田宜水,姚一晨,,宋成軍,劉天池,董 強,員學(xué)鋒
?
基于能值分析的農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展評價研究
田宜水1,姚一晨1,2,宋成軍3,劉天池4,董 強4,員學(xué)鋒2※
(1. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院農(nóng)村能源與環(huán)保研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物能源化利用重點實驗室,北京 100125; 2. 長安大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與資源學(xué)院,西安 710054; 3. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)與資源保護總站,北京 100126; 4. 天水國家農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)管理委員會,天水 741030)
為促進農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)園區(qū)降低資源消耗和減少污染,實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的新要求,該文構(gòu)建了農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)能值評價指標體系,以西北某農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)為例進行評價。結(jié)果表明:該園區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展程度整體較好,但二三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展較為薄弱;園區(qū)能值投資率為8.06,能值產(chǎn)出率為1.12,能值再利用率為29.27%,整體資源再利用程度偏低;園區(qū)環(huán)境負荷率為8.11,廢棄物能值比為11.57%,廢棄物利用率為69.61%,廢棄物資源化利用程度有限;可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)為1.61,改進的可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)為3.42,生態(tài)效率指數(shù)為0.88,產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)較為單一且不均衡。建議園區(qū)改善資源利用,優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),增加系統(tǒng)強度和生產(chǎn)效率。該研究對國內(nèi)其他農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展評價也有借鑒意義。
可持續(xù)發(fā)展;廢棄物;能值分析;循環(huán)經(jīng)濟;農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)園區(qū)
長期以來,中國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)以高投入、高消耗、資源透支、過度開發(fā)的粗放式經(jīng)營為主要特征。近年來,黨和國家提出的推進生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的發(fā)展理念,以農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革為主線,以綠色發(fā)展為導(dǎo)向,以體制改革和機制創(chuàng)新為動力的農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化道路?;谵r(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的新要求,清潔生產(chǎn)、資源再利用和多產(chǎn)業(yè)耦合的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟已成為大勢所趨[1],發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟成為了農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的重點內(nèi)容。
農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)是在特定的區(qū)域內(nèi),運用資金的集中投入,集農(nóng)業(yè)高新技術(shù)成果“源頭創(chuàng)新、中試展示(含休閑觀光)、輻射推廣”等多種功能于一體的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)示范基地,即是農(nóng)業(yè)集約化生產(chǎn)和企業(yè)化經(jīng)營的新型組織形式,又是農(nóng)業(yè)科技與農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟緊密結(jié)合的切入點和高技術(shù)成果轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實生產(chǎn)力的重要載體[2-4]。荷蘭、新加坡等發(fā)達國家通過較高的科學(xué)技術(shù)投入,利用節(jié)水節(jié)能的立體化現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施,促進資源的有效利用和農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)的高效生產(chǎn)[5-6]。中國農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)園區(qū)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)業(yè)狀況,發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟,構(gòu)建循環(huán)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條,并對廢棄物資源進行了不同程度的再利用[7]。但是,整體上依然呈現(xiàn)資源利用程度較低和發(fā)展不均衡等問題,需要科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)和合理的評價。
