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長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素研究概況

2019-06-11 06:56雷高科符悅冠吳偉堅(jiān)
熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2019年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:交配害蟲昆蟲

雷高科 符悅冠 吳偉堅(jiān)

摘? 要? 長(zhǎng)小蠹屬(Platypus)昆蟲是危害森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要類群,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可造成林木大面積枯死。聚集信息素可用來監(jiān)測(cè)長(zhǎng)小蠹的種群密度,進(jìn)行大規(guī)模誘捕和中斷交配行為。本文從長(zhǎng)小蠹屬昆蟲的聚集行為,聚集信息素的產(chǎn)生和釋放,聚集信息素的化學(xué)組成以及應(yīng)用等方面綜述了長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素的研究概況。

關(guān)鍵詞? 長(zhǎng)小蠹;聚集行為;聚集信息素中圖分類號(hào)? S763.7? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼? A

長(zhǎng)小蠹科(Platypodidae)屬鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、多食亞目(Polyphaga)、象蟲總科(Curculionoidea),是危害森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要昆蟲類群[1],名字來源于在鉆蛀隧道時(shí)攜帶的真菌孢子(ambrosia)[2]。全世界發(fā)現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)小蠹種類超過1400種[3],主要分布在熱帶、亞熱帶和接近亞熱帶的溫帶區(qū)域[4],以赤道為中心,北達(dá)英國(guó)、朝鮮和美國(guó)的猶他州,南至津巴布韋、澳大利亞和阿根廷。主要危害衰弱或遭砍伐的林木[5],可造成林木大面積枯死。

長(zhǎng)小蠹屬(Platypus)是長(zhǎng)小蠹科的重要類群,一般危害直徑大于20 cm的林木樹干[6]。長(zhǎng)小蠹在寄主林木的木質(zhì)部鉆蛀隧道并產(chǎn)卵[7],削弱樹干的承受能力,使其在極端環(huán)境下極易折斷[8],腐爛的真菌孢子也可使林木出現(xiàn)深色斑而降低木材的質(zhì)量[5]。由于長(zhǎng)小蠹具有個(gè)體小、生活隱蔽、繁殖迅速等特性,防治非常困難[9],為減少長(zhǎng)小蠹屬昆蟲對(duì)林木的危害,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)[10],以便及早進(jìn)行防控。

昆蟲信息素是由昆蟲分泌并釋放到體外引起同種其他個(gè)體產(chǎn)生行為反應(yīng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì),主要包括性信息素、聚集信息素、追跡信息素、告警信息素和產(chǎn)卵信息素等[11-12]。昆蟲信息素在昆蟲的產(chǎn)卵、追蹤、防御、定向、召喚、交尾、聚集、告警以及種間識(shí)別等行為都具有重要的作用[13]。合成昆蟲信息素是害蟲治理的有力工具,經(jīng)常被用來監(jiān)測(cè)種群密度,進(jìn)行大規(guī)模誘捕和中斷交配行為等[14]。

昆蟲聚集信息素(aggregation pheromone)是由雌雄任一性別的昆蟲產(chǎn)生并能引起雌雄兩性同種昆蟲聚集行為反應(yīng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)[15]。聚集信息素在昆蟲獲得有益的環(huán)境、交配、獲取食物和抵御外敵的侵襲上發(fā)揮作用[16-17]。昆蟲聚集信息素主要應(yīng)用于蟲情監(jiān)測(cè)和害蟲誘殺等方面。

1966年研究人員第一次從加州十齒小蠹(Ips confusus)雄蟲中鑒定出信息素[18],之后更多小蠹蟲信息素被發(fā)現(xiàn),多數(shù)為單萜類化合物或其衍生物[19-24],并且大小蠹屬(Dendroctonus)和齒小蠹屬(Ips)信息素的合成部位、合成途徑均已被研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[25-27]。1977年Renwick等[28]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)扁齒長(zhǎng)小蠹(Platypu flavicornis)存在聚集信息素,此后,更多學(xué)者對(duì)多種長(zhǎng)小蠹的聚集行為、聚集信息素的產(chǎn)生和釋放、聚集信息素的化學(xué)組成及其應(yīng)用等方面進(jìn)行了研究。本文對(duì)這些研究進(jìn)行了綜述,以期為小蠹聚集信息素在長(zhǎng)小蠹綜合管理上的合理應(yīng)用奠定基礎(chǔ)。

1? 長(zhǎng)小蠹屬Platypus重要種的分布及其為害的寄主植物

現(xiàn)記錄的長(zhǎng)小蠹屬昆蟲超過120種[3],分布范圍廣,尤以熱帶和亞熱帶種類多,寄主范圍也很廣。主要危害松樹、櫟樹、橡膠樹等針葉林和闊葉林,為多食性昆蟲。表1為幾種重要長(zhǎng)小蠹屬昆蟲的分布及為害情況。

