張學(xué)軍,劉家強(qiáng),史增錄,靳 偉,鄢金山,于蒙杰
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殘膜回收機(jī)逆向膜土分離裝置的設(shè)計(jì)與參數(shù)優(yōu)化
張學(xué)軍1,2,劉家強(qiáng)1,史增錄1,2,靳 偉1,2,鄢金山1,2,于蒙杰1,2
(1. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052; 2. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)工程裝備創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,烏魯木齊 830052)
針對(duì)土壤耕層多年沉積的殘膜力學(xué)性能差、膜土分離困難、殘膜碎片回收率低的問(wèn)題,設(shè)計(jì)了一種鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)。該機(jī)具主要工作部件有撿拾裝置和膜土分離裝置。機(jī)具的作業(yè)深度為0~150 mm,撿拾裝置完成起膜并對(duì)膜土進(jìn)行輸送,隨后通過(guò)逆向膜土分離裝置進(jìn)行分離,最終把殘膜運(yùn)送至集膜箱。以撿拾裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角度為試驗(yàn)因素,以殘膜回收率和含土率為響應(yīng)值對(duì)鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)進(jìn)行三因素三水平的二次回歸正交試驗(yàn)。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)得到了各因素的響應(yīng)面模型,分析了各因素對(duì)作業(yè)效果的影響并對(duì)各因素進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。結(jié)果表明,試驗(yàn)因素對(duì)殘膜回收率的影響顯著順序?yàn)椋耗ね练蛛x裝置角度>撿拾裝置角速度>膜土分離裝置角速度;試驗(yàn)因素影響含土率的順序?yàn)椋耗ね练蛛x裝置角度>膜土分離裝置角速度>撿拾裝置角速度;對(duì)優(yōu)化結(jié)果進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證得,撿拾裝置角速度42 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角速度57 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角度37°時(shí),此時(shí)殘膜回收率為81.12%,含土率為34.83%;且各個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的試驗(yàn)值與模型優(yōu)化值的相對(duì)誤差均小于5%。該機(jī)具利用逆向膜土分離裝置可以解決膜土分離困難、殘膜碎片回收率低的問(wèn)題,可為后續(xù)殘膜回收機(jī)膜土分離裝置機(jī)構(gòu)的研究和優(yōu)化提供參考。
機(jī)械化;設(shè)計(jì);優(yōu)化;耕層殘膜;響應(yīng)曲面;正交試驗(yàn);逆向膜土分離裝置;殘膜回收機(jī)
地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的推廣和應(yīng)用,增加了作物產(chǎn)量,提高了農(nóng)民的收入。但隨著地膜的大量使用,土壤中殘膜的殘留量也在逐年積累,這嚴(yán)重增加了殘膜回收難度。如果滯留在耕層中的殘膜不能夠得到及時(shí)的處理,長(zhǎng)期積累下去會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤肥力下降,造成農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)等一系列問(wèn)題。因此回收土壤中殘膜,尤其是回收耕層中的殘膜,是目前以及后續(xù)都亟需解決的問(wèn)題[1-8]。開展對(duì)耕層殘膜的回收工作已經(jīng)刻不容緩。
中國(guó)從20世紀(jì)80年代就已經(jīng)針對(duì)殘膜回收機(jī)進(jìn)行了研究,研究至今,各類殘膜回收機(jī)具已被開發(fā)出來(lái)并得到了一定的應(yīng)用。典型[9-16]的機(jī)具種類有耙齒式、齒鏈?zhǔn)健㈢P鏈?zhǔn)胶顽P篩組合式殘膜回收機(jī)。目前,中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)表層機(jī)具的研究有耙齒式、齒鏈?zhǔn)?、鏟鏈?zhǔn)降龋瑢?duì)耕層機(jī)具的研究有旋耕釘齒式、鏈齒式等。通過(guò)機(jī)具在田間的實(shí)際工作情況,機(jī)具有待改善的問(wèn)題還有很多。逆向膜土分離裝置作為鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)的重要工作部件,影響膜土分離的因素復(fù)雜多變且相互制約,有效提高輸膜機(jī)構(gòu)的輸膜性能和膜土分離機(jī)構(gòu)的膜土分離能力是鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)在后續(xù)研發(fā)制作中應(yīng)考慮的問(wèn)題。