農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)的評價研究已較為成熟,Migliorini等[8]通過自然、社會經(jīng)濟等相關(guān)指標,對南米蘭農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)的可持續(xù)性進行分析評價;Davodi等[9]利用專家打分的方式,分析農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)發(fā)展的多種戰(zhàn)略因素;國內(nèi)學(xué)者基于國內(nèi)實際情況,建立了分層指標評價、經(jīng)濟效益評價與專家打分法等評價體系和評估方法[10-12]。但總體來說,此類方法指標過于繁雜,操作性、可比性不強,主觀性較強[13-14]。
本文以中國西北某農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)為例,運用能值分析方法對系統(tǒng)內(nèi)生態(tài)流進行分析核算,以降低不可更新資源消耗和減少污染排放壓力換取最大的經(jīng)濟收益為目標,構(gòu)建園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)能值評價指標體系,分析園區(qū)內(nèi)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對各種資源的需求以及排放的廢棄物對于系統(tǒng)的壓力,評價園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的可持續(xù)性,并提出相關(guān)發(fā)展建議。這對農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展評價具有借鑒意義。
能值分析方法由美國著名生態(tài)學(xué)家Odum(20世紀80年代)創(chuàng)立,該方法利用熱力學(xué)定律與最大功率原則,把生態(tài)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)中不可比較、不可相互轉(zhuǎn)化的能量和不能用金錢表示其價值的自然資源等換算成統(tǒng)一單位的太陽能值進行比較和分析,定量分析出自然資源和人類經(jīng)濟活動的真實價值及其之間的關(guān)系[11],從而能較好地評價自然、社會、科技、勞務(wù)、商品等對經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境的真實貢獻[15-17]。
通過對國內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)的實地調(diào)研,參考Odum、藍盛芳等學(xué)者的研究[18-21],將園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的度量標準分為能值流量、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、資源利用、環(huán)境負載和綜合指數(shù)等5個方面[22-26]。
在對園區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不同環(huán)節(jié)的生產(chǎn)生活進行歸并劃分后,將能值流量指標分為可更新資源能值(renewable resources emergy,)、不可更新資源能值(non-renewable resources emergy,)、輸入能值(input emergy,)、再利用能值(reuse emergy,RE)、輸出能值(output emergy,)、廢棄物能值(waste emergy,)和總能值(unite emergy,)等7類[27-28]。
傳統(tǒng)的社會經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)忽視了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展對生態(tài)環(huán)境造成的負效益[29],本文選用能值-貨幣價值(Emdollar value,Em$)、人均能值(emergy per-person,EPP)、能值密度(emergy per-area,EPA)3個指標體現(xiàn)園區(qū)社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)育程度。
園區(qū)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)反饋的可更新有機能中,有一部分資源通過初步的利用,生成了可以通過處理再次利用的中間產(chǎn)物,根據(jù)園區(qū)本身的產(chǎn)能情況,對部分資源進行一定程度的處理后,再次投入到經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)中進行生產(chǎn)利用。因此,本文在采用能值投資率(emergy investment ratio,EIR)、能值產(chǎn)出率(emergy yield ratio,EYR)分析園區(qū)資源利用的基礎(chǔ)上,新增了能值再利用率(emergy reuse rate,ERR)指標,計算再利用的能值占輸入能值的比率,對園區(qū)循環(huán)利用情況進行分析。
經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中對資源的過度利用常常會造成環(huán)境的退化[30],本文選用了環(huán)境負荷率(emergy loading ratio,ELR)和廢棄物能值比(emergy waste ratio,EWR)分析環(huán)境負載情況,并新增了廢棄物利用率(waste utilization ratio,WUR)指標,通過再利用資源能值占總廢棄能值的比例,度量廢棄物再利用對環(huán)境的改善程度。
結(jié)合農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)自身的特點,本文從能值分析領(lǐng)域綜合指數(shù)評價的主要方法中選取可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)(emergy sustainable index,ESI)、改進的可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)(sustainable development index,SDI)、生態(tài)效率指數(shù)(urban eco-efficiency index,UEI)3個指標[31-33],對該農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)的循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展進行綜合評價。
通過上述5大類共19個指標,構(gòu)建了農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)生態(tài)效率評價指標體系,具體見表1。
表1 農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)能值評價體系
