張?zhí)炱? 龍喜帶
【摘要】?原發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)是全球最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一。乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是誘發(fā)HCC的重要因素,HBV誘發(fā)的HCC與乙型肝炎病毒X(HBx)基因及其編碼蛋白密切相關(guān),其核心機(jī)制為HBV感染肝細(xì)胞時(shí)將HBx整合入宿主細(xì)胞核所導(dǎo)致的肝細(xì)胞基因組結(jié)構(gòu)變異,并誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞癌變。該綜述從HCC發(fā)生及發(fā)展等過(guò)程來(lái)探討HBx在HBV相關(guān)性HCC中的分子機(jī)制。
【關(guān)鍵詞】?肝細(xì)胞癌;乙型肝炎病毒;乙型肝炎病毒X基因
中圖分類號(hào):R735.7?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2019.03.001
【Abstract】 ??Primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world.Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection plays a major role in inducing HCC.HBV-induced HCC is closely related to hepatitis B virus X (HBx) gene and its encoded protein.The central mechanism is the integration of HBx gene into the host cell nucleus when HBV infects liver cells,which results in cellular genomic structural variation and carcinogenesis of liver cells.This review discusses the molecular mechanism of HBx in HBV-related HCC from the process of occurrence and progression of HCC.
【Key words】?HCC;HBV;HBx gene
原發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是世界范圍內(nèi)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率居所有癌癥的第5位,病死率居所有癌癥的第2位。在已知的病因中,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)慢性感染約占50%[1]。盡管HBV相關(guān)性HCC的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,但有證據(jù)表明乙型肝炎病毒X基因(hepatitis B virus X,HBx)及其編碼蛋白在HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用[2],我們將就HBx在HBV相關(guān)性HCC演進(jìn)中的作用及相關(guān)機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述。
1?HBx基因與表達(dá)
HBV基因組是部分環(huán)狀雙鏈DNA,鏈長(zhǎng)約3200個(gè)堿基,含四個(gè)開(kāi)放閱讀框(Open reading frame,ORF),即S、C、P和X[3]。HBx是HBV的四個(gè)部分重疊的ORF中最小的基因,包含455個(gè)核苷酸,位于HBV基因組的第1374~1838位核苷酸,所編碼的產(chǎn)物HBx蛋白是由154個(gè)氨基酸組成,分子量約為17 kDa的多功能非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白[3~4]。由于人類基因組中未能顯示與該已知蛋白質(zhì)的同源性氨基酸序列,故命名為X(即“未知”)蛋白。
2?HBx與HCC發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)系
HBx在嗜肝病毒的哺乳動(dòng)物肝細(xì)胞中呈現(xiàn)高度保守,通常在慢性HBV攜帶者的肝細(xì)胞中易于發(fā)現(xiàn)[5]。近年來(lái)的研究表明:HBx在HBV相關(guān)性HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展中扮演重要角色。在HBV陽(yáng)性肝細(xì)胞中,HBx主要定位于細(xì)胞核,HBx蛋白是HBV cccDNA轉(zhuǎn)錄所必需的并通過(guò)多種途徑增強(qiáng)HBV復(fù)制[6]。除外HBx主要作為轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子在HCC發(fā)展中發(fā)揮作用,還通過(guò)作用于p53、TNF、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子等調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡[7];HBx可干擾細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,阻斷G1/S轉(zhuǎn)換,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞異常死亡,并伴隨著嚴(yán)重的脂肪蓄積和受損的糖原儲(chǔ)存[8]。此外,HBx通過(guò)表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾、基因突變、基因損傷與修復(fù)、自噬等影響HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展。HBx的這些作用可能導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞喪失對(duì)自身生物學(xué)行為的調(diào)控,進(jìn)而發(fā)生惡性轉(zhuǎn)化和形成HCC。
3?HBx誘導(dǎo)HCC的分子機(jī)制
3.1?HBx和非編碼RNA
分子生物學(xué)中基因調(diào)控主要集中在中心法則上。然而,約98%的人類基因組被轉(zhuǎn)錄成非編碼RNA(ncRNA)[9]。HBx和ncRNA之間的相互作用在HCC發(fā)展中作用顯著。