為了解決耕層殘膜回收問(wèn)題,根據(jù)目前研究的殘膜回收機(jī)[17-26]的特點(diǎn),并且綜合地膜回收農(nóng)藝的要求,本文設(shè)計(jì)并試制了一種鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī),預(yù)期可完成膜土輸送、膜土逆向分離、集膜過(guò)程。本文主要研究鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)逆向膜土分離裝置的各參數(shù)對(duì)膜土分離效果影響的好壞程度,通過(guò)分析各參數(shù)對(duì)鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)逆向膜土分離裝置性能的影響,得到最優(yōu)工作參數(shù),為后續(xù)研究和優(yōu)化膜土分離裝置提供參考。
鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)由牽引架,機(jī)架,入土鏟,限深輪,傳動(dòng)裝置,撿拾裝置,膜土分離裝置和集膜箱等部分組成。結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。
鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)一次可完成入土、起膜、膜土輸送及膜土逆向分離和集膜等功能。機(jī)具主要是由撿拾裝置和膜土分離裝置兩大部分組成,機(jī)具作業(yè)時(shí),鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)通過(guò)機(jī)具前端的三點(diǎn)懸掛牽引裝置連接在拖拉機(jī)的后端,動(dòng)力輸出由拖拉機(jī)提供。機(jī)具開始工作時(shí),撿拾裝置前端鏟入土150 mm,將150 mm耕層內(nèi)的土、膜、根茬等混合物一并撿起,隨著拖拉機(jī)牽引整機(jī)向前行駛,土、膜、根茬混合物運(yùn)送至彈齒鏈桿上,隨著鏈桿的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),將混合物向后運(yùn)送。同時(shí),鏈桿上安裝有抖動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),使鏈桿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的同時(shí)鏈桿上表面做周期抖動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)小土塊在抖動(dòng)作用下,通過(guò)鏈桿落到地面,大土塊隨鏈桿向后移動(dòng);彈齒交替安裝在鏈桿上,齒尖呈菱形排布,且彈齒隨鏈桿的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)而轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),使得升運(yùn)到鏈桿上的殘膜、根茬在彈齒作用下,留在鏈桿上,當(dāng)彈齒隨著鏈桿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)到最尾部時(shí),鏈桿向下運(yùn)動(dòng),帶動(dòng)土塊、殘膜和根茬向下拋送,落到膜土分離裝置上。膜土分離裝置由液壓馬達(dá)單獨(dú)帶動(dòng),通過(guò)膜土分離裝置對(duì)膜土進(jìn)行逆向分離。膜土混合物經(jīng)過(guò)撿拾裝置和膜土分離裝置處理后最終把收集到的殘膜運(yùn)送至集膜箱中。
1.膜土分離裝置 2.液壓裝置 3.撿拾裝置 4.機(jī)架 5.傳動(dòng)裝置 6.懸掛裝置 7.壓土輥 8.入土鏟 9.行走輪 10.集膜箱
機(jī)構(gòu)的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如表1所示。
表1 鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)主要參數(shù)
2.1.1 撿拾裝置的工作原理