該農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)位于甘肅省天水市麥積區(qū)中灘鎮(zhèn),海拔在1 000~2 100 m之間,屬大陸半濕潤季風(fēng)氣候,年平均降水量600 mm,年均日照2 090 h,太陽輻射總量在2 395~2 703 MJ/m2,全年無霜期170多天。主要產(chǎn)業(yè)為果蔬種植、禽畜養(yǎng)殖、食用菌養(yǎng)殖、航天育種、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品倉儲物流等,截至2016年,園區(qū)核心區(qū)面積達到3 333 hm2,入園企業(yè)36家,直接就業(yè)人員4 600多人,帶動各類從業(yè)人員10萬余人,園區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值達到8.36億元[34],園區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能值分析圖見圖1。
圖1 農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)能值分析
Fig1 Emergy analysis chart of agricultural science and technology park
園區(qū)總能值投入量為2.32×1020sej,可分為由太陽能、風(fēng)能等可更新資源能值和水土流失等不可更新資源能值構(gòu)成的環(huán)境能值投入,以及由化肥、農(nóng)藥、電力、煤炭等不可更新的工業(yè)輔助能和種子、飼料、人力等可更新的有機能構(gòu)成的購買能值投入。其中,可更新資源能值為2.55×1019sej;不可更新能值為1.05×1017sej;人類經(jīng)濟社會反饋的輸入能值為2.06×1020sej。園區(qū)環(huán)境能值投入占總能值投入的11.03%,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展主要了依賴于外界資源的輸入。外界資源投入中,主要部分是原材料和能源的投入。
園區(qū)的能值產(chǎn)出量為9.75×1019sej,肉類、蛋類、菌類等農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品8.05×1019sej,占產(chǎn)出能值的82.58%;奶制品、沼氣、有機肥等工業(yè)產(chǎn)品1.70×1019sej,占產(chǎn)出能值的17.42%,第一產(chǎn)業(yè)在園區(qū)占主導(dǎo)地位。此外,秸稈、牲畜糞便和菌渣等被再利用能值為6.15×1019sej。廢棄物能值為2.68×1019sej。具體見表2。
表2 農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)能值數(shù)據(jù)(2016)
從產(chǎn)出流量上,輸出能值僅為總投入能值的42.05%。表明園區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展還有很大的提升空間,特別是二三產(chǎn)業(yè)。
根據(jù)甘肅省能值貨幣比1.19×1013sej/美元,對園區(qū)各資源的能值貨幣比進行轉(zhuǎn)化,具體見表2。結(jié)果表明,現(xiàn)行的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)下園區(qū)的生態(tài)效益較低,對資源的利用程度較為粗放,沒有充分發(fā)掘資源的利用潛力,因此園區(qū)的能值凈收益為負值。可以通過調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),增進資源的利用效率,改善園區(qū)的能值收益。由于產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)的資源集聚性,園區(qū)以較少的人口和土地資源實現(xiàn)較高的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)出,園區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展為周邊農(nóng)戶提供了工作崗位和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售渠道,帶動了農(nóng)戶的發(fā)展,使得EPP和EPA都相對較高。如表3所示,園區(qū)的EPP為5.04×1016sej/人,EPA為6.96×1012m2。
表3 園區(qū)能值評價指標計算值
產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)具有資源集聚性,其能值投資率必然高于較大尺度的區(qū)域,園區(qū)EIR為8.06,略高于發(fā)達國家,如美國和西班牙7.00的標準[35]。此外,盡管農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)的利潤率相對較低,但農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)在地方政府宏觀規(guī)劃、調(diào)控以及國家補貼、企業(yè)免稅上具有一定優(yōu)勢,園區(qū)的整體經(jīng)濟發(fā)展程度有很大的提升空間,對投資者具有一定的吸引力,但經(jīng)濟發(fā)展對環(huán)境的壓力也相對偏高。
一般而言,EYR越高,則系統(tǒng)的資源利用效率越高[36];ERR越高,表明系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)層次越高,系統(tǒng)的資源利用水平也越高。園區(qū)EYR為1.12,ERR為29.27%。表明園區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展相對粗放,生產(chǎn)效率較低,市場互補機制發(fā)育程度較低;園區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)具有一定的層次性,但園區(qū)整體資源再利用程度偏低。從實際情況上看,園內(nèi)占主導(dǎo)地位的產(chǎn)業(yè)是食用菌養(yǎng)殖業(yè)和禽畜養(yǎng)殖業(yè),園區(qū)的資源利用呈現(xiàn)出較高的外部依賴性,自身資源的利用和生產(chǎn)效率還有很大的提升空間。
一般而言,ELR<3時,表示環(huán)境壓力很?。?≤ELR≤10時,表示環(huán)境壓力處于中等水平;ELR>10時,表明環(huán)境壓力較大[37]。園區(qū)外界購置的能值較高,其ELR為8.11,表明園區(qū)生產(chǎn)活動對環(huán)境壓力處于中等水平。園內(nèi)存在廢棄物再生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè),對部分種植、養(yǎng)殖的菌渣、秸稈和牲畜糞便等廢棄物進行回收加工,生產(chǎn)沼氣和有機肥,但尚有大部分未得到有效利用。園區(qū)EWR為11.57%,WUR為69.61%,表明該園區(qū)內(nèi)廢棄物資源已經(jīng)得到了一定的利用,由廢棄物造成的環(huán)境壓力不高,但廢棄物尚未得到充分利用,仍有很大的提升空間。
