余光書 樂立盛 卓杰 林焱斌 熊國勝
【摘 要】目的:通過觀察補(bǔ)骨顆粒對骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者慢性疼痛及緩激肽(BK)、降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)、轉(zhuǎn)化受體電位陽離子通道亞家族A成員1(TRPA1)的影響,探討補(bǔ)腎活血中藥對骨關(guān)節(jié)炎慢性疼痛的影響機(jī)制,為臨床防治骨關(guān)節(jié)炎慢性疼痛提供依據(jù)。方法:選取40例膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛的骨科門診患者,按照美國風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(ACR)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷為單側(cè)或雙側(cè)膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎,中醫(yī)診斷符合《中醫(yī)病證診斷療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中骨痹(腎虛血瘀型),患者每日嚴(yán)格按時(shí)口服補(bǔ)骨顆粒,并在口服中藥第0,7,14天時(shí)采用視覺模擬評分法(VAS)評估患者膝關(guān)節(jié)靜息痛,同時(shí)抽取3~4 mL靜脈血行TRPA1、CGRP及BK檢測,所有檢測值記錄于預(yù)先設(shè)置好的表格內(nèi),使用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果:共有32例患者按照試驗(yàn)方案服藥,所納入患者在口服中藥前的靜息痛VAS評分為54.38分,治療7 d(44.69分)及14 d(32.81分)后患者的平均靜息痛均明顯緩解(F = 44.323,P = 0.000);治療前患者BK值為7.72 ng·mL-1,治療7 d后(6.61 ng·mL-1)與14 d后(5.98 ng·mL-1)均明顯降低(F = 30.025,P = 0.000);治療后CGRP下降,但多重比較發(fā)現(xiàn),治療前與治療7,14 d比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.015,P = 0.002),而治療7 d與14 d差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.469);治療后TRPA1值下降,多重比較發(fā)現(xiàn),治療前與治療7 d差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.243),治療前與治療14 d差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.000),治療7 d與14 d差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.000)。結(jié)論:補(bǔ)骨顆粒能夠有效緩解骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者慢性疼痛,這可能通過抑制TRPA1、CGRP及BK的表達(dá)或分泌,從而起到抑制外周感受器敏化及中樞敏化的作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 骨關(guān)節(jié)炎,膝;補(bǔ)骨顆粒;慢性疼痛;TRPA1;中樞敏化;臨床研究
【ABSTRACT】Objective:By observing the effects of Bugu Keli(補(bǔ)骨顆粒)on chronic pain,BK,CGRP and TRPA1 in patients with osteoarthritis,to explore the its mechanism,so as to provide evidence for clinical prevention and treatment.Methods:Forty patients with knee joint pain were recruited and diagnosed as unilateral or bilateral knee osteoarthritis according to the criteria of American Rheumatology Society.Then they were diagnosed as bone bi(of kidney deficiency and blood stasis type)in terms of The Criteria of Diagnosis and Curative Effect of Osteoarthritis.The patients were given Chinese medicine for tonifying kidney and activating blood circulation strictly and on time.Before taking medicine,the seventh day and the fourteenth day after that,VAS was used to assess the rest pain of knee joint.At the same time,3~4 mL venous blood samples were taken for TRPA1,CGRP and BK detection.All the detection values were recorded in the pre-set tables and statistically analyzed with software SPSS 20.0.Results:A total of 32 patients were treated with Chinese medicine.The VAS score of rest pain before oral administration was 54.38.The average resting pain of patients after 7 days(44.69 points)and 14 days(32.81 points)was significantly relieved(F = 44.323,P = 0.000).The BK value of patients before treatment was 7.72 ng·mL-1,and after 7 days(6.61 ng·mL-1)and 14 days(5.98 ng·mL-1)decreased significantly(F = 30.025,P = 0.000).CGRP decreased after treatment,but multiple comparisons showed that there were significant differences between pre-treatment and 7 days treatment(P = 0.015),between pre-treatment and 14 days treatment(P = 0.002),while there was no significant difference between 7 days and 14 days treatments(P = 0.469).TRPA1 decreased after treatment,and multiple comparisons showed no difference between pre-treatment and 7 days treatment(P = 0.243),significant statistical significance between pre-treatment and 14 day of treatment(P = 0.000),between 7 days and 14 days treatments(P = 0.000).Conclusion:Bugu Keli can effectively relieve chronic pain in patients with osteoarthritis,which may inhibit peripheral sensitization and central sensitization by inhibiting the expression or secretion of TRPA1,CGRP and BK.