3.1.1?HBx和miRNA
微小RNA(Micro RNA,miRNA)是長(zhǎng)20~25個(gè)核苷酸的具有基因調(diào)控功能的單鏈非編碼RNA[9]。多種miRNA在HBV相關(guān)性HCC發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用,其中HBx通過(guò)激活NF-κB/EGR1信號(hào)通路,下調(diào)miR-3928v以及抑癌基因VDAC3,從而加速HCC的進(jìn)展[10]。此外,miRNA-15b以巖藻糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶2和癌癥相關(guān)糖類抗原Globo-H為靶標(biāo)來(lái)抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖,而HBx通過(guò)抑制miRNA-15b的表達(dá)而對(duì)HCC起到促進(jìn)作用[11]。
3.1.2?HBx和lncRNA
長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(Long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是長(zhǎng)度大于200個(gè)核苷酸的非編碼RNA,具有調(diào)節(jié)染色體修復(fù)、轉(zhuǎn)錄后修飾及基因組印跡等功能[9]。lncRNA DREH在體內(nèi)外起到抑制細(xì)胞增殖和遷移的作用,而HBx能夠下調(diào)DREH的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)體內(nèi)外HCC細(xì)胞的增殖[12]。另外,在HCC中l(wèi)ncRNA MALAT1的表達(dá)水平與HBx呈正相關(guān),進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí),HBx通過(guò)上調(diào)MALAT1的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)體內(nèi)外肝癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移[13]。
3.2?HBx和表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾
表觀遺傳學(xué)(epigenomics)修飾是指非基因序列改變所致基因表達(dá)水平變化,如DNA甲基化、組蛋白修飾、染色質(zhì)構(gòu)象變化等[14]。DNA甲基化是HCC發(fā)展過(guò)程中早期和普遍存在的事件。DNA甲基化指的是通過(guò)甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(DNMT)在CpG二核苷酸的胞嘧啶上接受甲基形成5-甲基胞嘧啶的過(guò)程。DNA甲基化通過(guò)構(gòu)象改變影響DNA與蛋白質(zhì)之間的相互作用[15]。HBx通過(guò)直接抑制DNMT啟動(dòng)子誘導(dǎo)宿主基因中的CpG島異常甲基化而參與腫瘤的發(fā)生[16]。此外,HBx可以通過(guò)反式激活上調(diào)DNMT3A和DNMT3B的表達(dá)[15]。最近有研究指出,在HBV相關(guān)性HCC中,HBx通過(guò)組蛋白乙酰化使Delta-like 3(DLL3)沉默,從而影響細(xì)胞凋亡進(jìn)程[17]。
3.3?HBx及相關(guān)信號(hào)通路
在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi),HBx低表達(dá)時(shí)主要分布在細(xì)胞核,高表達(dá)時(shí)多聚集在胞漿,HBx不具有直接結(jié)合DNA的能力,但可通過(guò)蛋白間相互作用發(fā)揮其反式轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[18]。
3.3.1?HBx和JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路
JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路是由細(xì)胞因子刺激的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,STAT為JAK的底物。已經(jīng)證實(shí),STAT3在HBV相關(guān)性HCC中高表達(dá),目前認(rèn)為HBx激活JAK-STAT通路的機(jī)制主要有:HBx與JAK1-酪氨酸激酶相互作用;HBx二聚化誘導(dǎo)的JAK交叉磷酸化和自激活;HBx激活Src激酶等[19~20]。另外有學(xué)者指出HBx通過(guò)與線粒體的關(guān)聯(lián)誘導(dǎo)氧化應(yīng)激并激活STAT3[21],進(jìn)一步研究表明HBx通過(guò)激活STAT3促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞的上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[22]。
3.3.2?HBx與Notch信號(hào)通路
Notch是跨膜受體,其受體與鄰近細(xì)胞中的配體相互作用后被激活[23]。研究表明HBx促進(jìn)HCC中的miR-3188活化而激活HBx-miR-3188-ZHX2-Notch1信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移[24]。Yang等[25]報(bào)道缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α參與HCC中Notch的上調(diào)并與HBx共同激活Notch信號(hào)通路,同時(shí)Notch3的表達(dá)增加與HCC的血管轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。此外,Notch3在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)p53,并與NF-κB、Wnt協(xié)同作用,誘導(dǎo)HCC的發(fā)生[26~27]。
3.3.3?HBx與凋亡信號(hào)通路