園區(qū)現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)對生態(tài)環(huán)境的壓力不高,廢棄物有一定程度的利用,因此,系統(tǒng)對環(huán)境的主要影響來源于較高的能值輸入對本地不可更新資源能值的占用,園區(qū)具有足夠的環(huán)境承載力來發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)和經(jīng)濟;但是,目前園區(qū)的整體產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)較為單一,盡管已經(jīng)就多種產(chǎn)業(yè)的協(xié)同發(fā)展進行了規(guī)劃設(shè)計,園區(qū)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)依然不均衡,主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)對外部輸入能源的依賴性限制了園區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展;此外,園區(qū)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)業(yè)對資源的利用和產(chǎn)出效率較低,限制了園區(qū)的進一步發(fā)展。
根據(jù)表1和表2計算可知,該農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)的ESI為1.61,SDI為3.42,UEI為0.88。一般而言,ESI在1~10之間時,經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)具有活力和發(fā)展?jié)摿?;ESI>10表示經(jīng)濟不發(fā)達;ESI<1時是消費型經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)[38]。而SDI值越高,說明經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展性能越好。由此可知園區(qū)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)層次簡單,產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)較為單一,自組織能力、發(fā)展?jié)摿脱h(huán)再生能力還有一定的欠缺,可持續(xù)發(fā)展性能有待提升。
由于地理位置和空間的限制,該園區(qū)可利用的系統(tǒng)內(nèi)資源相對較少,對外界購置的資源的依賴性大。目前,園區(qū)周邊的輻射區(qū)依然有大量的農(nóng)田未與園區(qū)發(fā)生資源互換,園區(qū)可以借助政府平臺,與農(nóng)戶協(xié)商以合作社形式將周邊農(nóng)田充分利用,補充園區(qū)生產(chǎn)需要的各種資源,并將園區(qū)生產(chǎn)的有機肥等產(chǎn)品還田,生產(chǎn)高附加值的有機產(chǎn)品。同時,園區(qū)應(yīng)加大資源的再利用程度,增加資源的利用效率,在保障園區(qū)環(huán)境壓力不增加的前提下,充分合理的利用資源提升園區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平。
循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)應(yīng)協(xié)同“種養(yǎng)加”配套產(chǎn)業(yè),突出產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展優(yōu)勢。園區(qū)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展不均衡,限制了園區(qū)資源交流和生產(chǎn)效率。園區(qū)的食用菌養(yǎng)殖業(yè)和生態(tài)禽畜養(yǎng)殖業(yè)是園區(qū)的主要廢棄資源的供給者,但園內(nèi)并沒有形成對應(yīng)規(guī)模的廢棄物資源再利用產(chǎn)業(yè),受限于現(xiàn)有的沼氣產(chǎn)能,只有一半的禽畜糞便和極少量菌渣被進行資源化再生產(chǎn),其余部分只能在未經(jīng)加工處理的情況下以較低的利用效率進行再利用。同時,園區(qū)也應(yīng)當(dāng)重視目前較為短板的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工業(yè),該產(chǎn)業(yè)利潤水平提高對園區(qū)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有促進作用。因此,協(xié)調(diào)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,防控有害物質(zhì)循環(huán),促進資源的最大化利用是園區(qū)進一步發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵之處。
園區(qū)應(yīng)加大對自身發(fā)展的科技投入和科研支持力度,通過政府杠桿,對部分重點項目予以積極引導(dǎo),并鼓勵企業(yè)加大科技投入。此外,園區(qū)還應(yīng)創(chuàng)新體制建設(shè),深化服務(wù)意識,建立高效的服務(wù)支撐體系,改進人才結(jié)構(gòu),激發(fā)人力資源的創(chuàng)新能動性,為園區(qū)構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系和綠色發(fā)展提供堅實的支撐。
根據(jù)能值分析理論,通過循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的評價指標分析了該農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)能量、物質(zhì)和經(jīng)濟的流動狀況,結(jié)果表明:園區(qū)能值投資率為8.06,能值產(chǎn)出率為1.12,能值再利用率為29.27%,現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)對生態(tài)環(huán)境的壓力不高;園區(qū)環(huán)境負荷率為8.11,廢棄物能值比為11.57%,廢棄物利用率為69.61%,廢棄物的資源化利用程度有限,系統(tǒng)對環(huán)境的主要影響來源于較高的能值輸入對本地不可更新資源能值的占用,園區(qū)具有足夠的環(huán)境承載力來發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)和經(jīng)濟;園區(qū)可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)為1.61,改進的可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)為3.42,生態(tài)效率指數(shù)為0.88,整體產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)較為單一,盡管已經(jīng)就多種產(chǎn)業(yè)的協(xié)同發(fā)展進行了規(guī)劃設(shè)計,園區(qū)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)依然不均衡,主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)對外部輸入能源的依賴性限制了園區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展;此外,園區(qū)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)業(yè)對資源的利用和產(chǎn)出效率較低,限制了園區(qū)的進一步發(fā)展。本研究對國內(nèi)其他農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展評價也有借鑒意義。
