * denotes a significant difference at<0.05;while ** denotes a significant difference at<0.01.

3 討 論

微咸水作為重要的補(bǔ)充水源被應(yīng)用到農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉中,造成的鹽堿等環(huán)境問題逐漸受到關(guān)注[27]。咸水用于灌溉時(shí)水中超過90%的Na+和Cl-存留在土壤中,進(jìn)入作物體內(nèi)的Na+和Cl-量很少,且隨著灌溉水中NaCl 含量的增加,土壤中水溶性Na+、Cl-含量直線增加[28]。咸水灌溉帶入的鹽分與土壤本身化學(xué)元素及土壤顆粒發(fā)生相互作用,改變土壤理化特性, 導(dǎo)致土壤水分和鹽分運(yùn)移規(guī)律的變化,影響土壤水分有效性和鹽分分布[29]。Ben等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)咸水灌溉導(dǎo)致土壤鹽分顯著增加。這與本研究的咸水灌溉土壤釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率增加相一致。與加入土壤溶液的電導(dǎo)率相比,土壤釋水溶液的電導(dǎo)率高于加入溶液的電導(dǎo)率。這是由于土壤吸收了所加入溶液中的水分,使得土壤釋水溶液濃度提高。另一方面,也說明咸水灌溉具有誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng),使得土壤溶液離子強(qiáng)度顯著提高,增加了鹽分離子危害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性。因此,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中,一方面要關(guān)注灌溉水的礦化度,另一方面也要關(guān)注土壤本身的含鹽量,防止咸水灌溉誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生高濃度的鹽分離子對(duì)植物的毒害。

灌溉的水質(zhì)所含鹽分類型和含量不同,其在土壤中的化學(xué)行為差異非常顯著。灌溉過程中土壤水分入滲會(huì)驅(qū)逐土壤空氣,可能導(dǎo)致土壤出現(xiàn)周期性的滯水,這時(shí)土壤膠體中的某些鹽分離子與灌溉水質(zhì)中的鹽分離子發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng),容易造成土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的崩解[1]。在低濃度條件下,對(duì)于在土壤中容易遷移的離子而言,會(huì)產(chǎn)生離子在不同孔徑的孔隙中明顯的分異;而對(duì)于不易遷移的離子而言,各級(jí)孔隙中的這種分異性表現(xiàn)的不明顯。對(duì)于高濃度鹽溶液,由于其對(duì)土壤團(tuán)聚作用的破壞強(qiáng),使得土壤結(jié)構(gòu)孔隙喪失,成為質(zhì)地孔隙,離子在各孔隙中的分異性不明顯。NaCl和Na2SO4兩種鹽溶液在土壤釋水過程中的表現(xiàn)就充分證實(shí)這一點(diǎn),NaCl溶液的波動(dòng)性比Na2SO4溶液明顯。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)石灰性土壤加入蒸餾水后,隨著土壤水吸力增加,釋水溶液中HCO3-有一個(gè)明顯的遞增階段,隨后穩(wěn)定在較高水平上,這說明隨著脫水吸力的增加,土壤膠體上吸附的陽(yáng)離子被解離到溶液后水解作用所致。本研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)在土壤中加入鈉鹽對(duì)于土壤膠體上吸附的交換性鈣鎂等陽(yáng)離子的解離具有一定的影響。因?yàn)榧尤脞c鹽的陪伴離子不同,置換能力以及被置換出的陽(yáng)離子與所加入的陰離子之間具有不同結(jié)合能。在石灰性土壤中加入NaCl溶液,因?yàn)镃l-與Ca2+、Mg2+結(jié)合,仍然是易溶性的離子態(tài)化合物,而加入Na2SO4溶液中的SO42-與交換出的Ca2+、Mg2+易結(jié)合成微溶性化合物,所以NaCl處理釋水溶液中Ca2+、Mg2+含量要比Na2SO4處理高。

一般認(rèn)為土壤有效水的范圍在“田間持水量(為1.8)”與“凋萎含水量(為3.8)”之間[20,31]。由于不同鹽分類型、礦化度鹽溶液的黏滯性和流動(dòng)性不同, 從而對(duì)土壤水分的有效性產(chǎn)生直接影響,另一個(gè)方面是由于溶質(zhì)改變了土壤的結(jié)構(gòu)等理化性質(zhì), 從而對(duì)土壤水分的有效性產(chǎn)生間接影響[20]。因此,更應(yīng)該關(guān)注此吸力段土壤釋水溶液離子組成情況。從本研究的結(jié)果來看,水吸力變化在1.8~3.8之間,釋水溶液HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+含量隨著吸力的增大變化明顯。由于本試驗(yàn)僅對(duì)輕度鹽漬化的粉砂質(zhì)黏壤土進(jìn)行了研究,對(duì)于中度和重度鹽漬化的粉砂質(zhì)黏壤土以及其他質(zhì)地類型的土壤有待于進(jìn)一步研究。從溶質(zhì)類型來看,NaCl和Na2SO4均為中性鹽,對(duì)于不同礦化度的堿性鹽(如Na2CO3)對(duì)土壤釋水溶液鹽分離子的影響還需進(jìn)一步研究。