撿拾裝置主要由升運(yùn)鏈、鏈桿以及安裝在其上的彈齒組成。當(dāng)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行工作時(shí),入土鏟把膜土混合物從田間鏟出運(yùn)送到升運(yùn)鏈上,升運(yùn)鏈上安裝有鏈桿、彈齒以及抖動(dòng)裝置,在抖動(dòng)裝置的抖動(dòng)下,能夠使膜土混合物中的殘膜和大部分細(xì)土以及小土塊進(jìn)行分離,使殘膜和大土塊向后運(yùn)動(dòng)。安裝的鏈桿之間具有間隙,安裝間隙的大小對(duì)膜土的分離也具有一定的影響。鏈桿上安裝有彈齒,彈齒的作用是把殘膜從膜土混合物中分離出來(lái),而且彈齒的安裝密度對(duì)殘膜的回收也起重要作用。經(jīng)過(guò)抖動(dòng)鏈、鏈桿、彈齒等對(duì)膜土混合物的分離處理,最終把處理的物料運(yùn)送到膜土分離裝置上。
2.1.2 升運(yùn)鏈上彈齒安裝排列方式設(shè)計(jì)
升運(yùn)鏈上安裝有鏈桿,并且撿拾裝置是由左右兩排鏈條組成,鏈桿之間的間距影響膜土混合物的分離效果,鏈桿上彈齒的安裝排列方式也影響膜土分離裝置的分離效果。經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)以及實(shí)際試驗(yàn)操作確定鏈桿的間距為75 mm時(shí)效果較好,彈齒的安裝方式對(duì)試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果也有不同的影響。最終確定彈齒安裝間距為50 mm時(shí)結(jié)果最優(yōu)。撿拾裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2所示。
1.彈齒 2.鏈條 3.輸送鏈主動(dòng)軸抖動(dòng)鏈軸 4.抖動(dòng)鏈軸 5.支撐鏈軸 6.托輥
膜土分離裝置安裝在撿拾裝置后方,膜土分離裝置主要是由摩擦帶、機(jī)架、摩擦滾筒軸、可調(diào)節(jié)掛鉤等組成。膜土分離裝置的動(dòng)力由拖拉機(jī)帶動(dòng)液壓馬達(dá)來(lái)提供。膜土分離裝置的主要作用是把撿拾裝置收集上來(lái)的膜、土和根茬等進(jìn)行分離。膜土分離裝置上安裝有摩擦帶,摩擦帶的摩擦效果良好,膜土分離裝置的轉(zhuǎn)向與撿拾裝置的轉(zhuǎn)向正好相反,通過(guò)膜土分離裝置逆向分離的過(guò)程把膜、土和根茬等進(jìn)行分離。膜土混合物中的土塊等雜物一部分被撿拾裝置直接拋送回田間,剩余部分在膜土分離裝置作用下重新回到田間,殘膜在摩擦帶反向運(yùn)動(dòng)下回收到集膜箱中,實(shí)現(xiàn)膜土分離的效果。膜土分離裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3所示。
1.滾筒軸機(jī)架 2.膜土分離摩擦帶 3.掛銷 4.液壓動(dòng)力輸入 5.可調(diào)節(jié)掛鉤 6.機(jī)架
當(dāng)膜土混合物從撿拾裝置斜拋到膜土分離裝置上時(shí),部分土塊與殘膜在裝置上運(yùn)動(dòng)并進(jìn)行分離[27]。土塊與殘膜的速度分析圖和受力分析圖如圖4所示。
注:圖4a中,v0為土塊殘膜等物料的初速度,m·s-1;v為土塊重新運(yùn)動(dòng)到拋射點(diǎn)高度時(shí)的速度,m·s-1;vx為速度v在水平方向分速度,m·s-1;vy為速度v在豎直方向分速度,m·s-1;v0x為v0在水平方向分速度,m·s-1;v0y為v0在豎直方向分速度,m·s-1;vm為殘膜重新運(yùn)動(dòng)到拋射點(diǎn)高度時(shí)的速度,m·s-1;vmx為速度vm在水平方向分速度,m·s-1;vmy為速度vm在豎直方向分速度,m·s-1;θ為土塊拋出點(diǎn)與水平方向夾角(撿拾裝置的角度),(°);h1為土塊拋送最大豎直高度,m;h2為土塊拋出點(diǎn)到摩擦帶的垂直距離,m;h3為殘膜拋送最大豎直高度,m;h4為殘膜拋出點(diǎn)到摩擦帶的垂直距離,m;x1為土塊拋出至重新回到拋出點(diǎn)的水平距離,m;x2為土塊由拋出點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)至摩擦帶上的水平距離,m;x3為殘膜拋出至重新回到拋出點(diǎn)的水平距離,m;x4為殘膜由拋出點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)至摩擦帶上的水平距離,m。圖4b中,ω1為撿拾裝置的角速度,rad·s-1;ω2為膜土分離裝置的角速度,rad·s-1;α為膜土分離裝置與水平方向的夾角,(°);r1為撿拾裝置的鏈輪半徑,m;r2為膜土分離裝置的軸半徑,m;n為撿拾裝置和膜土分離裝置的中心距離,m;v1為土塊運(yùn)動(dòng)到膜土分離裝置上的速度,m·s-1;v1x為v1在沿摩擦帶方向上的分速度,m·s-1;v1y為v1在垂直摩擦帶方向上的分速度,m·s-1;vm1為殘膜運(yùn)動(dòng)到膜土分離裝置上的速度,m·s-1;vm1x為vm1在沿摩擦帶方向上的分速度,m·s-1;vm1y為vm1在垂直摩擦帶方向上的分速度,m·s-1;m為土塊質(zhì)量,kg;g為重力加速度,m·s-2;FN為土塊所受支持力,N;f為土塊在摩擦帶上受到的摩擦力,N;m1為殘膜質(zhì)量,kg;m·s-2;FN1為殘膜所受支持力,N;f2為殘膜在摩擦帶上受到的摩擦力,N;L為膜土分離裝置摩擦帶的設(shè)計(jì)中心距,m。