HBx本身不激活凋亡信號(hào)通路,但體內(nèi)外研究證實(shí):HBx誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激CREBH信號(hào)通路,該信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)AP-1,AP-1通過(guò)結(jié)合PPP2R5C啟動(dòng)子反式激活PPP2R5C,PPP2R5C的表達(dá)產(chǎn)物B56γ誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期停滯和細(xì)胞凋亡[3]。體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn):HBx抑制胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合蛋白1的分泌,使毒胡蘿卜素和星形孢菌素誘導(dǎo)的caspase-3/7活性降低,最終抑制肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡[28]。HBx通過(guò)多種機(jī)制調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡,包括使Fas/FasL、Bax/Bcl-2等信號(hào)通路功能失調(diào),caspase家族表達(dá)水平的調(diào)節(jié)等[29~30]。有趣的是,在不同的研究中或不同細(xì)胞系中,HBx通過(guò)不同的凋亡通路分別對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡起到促進(jìn)和抑制作用,而這些機(jī)制多與線粒體關(guān)聯(lián),這也印證了內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞色素C從線粒體釋放的調(diào)節(jié)是細(xì)胞凋亡分子機(jī)理研究的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。
3.4?HBx基因突變
特定基因的遺傳改變是HCC進(jìn)展中的關(guān)鍵事件,已經(jīng)證實(shí)HCC患者的血清和肝組織中存在HBx的天然變異?,F(xiàn)有研究報(bào)道最多的是HBx截短造成的缺失突變。HCC組織中HBx的C末端缺失較癌旁組織頻發(fā),與全長(zhǎng)HBx相比,HBx缺失突變表現(xiàn)出許多不同特性:HBx缺失60AA后,HBx的致癌作用降低80%~90%;HBx抑制抑癌基因p53的表達(dá),而N端和C端截短的HBx(61~124AA)下調(diào)p53表達(dá)的作用更強(qiáng)[31]。此外,HBx基因中的某些點(diǎn)突變,特別是K130M和V131I雙突變導(dǎo)致HCC發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加4~5倍[32]。近年來(lái)許多研究證明了HBx基因突變通過(guò)影響蛋白質(zhì)之間相互作用、轉(zhuǎn)錄反式激活、DNA修復(fù)、細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)等途徑調(diào)控著HCC的細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞周期和遷移等生物學(xué)進(jìn)程。
3.5?HBx和基因修復(fù)
DNA修復(fù)系統(tǒng)可識(shí)別和修復(fù)損傷的DNA,對(duì)維持基因組完整性至關(guān)重要。在HCC細(xì)胞中,HBx通過(guò)影響DNA損傷相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)譜抑制DNA合成,從而誘導(dǎo)核酸代謝異常導(dǎo)致基因組不穩(wěn)定,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HBx通過(guò)促使H2AX磷酸化誘導(dǎo)DNA損傷,與此同時(shí),HBx誘導(dǎo)G2/M期阻滯而阻止基因修復(fù),由DNA損傷激活的G2/M檢查點(diǎn)在真核生物基因損傷修復(fù)中具有重要作用,DNA損傷時(shí)可以防止有絲分裂,為基因修復(fù)提供機(jī)會(huì)[33~34]。PARP1是DNA修復(fù)中的關(guān)鍵酶,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中的HBx通過(guò)調(diào)控eIF2α/ATF4途徑抑制PARP1的表達(dá)并進(jìn)而抑制基因修復(fù)和細(xì)胞凋亡[35]。此外,HBx還可以作用于胸腺嘧啶DNA糖基化酶[36]、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TFIIH[37]等影響基因修復(fù)過(guò)程。
3.6?HBx和自噬
自噬是細(xì)胞將胞內(nèi)蛋白、細(xì)胞器等物質(zhì)遞送至溶酶體降解并自我更新的過(guò)程。細(xì)胞自噬與腫瘤的關(guān)系尚未完全闡明。一方面,在HCC中HBx通過(guò)各種機(jī)制誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞自噬及自噬體的形成:研究表明HBx和高遷移率族蛋白盒1之間的相互作用可以促進(jìn)HCC自噬[38];Zhang等[39]報(bào)道HBx通過(guò)激活死亡相關(guān)蛋白激酶誘導(dǎo)自噬;Zhong等[40]認(rèn)為JNK信號(hào)通路對(duì)HBx誘導(dǎo)的自噬至關(guān)重要。另一方面,HBV存活和復(fù)制需要自噬過(guò)程的參與,自噬的降解過(guò)程需要成熟溶酶體的參與,而HBx通過(guò)抑制溶酶體酸化阻礙溶酶體成熟,導(dǎo)致未成熟的溶酶體積聚并降低溶酶體的降解能力,最終抑制自噬降解[41]。目前而言,自噬在HCC進(jìn)展過(guò)程中具有雙重作用,而在靶向治療過(guò)程中也被認(rèn)為是一把雙刃劍[42]。
4?小結(jié)與展望
HBV相關(guān)性HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展一直被視為多因素過(guò)程,包括很多直接或間接可以協(xié)同作用的機(jī)制。HBx誘發(fā)HCC的確切機(jī)制仍不明朗,仍有待深入研究和闡明。當(dāng)前的研究進(jìn)展提示我們,從分子生物學(xué)層面闡明HBx基因和HBx蛋白可以進(jìn)一步確切了解HBx在HCC中的作用,并為預(yù)防HBV相關(guān)性HCC和臨床治療HCC的新型治療策略提供重要依據(jù)。
參?考?文?獻(xiàn)
[1]?Tantiwetrueangdet A,Panvichian R,Sornmayura P,et al.Reduced HBV cccDNA and HBsAg in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma tissues[J].Medical Oncology(Northwood,London,England),2018,35(10):127.