[1] 施維,袁賽男. 循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的重要內(nèi)容[J]. 農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟與科技,2012(4):40-42.
Shi Wei, Yuan Sainan. Circular agriculture is an important part of modern agriculture[J]. Rural Economy and Science- Technology, 2012(4): 40-42. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[2] 白春明,張?zhí)熘?,王柟,?以循環(huán)經(jīng)濟為本規(guī)劃現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)[J]. 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工·創(chuàng)新版,2010(10):74-77.
Bai Chunming, Zhang Tianzhu, Wang Nan, et al. Planning a modern agricultural park based on circular economy[J]. Agricultural Products Processing·Innovative Edition, 2010(10): 74-77. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3] 李冬艷. 關(guān)注農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村環(huán)境保護:2004年以來中央一號文件關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村環(huán)境保護問題綜述[J]. 環(huán)境保護與循環(huán)經(jīng)濟,2014,34(4):4-10.
Li Dongyan. Pay attention to the environmental protection of agriculture and rural areas: A summary of central document No. 1 on agricultural and rural environmental protection since 2004[J]. Environmental Protection and Circular Economy, 2014, 34(4): 4-10. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] 黃修杰,何淑群,黃麗蕓,等. 國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及其研究綜述[J]. 廣東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2010(7):289-293.
Huang Xiujie, He Shuqun, Huang Liyun, et al. A summary of the status quo and research of modern agricultural parks at home and abroad[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2010(7): 289-293. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5] ?zerol G, Troeltzsch J, Larrue C, et al. Drought Awareness Through Agricultural Policy: Multi-level Action in Salland, the Netherlands[M].Governance for Drought Resilience. Springer International Publishing, 2016.
[6] Astee L Y, Kishnani N T. Building integrated agriculture: utilising rooftops for sustainable food crop cultivation in singapore[J]. Journal of Green Building, College Publishing, 2010, 5(2): 105-113.
[7] 劉艷軍. 關(guān)于建立現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的思考[J].現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機,2016(2):15-17.
Liu Yanjun. Thoughts on establishing modern agricultural parks to develop agricultural economy[J]. Modern Agricultural Machinery, 2016(2): 15-17. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8] Migliorini P, Scaltriti B. Evaluation of sustainability of the farms in the agricultural park of South Milan and their production chain[J]. New Medit, 2012, 11(4): 53-56.
[9] Davodi H, Maghsoudi T, Fami H S, et al. Evaluation of strategies for developing the agriculture technology in the science and technology parks of Iran from faculty member aspect[J]. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2013, 30: 4148-4156.
[10] 劉雅霖. 基于生態(tài)效率的洞庭湖區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展模式研究[D]. 長沙:中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué),2017.