【Keywords】 osteoarthritis,knee;Bugu Keli(補(bǔ)骨顆粒);chronic pain;TRPA1;central sensitization;clinical research
膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一種以滑膜炎癥、軟骨破壞和軟骨下骨贅形成為病理改變的慢性進(jìn)行性骨關(guān)節(jié)疾病,臨床上主要表現(xiàn)為膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和功能障礙,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量[1]。其中,疼痛是骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)的典型癥狀,也是迫使患者就醫(yī)的主要原因,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),65%的患者因存在頑固性疼痛而就診于醫(yī)院[2],且部分患者因疼痛難忍而選擇手術(shù)治療;但是也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后仍有60%~85%的患者存在不同程度的慢性疼痛[3]。因此,進(jìn)一步研究OA慢性疼痛觸發(fā)與維持的因素具有重要意義。
一般認(rèn)為,OA慢性疼痛的主要機(jī)制為滑膜炎癥、軟骨下骨痛以及疼痛敏感的痛閾改變3個(gè)方面,但是對這些疼痛機(jī)制的認(rèn)識仍不清楚,因此臨床上各種治療方法都存在一定局限[4-8]。目前,藥物治療OA的目標(biāo)多在于消除炎癥、控制疼痛以及修復(fù)軟骨,但由于關(guān)節(jié)軟骨缺乏微血管,使用藥物促進(jìn)軟骨修復(fù)的難度大且效果不佳,而推薦使用的非甾體抗炎藥對OA的慢性疼痛效果也不理想,且長期應(yīng)用存在肝腎損害、消化道和心血管不良反應(yīng)等,因此,進(jìn)一步研究OA慢性疼痛的治療方案具有重要意義[9]。近年來,隨著轉(zhuǎn)化受體電位陽離子通道亞家族A成員1(TRPA1)在疼痛機(jī)制方面研究的深入,疼痛敏感的痛閾在KOA慢性疼痛中的研究也越來越多,因此筆者針對既往常用的治療OA疼痛的補(bǔ)腎活血中藥做進(jìn)一步研究,從而探討OA慢性疼痛的機(jī)制。
1 資料與方法
1.1 臨床資料 選取2017年2月至2018年2月在廈門大學(xué)附屬福州第二醫(yī)院骨科門診就診的膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛患者40例,所有患者年齡 ﹥45歲,且按照美國風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(ACR)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷為單側(cè)或雙側(cè)KOA,中醫(yī)診斷符合《中醫(yī)病證診斷療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中骨痹(腎虛血瘀型),患者病程 ﹥3個(gè)月[10-11]。所納入患者在前1周內(nèi)未經(jīng)任何治療,疼痛視覺模擬評分法(VAS) ﹥4分,但參與者必須有行走能力[12],所有患者在納入研究前均簽署知情同意書。排除感染性關(guān)節(jié)炎、痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎、近期有膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷、肝腎功能異常、惡性腫瘤及中藥過敏史患者。
1.2 口服中藥及指標(biāo)檢測 40例患者每日嚴(yán)格按時(shí)口服補(bǔ)骨顆粒,藥物組成:骨碎補(bǔ)20 g、鹿銜草12 g、淫羊藿12 g、潞黨參15 g、茯苓20 g、三七3 g、川牛膝9 g、當(dāng)歸9 g、川芎6 g、女貞子15 g、枸杞子9 g、生地黃15 g、甘草3 g。中藥統(tǒng)一由藥劑科制備成顆粒劑,于每日上午9:00和下午15:00用150 mL溫開水沖服,服藥后2 h內(nèi)禁服濃茶、咖啡,用藥期間禁止服用非甾體抗炎藥。在口服中藥第0,7,14天采用VAS評估患者膝關(guān)節(jié)靜息痛(雙膝疼痛者以疼痛明顯一側(cè)為準(zhǔn)),同時(shí)抽取3~4 mL靜脈血行TRPA1、降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)及緩激肽(BK)檢測,所有檢測值記錄于預(yù)先設(shè)置好的表格內(nèi)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以表示,不同時(shí)間內(nèi)的指標(biāo)比較采用方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
40例患者中有5例因無法按照規(guī)定堅(jiān)持服用中藥而退出研究,3例在口服中藥期間因?yàn)樘弁疵黠@加用非甾體抗炎藥而排除,符合研究的患者共32例。