4 結(jié) 論

1)不同礦化度NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)釋水溶液電導(dǎo)率、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+的影響差異均達(dá)極顯著(<0.01)或顯著水平(<0.05)。

2)相同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4在土壤釋水過程中對(duì)不同鹽分離子的影響不同。同為1 g/L的NaCl和Na2SO4,NaCl中的Cl-置換土壤中HCO3-的能力要強(qiáng)于Na2SO4中的SO42-。在土壤水吸力小于2.01時(shí),高礦化度(>3 g/L)的NaCl對(duì)于土壤溶液中Ca2+的解離具有促進(jìn)作用,且促進(jìn)能力隨著礦化度的增大而增大;在土壤水吸力大于2.01時(shí),加入溶液中的Cl-和SO42-均具有抑制土壤中HCO3-的解離,加入溶液中的Cl-具有抑制土壤中SO42-的解離,加入溶液中的SO42-具有抑制土壤溶液中Cl-的解離,低礦化度(1 g/L)的NaCl對(duì)于土壤溶液中Ca2+的解離具有抑制作用。

3)不同礦化度的NaCl和Na2SO4對(duì)土壤溶液中Mg2+的解離具有促進(jìn)作用。

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Effects of solute types and degree of mineralization on salt ions in soil release solution

Guo Quanen1,2,3, Wang Yiquan2, Nan Lili4, Li Baoguo3, Cao Shiyu1

(1.730070,; 2.,712100,; 3.100193; 4.,730070)

Water resource shortage has become an important limiting factor for the agricultural production in arid areas in Northwest China. The efficient utilization of brackish water resources is of great importance significance for food safety in irrigated areas. However, the influence of irrigation with different solute type and mineralization on salty ions in soil solution during the release water process is unknown. In the study, the soil samples were collected from orchard calcareous soil in Qin’an County of Gansu Province. The content of soil organic matter was 10.52 g/kg and pH was 8.54. Soil electrical conductivity was 0.43 mS/cm. The contents of HCO3-, Cl-,SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+,K+and Na+were 0.85, 0.16, 0.14, 0.24, 0.06, 0.05, 0.13 g/kg, respectively. The content of calcium carbonate was 134.8g/kg. Soil texture classification was based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture system and the soil texture was a silty clay loam, which has 25.2% sand, 53.9% silt, and 20.9% clay. The influences of two sodium salts (NaCl, Na2SO4) with different mineralization degrees (1, 3, 5, 10 g/L) on salt ion composition in soil solution were explored with the dehydration centrifugal method under different water suction conditions (1.01, 1.49, 2.01, 2.71, 3.49, and 4.09), distilled water was used as control. The results showed that the influences of NaCl and Na2SO4on electrical conductivity, HCO3-, Cl-,SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+,K+and Na+in soil release solution were significant (<0.05) or extremely significant (<0.01). The influences of NaCl and Na2SO4with the same salinity on salt ions in soil release solution were different. The ability of Cl-to replace HCO3-was better than SO42-to replace HCO3-in soil solution of treatments with 1 g/L of NaCl and 1 g/L of Na2SO4. When soil water tension () was less than 2.01, the NaCl solution with the degree of mineralization more than 3 g/L promoted the dissociation of the Ca2+in soil solution and the promoting effects of dissociation increased with the increase of salinity. When soil water tension () was more than 2.01, Cl-and SO42-in irrigation water inhibited the dissociation of HCO3-in soil solution and Cl-in irrigation water inhibited the dissociation of SO42-in soil solution, and SO42-in irrigation water inhibited the dissociation of Cl-, NaCl solution (the degree of mineralization of was 1 g/L) inhibited the dissociation of Ca2+in soil solution. NaCl and Na2SO4in irrigation water promoted the dissociation of Mg2+in soil solution. Therefore, from the viewpoints of the improvement salinized soil using brackish water, for sodic-saline soils, it was possible to irrigate with brackish water containing the mostly of Cl-and SO42-. For sulfate saline soil, it was possible to irrigate with brackish water containing the mostly of Cl-. For chloride soils, it was possible to irrigate with brackish water containing the mostly of SO42-. The study could provide the basis for restraining soil salts in brackish water irrigation in arid regions.

soils; solution; salty ions; water suction; saline water irrigation; solute type; mineralization degree

2018-12-28

2019-03-31

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(41363004);甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)(2015GAAS03)

郭全恩,副研究員,博士,主要從事鹽漬化土壤研究。Email:qnguo@sina.com

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.11.012

S153.6

A

1002-6819(2019)-11-0105-07

郭全恩,王益權(quán),南麗麗,李保國(guó),曹詩(shī)瑜. 不同溶質(zhì)及礦化度對(duì)土壤溶液鹽離子的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(11):105-111. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.11.012 http://www.tcsae.org

Guo Quanen, Wang Yiquan, Nan Lili, Li Baoguo, Cao Shiyu. Effects of solute types and degree of mineralization on salt ions in soil release solution[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(11): 105-111. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.11.012 http://www.tcsae.org

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