Liu Yalin. Study on the Development Model of Agricultural Circular Economy in Dongting Lake Area based on Ecological Efficiency[D]. Changsha: Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 2017. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11] 于曉秋,任曉雪,野金花,等. 基于數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)分析的農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟評價:以黑龍江省各地區(qū)為例[J]. 數(shù)學(xué)的實踐與認識,2017,47(6):35-41.
Yu Xiaoqiu, Ren Xiaoxue, Ye Jinhua, et al. Evaluation of agricultural circular economy based on data envelopment analysis: Taking regions of Heilongjiang Province as an example[J]. Journal of Mathematics in Practice and Theory, 2017, 47(6): 35-41. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12] 林怡,范增峰,黃秀聲,等. 基于循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖園區(qū)規(guī)劃研究與案例分析:以福州創(chuàng)世紀生豬生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖園區(qū)為例[J]. 中國農(nóng)學(xué)通報,2017,33(11):158-164.
Lin Yi, Fan Zengfeng, Huang Xiusheng, et al. Planning and case analysis of ecological aquaculture park based on circular economy: Taking Fuzhou genesis pig ecological aquaculture park as an example[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2017, 33(11): 158-164. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13] 苗雨君,讓米亞恩. 農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展存在問題及對策研究[J]. 農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟與科技,2016,27(8):172-174.
Miao Yujun, Rang Miya'en. Problems in the development of agricultural circular economy and countermeasures[J]. Rural Economy and Science-Technology, 2016, 27(8): 172-174. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14] 郭坤. 產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展效果評價與對策研究[D]. 天津:天津大學(xué),2015.
Guo Kun. Evaluation and Countermeasure Research on the Development Effect of Circular Economy in Industrial Parks[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2015. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15] 藍盛芳,欽佩. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能值分析[J]. 應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報,2001,12(1):129-131.
Lan Shengfang, Qin Pei. Emergy value analysis of ecosystems[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001, 12(1): 129-131.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16] 李雙成,傅小鋒,鄭度. 中國經(jīng)濟持續(xù)發(fā)展水平的能值分析[J]. 自然資源學(xué)報,2001,16(4):297-304.
Li Shuangcheng, Fu Xiaofeng, Zheng Du. Analysis of the emergy value of China's sustained economic development level[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2001, 16(4): 297-304. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] 張耀輝. 農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能值分析方法[J]. 中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報,2004,12(3):181-183.
Zhang Yaohui. Agro-ecosystem emergy value analysis method[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2004, 12(3): 181-183. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] 林國華,陳志鋒,鐘珍梅,等. 基于能值分析的休閑農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)效益評價[J]. 中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報,2011,19(3):699-703.
Lin Guohua, Chen Zhifeng, Zhong Zhenmei, et al. Benefit evaluation of leisure agriculture park based on emergy value analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19(3): 699-703. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] 藍盛芳. 生態(tài)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)能值分析[M]. 北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2002.
[20] 陸宏芳,藍盛芳,李謀召,等. 農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能值分析方法研究[J]. 韶關(guān)學(xué)院學(xué)報,2000(4):74-78.
Lu Hongfang, Lan Shengfang, Li Mouzhao, et al. Study on the analysis method of energy value of agro-ecosystem[J]. Journal of Shaoguan University, 2000(4): 74-78. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21] Odum Howard T, Odum B. Concepts and methods of ecological engineering[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2003, 20(5): 339-361.
[22] Hau J L, Bakshi B R. Promise and problems of emergy analysis[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2008, 178(1): 215-225.
[23] 吳鋼,王涌翔,付曉,等. 區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的能值分析[J]. 生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2008,27(4):607-614.
Wu Gang, Wang Yongxiang, Fu Xiao, et al. Emergy analysis of regional agricultural economic development[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2008, 27(4): 607-614. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24] 韓增林,胡偉,鐘敬秋,等. 基于能值分析的中國海洋生態(tài)經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展評價[J]. 生態(tài)學(xué)報,2017(8):2563-2574.
Han Zenglin, Hu Wei, Zhong Jingqiu, et al. Evaluation of sustainable development of China’s marine ecological economy based on emergy value analysis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017(8): 2563-2574. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25] 趙波,李根榮. 區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟評價指標體系構(gòu)建與實證研究[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2012,34(4):8-12.