[2]?Martin-Vilchez S,Lara-Pezzi E,Trapero-Marugan M,et al.The molecular and pathophysiological implications of hepatitis B X antigen in chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J].Rev Med Virol,2011,21(5):315-329.
[3]?Xu F,Song H,Xiao Q,et al.Type III interferon-induced CBFβ inhibits HBV replication by hijacking HBx[J].Cellular & Molecular Immunology,2018.[Epub ahead of print].
[4]?González C,Tabernero D,Cortese MF,et al.Detection of hyper-conserved regions in hepatitis B virus X gene potentially useful for gene therapy[J].World Journal of Gastroenterology,2018,24(19):2095-2107.
[5]?Zhang XD,Wang Y,Ye LH.Hepatitis B virus X protein accelerates the development of hepatoma[J].Cancer Biology & Medicine,2014,11(3):182-190.
[6]?Levrero M,Zucman-Rossi J.Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2016,64(1 Suppl):S84-S101.
[7]?Chaturvedi VK,Singh A,Dubey SK,et al.Molecular mechanistic insight of hepatitis B virus mediated hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Microbial Pathogenesis,2019,128:184-194.
[8]?Wu BK,Li CC,Chen HJ,et al.Blocking of G1/S transition and cell death in the regenerating liver of Hepatitis B virus X protein transgenic mice[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2006,340(3):916-928.
[9]?Hung J,Miscianinov V,Sluimer JC,et al.Targeting Non-coding RNA in Vascular Biology and Disease[J].Frontiers in physiology,2018,9:1655.
[10]?Zhang Q,Song G,Yao L,et al.miR-3928v is induced by HBx via NF-κB/EGR1 and contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma malignancy by down-regulating VDAC3[J].Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research:CR,2018,37(1):14.
[11]?Wu CS,Yen CJ,Chou RH,et al.Downregulation of microRNA-15b by hepatitis B virus X enhances hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation via fucosyltransferase 2-induced Globo H expression[J].Int J Cancer,2014,134(7):1638-1647.
[12]?Lv D,Wang Y,Zhang Y,et al.Downregulated long non-coding RNA DREH promotes cell proliferation in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Oncology Letters,2017,14(2):2025-2032.
[13]?Hou Z,Xu X,F(xiàn)u X,et al.HBx-related long non-coding RNA MALAT1 promotes cell metastasis via up-regulating LTBP3 in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].American Journal of Cancer Research,2017,7(4):845-856.
[14]?Ramalho-Carvalho J,Martins JB,Cekaite L,et al.Epigenetic Disruption of miR-130a Promotes Prostate Cancer By Targeting SEC23B and DEPDC1[J].Cancer Lett,2017,385:150-159.
[15]?Fu X,Song X,Li Y,et al.Hepatitis B virus X protein upregulates DNA methyltransferase 3A/3B and enhances SOCS-1CpG island methylation[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,13(1):301-308.
[16]?Lee SM,Lee YG,Bae JB,et al.HBx induces hypomethylation of distal intragenic CpG islands required for active expression of developmental regulators[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(26):9555-9560.
[17]?Hamamoto H,Maemura K,Matsuo K,et al.Delta-like 3 is silenced by HBx via histone acetylation in HBV-associated HCCs[J].Scientific reports,2018,8(1):4842.
[18]?Tan YJ.Hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World journal of gastroenterology,2011,17(44):4853-4857.
[19]?Grohmann M,Wiede F,Dodd GT,et al.Obesity Drives STAT-1-Dependent NASH and STAT-3-Dependent HCC[J].Cell,2018,175(5):1289-1306.e20.
[20]?Arbuthnot P,Capovilla A,Kew M.Putative role of hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatocarcinogenesis:Effects on apoptosis,DNA repair,mitogen-activated protein kinase and JAK/STAT pathways[J].Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,2000,15(4):357-368.
[21]?Waris G,Huh KW,Siddiqui A.Mitochondrially associated hepatitis B virus X protein constitutively activates transcription factors STAT-3 and NF-kappa B via oxidative stress[J].Molecular and cellular biology,2001,21(22):7721-7730.