2.1 一般情況 32例患者中男4例,女28例;平均年齡(69.00±6.38)歲;平均體質(zhì)量(61.88±8.04)kg;平均身高(160.00±3.74)cm;平均膝關(guān)節(jié)持續(xù)痛時(shí)間(38.24±8.67)個(gè)月;左側(cè)12例,右側(cè)16例,雙側(cè)4例;X線評級為2級9個(gè),3級17個(gè),4級6個(gè)。
2.2 治療前后VAS評分、BK、CGRP及TRPA1比較
治療7,14 d后,患者靜息痛明顯緩解(F = 44.323,P = 0.000),BK值明顯降低(F = 30.025,P = 0.000)。治療后CGRP值下降,多重比較發(fā)現(xiàn),治療7,14 d與治療前比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.015,P = 0.002);而治療7 d與14 d比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.469)。治療后TRPA1值下降,多重比較發(fā)現(xiàn),治療7 d與治療前比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.243);治療14 d與治療前比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.000);治療7 d與14 d比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.000)。見表1。
2.3 藥物反應(yīng) 用藥期間有3例患者出現(xiàn)口干癥狀,考慮補(bǔ)腎活血中藥多為熱性藥物,經(jīng)加用知母(15 g)及生地黃(30 g)后繼續(xù)服用則癥狀緩解,并且查肝腎功能未見明顯異常,所有患者堅(jiān)持服藥至第14天。6例患者訴用藥后睡眠改善,考慮膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛緩解及某些中藥活性物質(zhì)對神經(jīng)有影響。
3 討 論
KOA疼痛源于關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)和關(guān)節(jié)外的損傷或病變,刺激傷害性感受器,激活中樞神經(jīng)傷害感受處理系統(tǒng)所致。OA早期的疼痛多在關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動和負(fù)荷狀態(tài)下發(fā)生,呈間斷性疼痛,而隨著疾病的進(jìn)展和疼痛的持續(xù)可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌掷m(xù)的靜息疼痛,并且疼痛范圍與性質(zhì)也可隨著發(fā)生變化[13]。本研究所納入患者在治療前靜息痛表現(xiàn)明顯,并且患者就診的原因多為膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍廣泛的持續(xù)疼痛;但是患者對疼痛性質(zhì)的描述差別較大,其中冷刺激和負(fù)荷運(yùn)動會加重疼痛是大多數(shù)患者的共性。通過查體發(fā)現(xiàn)多存在3~6處壓痛,壓痛點(diǎn)多分布于膝關(guān)節(jié)的外下緣,這可能與納入患者為病程較長的慢性疼痛有關(guān)。而且有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OA的慢性疼痛多為炎癥性疼痛與神經(jīng)源性疼痛的復(fù)雜體現(xiàn),所以患者疼痛范圍較廣且性質(zhì)多樣。
炎性疼痛是慢性疾病的共同困擾,其中BK是組織損傷和炎癥氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生的一種炎癥介質(zhì),在炎癥的致痛中起著重要作用[14]。筆者通過對比補(bǔ)腎活血中藥治療前后血液中的BK含量發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著疼痛的緩解其含量也降低。而有研究表明,活血化瘀中藥可以改善血液的黏稠度,從而起到調(diào)節(jié)炎癥介質(zhì)分泌的作用[15],降低缺血再灌注損傷過程的炎癥介質(zhì)分泌量可以有效降低疼痛[16];由于膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍的血流分布可以影響膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛[17],所以補(bǔ)腎活血中藥對BK等致痛因子可能存在著一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用。另外,疼痛傷害感受器的敏化也是OA慢性疼痛又一主要因素[18]。其中CGRP是一種具有強(qiáng)大舒血管作用和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用的調(diào)節(jié)肽,廣泛分布于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的一種神經(jīng)肽,其在外周及脊髓參與傷害性信息的傳遞及痛敏化的形成,并與P物質(zhì)、5-羥色胺、趨化因子、激活素、阿片受體、糖皮質(zhì)激素等生物活性物質(zhì)或受體在痛覺調(diào)制過程中相互影響[19-20]。筆者通過對比治療前后的CGRP也發(fā)現(xiàn)其明顯降低,這可能與中藥的活性成分抑制緩激肽等炎癥介質(zhì)分泌,從而抑制CGRP物質(zhì)的釋放有關(guān),但是中藥的成分復(fù)雜,需要進(jìn)一步研究。