2? 長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集行為

長(zhǎng)小蠹的入侵一般發(fā)生在早上,黎明后不久,當(dāng)溫度升至13 ℃以上[50],寄主林木散發(fā)的氣味(主要是乙醇和單萜類)會(huì)吸引長(zhǎng)小蠹雄蟲侵入[48]。先鋒雄蟲落于樹上,利用現(xiàn)有的小蠹蟲鉆蛀孔或樹木傷口孔,在幾個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)鉆蛀出1條直徑約1.5 mm、深度10 mm的初始隧道[51]。在開始鉆蛀隧道2 d后,雄蟲出現(xiàn)在隧道口,一滴液體從后腸排出[52],液體中包含聚集信息素[53]。雄蟲再次向隧道內(nèi)移動(dòng)并彎曲腹部,將完全成型的液滴滴在緊鄰隧道入口的樹皮表面上。有時(shí)雄蟲不會(huì)移至隧道口,而是將液滴擦于隧道壁上[52](圖1)。雌雄成蟲的吸引需要3~10 d,在此期間,未交配的雄蟲大部分時(shí)間都將腹部暴露在隧道入口處[50]。聚集信息素吸引的雄蟲尋找新的位置鉆蛀初始隧道。吸引的雌蟲一旦找到占據(jù)隧道且未交配的雄蟲,則會(huì)會(huì)進(jìn)入該隧道,將額部壓于雄蟲的腹部并發(fā)出“嗡嗡”的聲音,此時(shí)雄蟲則會(huì)倒退出隧道,讓發(fā)聲的雌蟲進(jìn)入。在隧道里待一段時(shí)間后,雌蟲又回到樹表皮面,只把頭和前足留在隧道內(nèi),雌雄隨即開始交配[54]。當(dāng)長(zhǎng)小蠹在隧道入口外交配時(shí),摩擦聲隨即停止。交配完成后,雄蟲隨雌蟲回到隧道[49]。小蠹科的小蠹蟲在一個(gè)或幾個(gè)配偶進(jìn)入隧道后釋放抗聚集信息素。目前尚未有關(guān)于長(zhǎng)小蠹交配后發(fā)生化學(xué)信號(hào)變化的研究[55]。Ueda等[56]認(rèn)為交配后P. quercivoru的聚集行為消失了,因?yàn)榻慌湫巯x入侵的樹干比未交配雄蟲入侵樹干吸引的P. quercivoru少。然而,他們無法證實(shí)這一假設(shè),2種樹干吸引到的P. quercivoru數(shù)量差別很小,長(zhǎng)小蠹交配后聚集行為的消失需要進(jìn)一步的研究。

交配完成后雌蟲繼續(xù)鉆蛀穿入孔,完成水平母隧道的修筑。穿入孔和母隧道的總長(zhǎng)達(dá)到13~15 cm,成蟲鉆蛀最初這段隧道的速度約為1 cm/(10~20) d[51]。隨后,雌蟲從水平母隧道鉆蛀出4條左右分支母隧道。雌蟲在修筑隧道的同時(shí),所攜帶的真菌孢子在隧道壁萌發(fā)出菌絲,作為下一代幼蟲和成蟲的營(yíng)養(yǎng)來源,并在各處產(chǎn)卵[58]。孵化的幼蟲在食用菌絲達(dá)到5齡后[59],會(huì)從分支母隧道的垂直方向,鉆蛀出長(zhǎng)1 cm左右的蛹室,在蛹室內(nèi)化蛹,以蛹形態(tài)越冬。春天,蛹室的蛹羽化成新成蟲,在隧道倒轉(zhuǎn),從穿入孔離開寄主[57]。

雄蟲則通過堵塞洞口來保護(hù)隧道免受天敵和雜菌的侵入,還可以阻止其他雄蟲進(jìn)入,并避免幼蟲掉出隧道。雄蟲會(huì)調(diào)節(jié)孔洞的濕度,保持孔道的高濕度,促進(jìn)真菌孢子生長(zhǎng)[60]。雄蟲的腹部上下移動(dòng),進(jìn)行換氣[57],并把由雌蟲及其后代產(chǎn)生的碎屑全部排出[54]。長(zhǎng)小蠹是“一夫一妻制”,親代雌雄成蟲會(huì)一直留在隧道中,直到死亡,雄蟲有時(shí)暫時(shí)從隧道出來,讓下一代成蟲離開[51]。