[22]?Teng J,Wang X,Xu Z,et al.HBx-dependent activation of twist mediates STAT3 control of epithelium-mesenchymal transition of liver cells[J].Journal of Cellular Biochemistry,2012,114(5):1097-1104.
[23]?Canalis E.Notch in skeletal physiology and disease[J].Osteoporosis International,2018,29(12):2611-2621.
[24]?Zhou SJ,Deng YL,Liang HF,et al.Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes CREB-mediated activation of miR-3188 and Notch signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cell death and differentiation,2017,24(9):1577-1587.
[25]?Yang SL,Ren QG,Zhang T,et al.Hepatitis B virus X protein and hypoxiainducible factor-1alpha stimulate Notch gene expression in liver cancer cells[J].Oncol Rep,2017,37(1):348-356.
[26]?Giovannini C,Bolondi L,Gramantieri L.Targeting Notch3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma:Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives[J].International journal of molecular sciences,2016,18(1).pii:E56.
[27]?Sun Q,Wang R,Luo J,et al.Notch1 promotes hepatitis B virus X protein-induced hepatocarcinogenesis via Wnt/beta-catenin pathway[J].Int J Oncol,2014,45(4):1638-1648.
[28]?Nielsen KO,Mirza AH,Kaur S,et al.Hepatitis B virus suppresses the secretion of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 to facilitate anti-apoptotic IGF-1 effects in HepG2 cells[J].Experimental Cell Research,2018,370(2):399-408.
[29]?He P,Zhang B,Liu D,et al.Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Modulates Apoptosis in NRK-52E Cells and Activates Fas/FasL Through the MLK3-MKK7-JNK3 Signaling Pathway[J].Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry,2016,39(4):1433-1443.
[30]?Qiu Z,Zhou J,Zhang C,et al.Antiproliferative effect of urolithin A,the ellagic acid-derived colonic metabolite,on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.2.15 cells by targeting Lin28a/let-7a axis[J].Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas,2018,51(7):e7220.
[31]?Al-Anazi MR,Nazir N,Colak D,et al.Deletion and Functional Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein:Evidence for an Effect on Cell Cycle Regulators[J].Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry,2018,49(5):1987-1998.
[32]?An P,Xu J,Yu Y,et al.Host and Viral Genetic Variation in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma[J].Frontiers in genetics,2018,9:261.
[33]?Fei H,Zhou Y,Li R,et al.HBXIP,a binding protein of HBx,regulates maintenance of the G2/M phase checkpoint induced by DNA damage and enhances sensitivity to doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity[J].Cell cycle (Georgetown,Tex.),2017,16(5):468-476.
[34]?Dan Y,Zhang Y,Cheng L,et al.Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx)-induced abnormalities of nucleic acid metabolism revealed by (1)H-NMR-based metabonomics[J].Scientific reports,2016,6:24430.
[35]?Li J,He J,F(xiàn)u Y,et al.Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits apoptosis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress response[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(56):96027-96034.
[36]?Van De Klundert MA,Van Hemert FJ,Zaaijer HL,et al.The hepatitis B virus x protein inhibits thymine DNA glycosylase initiated base excision repair[J].PloS one,2012,7(11):e48940.
[37]?Jaitovich-Groisman I,Benlimame N,Slagle B L,et al.Transcriptional regulation of the TFIIH transcription repair components XPB and XPD by the hepatitis B virus x protein in liver cells and transgenic liver tissue[J].J Biol Chem,2001,276(17):14124-14132.
[38]?Fu S,Wang J,Hu X,et al.Crosstalk between hepatitis B virus X and high-mobility group box 1 facilitates autophagy in hepatocytes[J].Molecular oncology,2018,12(3):322-338.
[39]?Zhang HT,Chen GG,Hu BG,et al.Hepatitis B virus x protein induces autophagy via activating death-associated protein kinase[J].Journal of Viral Hepatitis,2013,21(9):642-649.
[40]?Zhong L,Shu W,Dai W,et al.Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated c-Jun NH(2)-Terminal Kinase Activation Contributes to Hepatitis B Virus X Protein-Induced Autophagy via Regulation of the Beclin-1/Bcl-2 Interaction[J].Journal of virology,2017,91(15):e00001-17.
[41]?Liu B,F(xiàn)ang M,Hu Y,et al.Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits autophagic degradation by impairing lysosomal maturation[J].Autophagy,2014,10(3):416-430.
[42]?Huang F,Wang BR,Wang YG.Role of autophagy in tumorigenesis,metastasis,targeted therapy and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World journal of gastroenterology,2018,24(41):4643-4651.
(收稿日期:2018-12-18?修回日期:2019-01-19)
(編輯:潘明志)