TRPA1是一種在N端存在多個(gè)錨蛋白重復(fù)序列的通道蛋白,是瞬時(shí)受體電位通道蛋白超家族中的重要一員,對Ca2+具有高通透性,可將溫度、機(jī)械、化學(xué)等多種刺激轉(zhuǎn)化、整合形成電信號傳導(dǎo),響應(yīng)細(xì)胞和機(jī)體周圍環(huán)境中溫度、觸壓、滲透壓等多種刺激,是感覺系統(tǒng)的前沿哨兵[21]。近年來人們發(fā)現(xiàn),TRPA1參與包括溫度、化學(xué),以及機(jī)械性刺激等所導(dǎo)致的痛覺形成,已有證據(jù)表明,其在痛覺的產(chǎn)生及痛覺敏感性增強(qiáng)的病理過程中起重要作用[22]。而OA慢性疼痛的機(jī)制復(fù)雜,通過TRPA1探討OA的機(jī)制也成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TRPA1在OA的炎性疼痛和機(jī)械性疼痛發(fā)展過程具有重要意義[23-24]。筆者基于前期補(bǔ)腎活血中藥對OA慢性疼痛良好療效的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步研究顯示,治療后患者的靜息性疼痛明顯緩解,同時(shí)血液中TRPA1含量也明顯降低,這也說明TRPA1對疼痛的發(fā)展起著重要的作用。
腎虛血瘀是老年OA的常見證型,采用補(bǔ)腎活血方藥治療OA是臨床常見方法,并且已有研究表明,其可抑制炎癥因子生成并抑制痛覺敏化等作用[25-26]。筆者既往根據(jù)老年OA的特點(diǎn),選用補(bǔ)骨顆粒治療腎虛血瘀型患者也能夠有效緩解疼痛。補(bǔ)骨顆粒是廈門大學(xué)附屬福州第二醫(yī)院治療KOA的常用方藥,由骨碎補(bǔ)、鹿銜草、淫羊藿、黨參、茯苓、三七、川牛膝、當(dāng)歸、川芎、女貞子、枸杞子及生地黃等藥物組成?,F(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究表明,活血化瘀中藥中的異補(bǔ)骨脂素、淫羊藿苷Ⅱ、蛇床子素等活性成分可以抑制炎癥因子的表達(dá),從而起到防治OA疼痛的作用[27]。但是,補(bǔ)腎活血中藥成分復(fù)雜,需要進(jìn)一步研究。
補(bǔ)骨顆粒是以“脾主身之肌肉,腎主身之骨髓”(《素問·痿論篇》)理論為基礎(chǔ),選用骨碎補(bǔ)、鹿銜草、淫羊藿、女貞子、黨參、茯苓等補(bǔ)腎健脾藥物為主,同時(shí)方中加用三七、牛膝、當(dāng)歸及川芎等藥物以達(dá)到活血止痛之功效。方中骨碎補(bǔ)、鹿銜草、淫羊藿等藥物能夠補(bǔ)精益髓,腎精充足則骨髓生化有源,骨骼榮養(yǎng),肢體強(qiáng)健有力。黨參、茯苓可以健脾益氣,脾胃健則運(yùn)化有源,不斷充養(yǎng)和培育腎精,使之充盛,從而榮養(yǎng)骨骼。三七、牛膝、當(dāng)歸及川芎具有活血化瘀之功效,瘀血去而新血生。《靈樞·本臟篇》曰:“經(jīng)脈者所以行血脈而營陰陽、濡筋骨、利關(guān)節(jié)也?!睔庋\(yùn)行通暢則可潤澤皮肉筋骨、四肢百骸,使筋骨強(qiáng)壯,關(guān)節(jié)通利。上述諸藥合用,補(bǔ)腎以滋先天之源,健脾而培后天之本,活血而通經(jīng)絡(luò)、利關(guān)節(jié),以化生氣血、榮養(yǎng)筋骨,從而達(dá)到筋骨肌肉強(qiáng)健之目的。
目前一般認(rèn)為,中藥治療慢性疼痛的機(jī)制主要有發(fā)揮阿片肽受體激動劑作用、抑制星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化,以及調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元功能而抑制痛覺過敏和中樞敏化[25,27]。筆者通過臨床應(yīng)用也發(fā)現(xiàn),其能夠有效緩解疼痛,并且能夠抑制TRPA1、CGRP及BK的表達(dá)或分泌,所以筆者認(rèn)為,OA的慢性疼痛不僅是機(jī)體對炎癥因子等刺激的過性應(yīng)答,而且存在病理性疼痛過敏現(xiàn)象;但是補(bǔ)腎活血方藥中的某些活性成分可以通過激活、阻斷等方式逆轉(zhuǎn)TRPA1所介導(dǎo)的痛敏。補(bǔ)腎活血方藥對外周感受器敏化和中樞敏化的具體機(jī)制,仍需今后進(jìn)一步研究。
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收稿日期:2018-09-25;修回日期:2018-11-18
風(fēng)濕病與關(guān)節(jié)炎2019年3期