3? 長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素的化學(xué)成分

Ueda[52]發(fā)現(xiàn)新西蘭長(zhǎng)小蠹(P. apicalis)產(chǎn)生的含聚集信息素的液滴通常是不透明的白色,但有時(shí)也會(huì)是透明的,也有黃色或棕色,新產(chǎn)生的液滴具有獨(dú)特的檸檬氣味。液滴大小不同,最大直徑約為0.5 mm,但通常只有0.25 mm。對(duì)長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素的分離鑒定研究表明,長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素的化學(xué)成分主要是烯醇類[61],目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)5種長(zhǎng)小蠹的聚集信息素(表2)。

4? 長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素的應(yīng)用

昆蟲聚集信息素在害蟲防治中起到重要的作用,目前已成功應(yīng)用于種群監(jiān)測(cè)和大量誘殺中。雖然對(duì)長(zhǎng)小蠹的聚集信息素的研究較少,但利用聚集信息素進(jìn)行蟲情監(jiān)測(cè)和害蟲誘殺已有一些成功的案例。日本每年由P. quercivorus引起的落葉櫟枯死現(xiàn)象十分普遍,為了預(yù)測(cè)P. quercivorus的發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài),利用聚集信息素(1S,4R)-4-isopropyl- 1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol作為誘劑對(duì)P. quercivorus的種群動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)[62]。江蘇省出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局利用樹木引誘成分和小蠹蟲聚集信息素有效成分配制出的引誘劑,張家港出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局從東南亞、非洲、大洋洲和俄羅斯進(jìn)口的木材上誘捕到包括長(zhǎng)小蠹在內(nèi)的多種昆蟲[67]。

P. quercivorus是日本櫟枯萎病病原Raffaelea quercivora的傳播媒介,曾造成日本櫟大面積枯萎,P. quercivorus聚集信息素能夠誘捕比空白對(duì)照多14.4倍的成蟲,可用于長(zhǎng)小蠹的防治[14]。P. koryoensis是韓國(guó)柞樹枯萎病的媒介,造成柞樹(主要是蒙古櫟Quercus mongolica)大量死亡,用P. koryoensis的聚集信息素對(duì)其進(jìn)行誘殺有較好的控制作用[64]。Kim等[68]也試驗(yàn)出乙醇與橙花醛的混合物(95∶5,V/V)對(duì)P. koryoensis具有最好的誘捕效果。P. cylindrus是地中海地區(qū)栓皮櫟Quercus variabilis真菌病的媒介,Henriques等[65]曾利用聚集信息素(己醇、食菌甲誘醇和食菌甲誘酮的混合物)添加寄主植物揮發(fā)物(a-側(cè)柏酮、莰烯和b-蒎烯)進(jìn)行了誘殺試驗(yàn)。

5? 展望

聚集信息素具有生物活性高、特異性強(qiáng)、使用簡(jiǎn)單、不污染環(huán)境、持久性長(zhǎng)、對(duì)人畜無毒害、不影響天敵、分解較快等特性[69-70],在使用過程中,不僅能夠防治害蟲,還可以減少化學(xué)農(nóng)藥大量使用造成的環(huán)境污染,達(dá)到控制害蟲的目的,從而維護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡,促進(jìn)林業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展[71]。

長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素的鑒定和應(yīng)用方面的研究已經(jīng)取得一些成效,但還有很多問題沒有得到解決。今后長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素的研究一方面隨著分析設(shè)備的進(jìn)步和試驗(yàn)方法的完善,更易對(duì)微量組分進(jìn)行成分鑒定和功能研究,可將各個(gè)長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素化學(xué)成分補(bǔ)充完整;另一方面對(duì)作用機(jī)制的研究也應(yīng)加以重視,長(zhǎng)小蠹主要通過嗅覺對(duì)聚集信息素進(jìn)行識(shí)別,完善對(duì)長(zhǎng)小蠹嗅覺系統(tǒng)的研究可以更好的防治長(zhǎng)小蠹。聚集信息素在害蟲監(jiān)測(cè)、大量誘殺、檢驗(yàn)檢疫等方面的應(yīng)用需要進(jìn)行更廣泛的理論研究,并進(jìn)行大量的林間試驗(yàn),擴(kuò)大聚集信息素的應(yīng)用;另外盡管有些聚集信息素已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)使用,但仍面臨成本高的問題,今后的研究可以考慮將聚集信息素和不同寄主揮發(fā)物結(jié)合使用,降低成本,提高效率。隨著長(zhǎng)小蠹聚集信息素研究的不斷深入,可以更有效的防治長(zhǎng)小蠹,保護(hù)森林生態(tài)平衡。

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