杜泉 喬西民 徐曉峰 李楠 張少杰 肖湘 石曉志
[摘要] 本文回顧分析1例晚期前列腺癌伴單側睪丸轉移患者。本例患者以乏困、納差為主訴入院,診斷為前列腺癌。前列腺穿刺活檢為Gleason分級8分,轉至泌尿外科,2018年1月4日行雙側睪丸切除術,術后病理發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌睪丸左側轉移。前列腺癌睪丸轉移為罕見病例,缺乏診斷特征,故提示對于晚期前列腺癌患者,應注意前列腺癌睪丸轉移的發(fā)生。
[關鍵詞] 前列腺癌;睪丸轉移;睪丸切除
[中圖分類號] R697? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)03(c)-0174-03
[Abstract] This article retrospectively analyzed a patient with advanced prostate cancer with unilateral testicular metastasis. This patient was admitted to hospital with a lack of sleep and anorexia. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer. The prostate biopsy was graded 8 points by Gleason and transferred to urology on January 4, 2018. Both sides of the orchiectomy were performed. Prostate cancer testicular metastasis is a rare case and lacks diagnostic features, so it is suggested that for patients with advanced prostate cancer, attention should be paid to prostate cancer testicular metastasis.
[Key words] Prostate cancer; Testicular metastasis; Orchiectomy
前列腺腺癌在男性人群中發(fā)病率較高,最常見的遠處轉移部位是淋巴結、骨和肺[1]。睪丸轉移是罕見的,發(fā)生率低于4%[2]。這種類型的轉移通常是單側的,表現(xiàn)為可觸及的睪丸腫塊,很少同時累及睪丸和附睪[3]。目前,關于前列腺癌睪丸轉移的報道不多,使得臨床醫(yī)生對該病的臨床表現(xiàn)及診斷了解不足[4]?,F(xiàn)報道1例前列腺癌睪丸轉移患者,并結合文獻對該疾病進行回顧性分析,以提高臨床醫(yī)生對該病的認識。
1 病例資料
患者,男57歲,因“乏困、納差,貧血2月余”于2018年1月2日收治陜西省咸陽市中心醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)血液科。實驗室檢查:血常規(guī)、肝腎功能正常,游離前列腺抗原>50.00 ng/mL,總前列腺特異性抗原:1426 ng/mL;胸部CT:①右肺上葉及中葉結節(jié)灶,部分已鈣化;②雙下肺纖維條索灶;③右側胸腔少量積液,雙側局部胸膜肥厚。核磁共振成像(MRI):①前列腺增生,左側外周帶區(qū)小結節(jié)灶,彌散受限;②雙側恥骨、坐骨內(nèi)異常信號灶,彌散輕度受限,轉移瘤可能。骨穿:可見分類不明細胞,多考慮骨髓轉移癌。骨骼ECT:全身骨顯像為“超級影像”,考慮腫瘤廣泛骨轉移。前列腺穿刺活檢:前列腺腺癌(Gleason分級4+4=8分;4組)。發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌,會診后遂轉至我院泌尿外科,并于2018年1月4日行雙側睪丸切除術,術后恢復順利常規(guī)口服比卡魯胺治療。術后大體標本見雙睪丸體積正常,切面未見異常。術后病理檢查提示左側睪丸組織查見腫瘤,圍繞曲細精管浸潤性生長;附睪及精索未見明顯病變;右側睪丸、附睪及精索未見明顯病變。免疫組織化學檢查:P504S(+),PSMA(+),Ki-67(+,30%),PanCK(-),PLAP(-),SALL4(-),CD117(-),OCT3/4、CD45(-),inhibin(-),CD30(-)?;颊咝g后病情穩(wěn)定,隨訪中。
2 討論
前列腺癌是老年男性常見的癌癥,隨著生活方式、飲食和環(huán)境的變化以及檢測水平的提高,前列腺癌的發(fā)病率最近呈上升趨勢[5]。前列腺癌的睪丸轉移通常缺乏癥狀和體征,只能在尸體解剖后意外發(fā)現(xiàn),或在晚期前列腺癌患者雙側睪丸切除術中發(fā)現(xiàn),通過尸檢發(fā)現(xiàn)概率為0.02%~2.50%[6],雙側睪丸切除術后發(fā)現(xiàn)概率為4%[7]。前列腺癌睪丸轉移的組織學特征與原發(fā)性前列腺癌相似,但組織學表現(xiàn)出更具侵略性的表型[8],并且有進一步癌擴散的高危性[9],因此,患者生存率降低。Weitzner[10]報道了1例生存期約12個月的初診睪丸轉移前列腺癌患者。另一方面,其他研究[11]報告表明,在沒有生化復發(fā)的情況下,生存時間大于2年。盡管睪丸轉移是晚期疾病的標志,前列腺癌睪丸轉移的預后作用尚不清楚[12]。本例患者是在前列腺癌行睪丸切除時偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的,睪丸無任何癥狀,故提示前列腺癌手術去勢治療時,切除標本應及時送病檢,否則就會對睪丸轉移的情況漏診,另外現(xiàn)在多數(shù)提倡進行藥物去勢治療前列腺癌[13],如患者睪丸無明顯體征,伴隨著的問題是前列腺癌睪丸轉移無法明確,間接影響到臨床分期,進而對患者的后期治療產(chǎn)生不可預知的后果,應引起泌尿外科醫(yī)生的重視[14]。
前列腺癌最常見的轉移部位是骨(84%),其次是遠處淋巴結(10.6%)、肝臟(10.2%)和肺(9.1%),而睪丸的轉移率很低,并且這種轉移通常是單側的,常表現(xiàn)為睪丸腫塊[15]。前列腺癌轉移途徑有:逆行靜脈擴散、動脈栓塞、逆行淋巴管擴散或經(jīng)輸精管直接擴散至睪丸或附睪[16]。本例患者為廣泛骨轉移及左側睪丸轉移。Bonetta等[17]報道了1例孤立的前列腺癌睪丸轉移患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤其他部位轉移與睪丸轉移不具有相關性,提示在患者睪丸未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯癥狀和體征或是只有其他部位的孤立轉移時,要考慮到前列腺癌睪丸轉移的可能性并給出診斷?;仡櫸墨I未發(fā)現(xiàn)相關文獻報道針對此類情況給出具體的診斷方案,本研究的經(jīng)驗是針對前列腺癌患者,在條件允許并未發(fā)現(xiàn)睪丸有異常體征和癥狀時可以給予睪丸B超檢查排除轉移性睪丸癌可能性。
前列腺癌的睪丸轉移,為罕見的定位轉移播散[18],回顧文獻發(fā)現(xiàn),前列腺癌睪丸轉移的治療目前以手術去勢為主,輔以化療及內(nèi)分泌治療[19]?;颊咴缙谛谐R?guī)雙側睪丸切除術以及口服比卡魯胺治療[20]。隨訪至今,患者PSA水平下降,健康狀況良好,行睪丸切除術可以提供一個良好的生活質(zhì)量的延續(xù)以及在更長的時間內(nèi)控制疾病。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-23? 本文編輯:封? ?華)