Zhao Bo, Li Genrong. Construction and empirical study of regional agricultural circular economy evaluation index system[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2012, 34(4): 8-12. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26] 朱玉林,李明杰,龍雨孜,等. 基于能值分析的環(huán)洞庭湖區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)功能和效率[J]. 生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2012,31(12):3086-3093.
Zhu Yulin, Li Mingjie, Long Yuzi, et al. Structural function and efficiency of agro-ecosystem in Dongting Lake area based on emergy value analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2012, 31(12): 3086-3093. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27] Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability: Monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation[J]. Ecological Engineering, 1997, 9(12): 51-69.
[28] 陸宏芳,藍盛芳,李雷,等. 評價系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力的能值指標[J].中國環(huán)境科學(xué),2002(4):93-97.
Lu Hongfang, Lan Shengfang, Li Lei, et al. Evaluating the emergy value of the system’s sustainability capacity[J].China Environmental Science, 2002(4): 93-97. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29] 陸宏芳,藍盛芳,彭少麟. 系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能值評價指標的新拓展[J]. 環(huán)境科學(xué),2003(3):150-154.
Lu Hongfang, Lan Shengfang, Peng Shaolin. New development of emergy value evaluation indicators for sustainable development of the system[J]. Environmental Science, 2003(3): 150-154. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30] 成福偉,張月叢,鄒燚,等. 基于能值分析的區(qū)域生態(tài)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展研究:以承德為例[J]. 應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)與工程科學(xué)學(xué)報,2015,23(增刊1):20-29.
Cheng Fuwei, Zhang Yuecong, Zou Yan, et al. Research on regional ecological economic development based on emergy analysis: Taking Chengde as an example[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2015, 23(Supp.1): 20-29. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31] 李俊莉,曹明明. 基于能值分析的資源型城市循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平評價:以榆林市為例[J]. 干旱區(qū)地理,2013,36(3):528-535.
Li Junli, Cao Mingming. Evaluation of the development level of circular economy in resource-based cities based on emergy analysis: Taking Yulin City as an example[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(3): 528-535. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32] 劉志杰,陳克龍,趙志強,等. 基于能值分析的區(qū)域循環(huán)經(jīng)濟研究:以柴達木盆地為例[J]. 水土保持研究,2011,18(1):141-145.
Liu Zhijie, Chen Kelong, Zhao Zhiqiang, et al. Regional circular economy research based on emergy analysis: Taking the Qaidam Basin as an example[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 18(1): 141-145. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[33] 張妍,楊志峰. 北京城市物質(zhì)代謝的能值分析與生態(tài)效率評估[J]. 環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2007(11):1892-1899.
Zhang Yan, Yang Zhifeng. Emergy analysis and ecological efficiency assessment of urban material metabolism in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2007(11): 1892-1899. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34] 員學(xué)鋒,姚一晨,宋成軍,等. 基于物質(zhì)流和能量流分析的循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)園產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈優(yōu)化[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(15):245-254.
Yuan Xuefeng, Yao Yichen, Song Chengjun, et al, Industrial chain optimization based on analysis of material flow and energy flow[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(15): 245-254. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35] 柳楷玲. 工業(yè)園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康評價研究[D]. 大連:大連理工大學(xué),2016.
Liu Kailing. Industrial Park Ecosystem Health Assessment Research[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2016. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36] 孟祥海,周海川,張郁,等. 農(nóng)牧漁復(fù)合生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)能值分析[J]. 生態(tài)與農(nóng)村環(huán)境學(xué)報,2016,32(1):133-142.
Meng Xianghai, Zhou Haichuan, Zhang Yu, et al. Emergy value analysis of farming, animal husbandry and fishery combined ecological farming system[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2016, 32(1): 133-142. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37] 段娜,林聰,劉曉東,等. 以沼氣為紐帶的生態(tài)村循環(huán)系統(tǒng)能值分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2015,31(增刊1):261-268.
Duan Na, Lin Cong, Liu Xiaodong, et al. Emergy value analysis of ecological village circulation system using biogas as a link[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2015, 31(Supp.1): 261-268. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[38] Dong X B, Yu B H, Brown M T, et al. Environmental and economic consequences of the overexploitation of natural capital and ecosystem services in Xilinguole League, China[J]. Energy Policy, 2014, 67(2): 767-780.
Cycle economic development evaluation of agricultural park based on emergy analysis
Tian Yishui1, Yao Yichen1,2, Song Chengjun3, Liu Tianchi4, Dong Qiang4, Yuan Xuefeng2※
(1.,,,,100125,; 2.,’,710054,; 3.,,100126,; 4.741030,)
Circular agricultural park is a new organizational form of agricultural intensive production and enterprise management. It is also a cut-in point for the close combination of agricultural science and technology with rural economy and an important carrier for the transformation of high-tech achievements into real productive forces.In order to promote the reduction of resource consumption and pollution reduction in the circular agricultural park, realize the new requirements of agricultural modernization, with the development of agricultural supply side as the main line, the green development as the guide, and the institutional reform and mechanism innovation as the driving force. “Reduce”, “Reuse” and “Recycle” are the core agricultural recycling economy. Based on the field research, the emergy value analysis is used to analyze and calculate the ecological flow in the agricultural recycling park system, and to reduce non-renewable resource consumption and reduce pollution. In order to maximize the economic benefits, the discharge pressure is the goal of building the circular economy system emergy value evaluation index system. Taking an agricultural science and technology park in the northwest as an example, the demand for various resources in the ecosystem of the park and the pressure of the discharged waste on the system are analyzed. The aim is to evaluate the sustainability of the park's circular economy development and make relevant development proposals. The results show that the primary industry in the park is dominant, and the economic development is highly dependent on the external raw materials and energy. The output emergy value is 42.05% of the total input emergy value, the emergy per-person value (EPP) is 5.04×1016sej/person, emergy per-area (EPA) is 6.96×1012m2. The overall economic development is better, but the development of the secondary and tertiary industries is weak; the park's emergy investment ratio (EIR) ) is 8.06, the emergy yield ratio (EYR) is 1.12, and the emergy reuse rate (ERR) is 29.27%. The resource utilization shows high external dependence, the overall resource reuse degree is low, and the use of its own resources. There is still much room for improvement in production efficiency; the emergy loading ratio (ELR) of the park is 8.11, the emergy waste ratio (EWR) is 11.57%, the waste utilization ratio (WUR) is 69.61%, the pressure of production activities on the environment is at a moderate level, and there is a certain waste recycling industry, but the overall utilization is limited; the emergy sustainable index (ESI) is 1.61, the sustainable development index (SDI) is 3.42, and the urban eco-efficiency index (UEI) is 0.88. The economic system is simple in level, the industrial structure is relatively simple, and there are still some shortcomings in self-organization ability, development potential and recycling capacity. The sustainable development performance needs to be improved. The industrial structure is relatively simple and is not balanced, and the utilization and resource efficiency of existing industries is low, which limits the further development of the park. It is recommended that the park further develops internal resources, improves resource utilization, increases system strength, adjusts the industrial structure of the park, coordinates industrial development, and enhances production efficiency. This is also useful for the evaluation of the development of circular economy in other agricultural parks in China.
sustainable development; wastes; emergy analysis; circular economy; circular agricultural park
田宜水,姚一晨,宋成軍,劉天池,董 強,員學(xué)鋒. 基于能值分析的農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展評價研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2019,35(4):241-247. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.04.030 http://www.tcsae.org
Tian Yishui, Yao Yichen, Song Chengjun, Liu Tianchi, Dong Qiang, Yuan Xuefeng. Cycle economic development evaluation of agricultural park based on emergy analysis[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(4): 241-247. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.04.030 http://www.tcsae.org
2018-08-28
2019-01-31
“十二五”國家科技支撐計劃(2015BAL04B05)
田宜水,研究員,研究方向:生物質(zhì)能、秸稈綜合利用和農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟研究。Email:yishuit@yahoo.com
員學(xué)鋒,博士,副教授。研究方向:土地資源調(diào)查評價與農(nóng)業(yè)資源利用。Email:zyxfyun@chd.edu.cn
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.04.030
S9
A
1002-6819(2019)-04-0241-07