由于土塊和殘膜的質(zhì)量相差懸殊,根據(jù)殘膜易吸附易漂浮的特性,運(yùn)動(dòng)分析時(shí)殘膜需要考慮風(fēng)的阻力影響,對(duì)于土塊質(zhì)量相對(duì)較大,忽略風(fēng)的阻力對(duì)土塊的影響。如圖4a所示,列出土塊的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析方程。
式中為土塊進(jìn)行斜拋運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間,s。
對(duì)式(1)進(jìn)行一次和二次積分得式(2)、(3)
通過(guò)式(2)、(3)的分析計(jì)算得到式(4)、(5)、(6)的結(jié)果。
式中1為土塊達(dá)到最大豎直高度所用時(shí)間,s;2為土塊由拋出點(diǎn)再運(yùn)動(dòng)至拋出點(diǎn)所用時(shí)間,s;3為土塊重新經(jīng)過(guò)拋出點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)至摩擦帶所用時(shí)間,由式(4)可得,取其正值,s;1為土塊拋出至重新回到拋出點(diǎn)的水平距離;m;2為土塊由拋出點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)至摩擦帶上的水平距離,m;2?為2在膜土分離裝置方向上的距離,m。
土塊經(jīng)過(guò)斜拋運(yùn)動(dòng)分析后,土塊拋送到膜土分離裝置上,此時(shí)土塊還具有一定的初速度,即此時(shí)土塊具有瞬時(shí)速度,則土塊會(huì)在摩擦帶上繼續(xù)作減速運(yùn)動(dòng),直至土塊的速度減小為0。此時(shí),土塊的受力分析如圖4b所示。
式中為膜土分離裝置與水平方向的夾角,(°)。
受合力方向與運(yùn)動(dòng)方向相反,土塊作減速運(yùn)動(dòng)
式中1為土塊在膜土分離裝置上作減速運(yùn)動(dòng)的加速度,m/s2;2?為土塊速度在摩擦帶上減速為0時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)的距離,m。
通過(guò)后續(xù)分析可以得到土塊在膜土分離裝置上的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況。
殘膜的受力分析,此時(shí)空氣阻力由1=?0求得
式中1為殘膜受到的空氣阻力,N;1為殘膜拋出點(diǎn)與水平方向夾角,且=1,(°)。
由式(10)得
式中為空氣阻力系數(shù)。
通過(guò)前期樣機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)表明,設(shè)置機(jī)具的初速度0為2 m/s,為30°,將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)帶入式(4)、(5)、(6)得,2為0.76 m,2'為1.52 m。當(dāng)土塊以2 m/s的速度斜拋到逆向膜土分離裝置上時(shí),此時(shí)土塊到裝置底端的距離為0.15 m。通過(guò)式(7)、(8)、(9)得,土塊速度減小到0時(shí)在摩擦帶上運(yùn)動(dòng)距離2為1.31 m。即2>>0.15 m,由此可得土塊拋送到膜土分離裝置后以一定速度運(yùn)動(dòng)到試驗(yàn)地中,此時(shí),土塊運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與分離裝置轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向相反。
經(jīng)過(guò)樣機(jī)的初步試驗(yàn)測(cè)得殘膜較土塊拋送距離短且根據(jù)殘膜質(zhì)量輕等特性,殘膜在膜土分離裝置上運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),被膜土分離裝置逆向回收到集膜箱中,而土塊被膜土分離裝置輸送到試驗(yàn)地中,達(dá)到膜與土的分離效果。所以要找到最佳的膜土分離效果還需要后續(xù)試驗(yàn)測(cè)得各個(gè)影響因素之間的關(guān)系,確定工作結(jié)果的最優(yōu)組合。
本次試驗(yàn)的地點(diǎn)選擇在新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)農(nóng)一師六團(tuán)七連,樣機(jī)選擇在春播前、耕整地后的試驗(yàn)田進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)地較為平坦,試驗(yàn)地土壤類型為壤土。選取試驗(yàn)地塊(長(zhǎng)×寬)100 m×80 m,試驗(yàn)地中耕層內(nèi)殘留的地膜厚度為0.008 mm,且多為往年殘留在土地耕層中的殘膜。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)測(cè)得,試驗(yàn)地的碎土率為76.8%、土壤的含水率為9.51%、土壤堅(jiān)實(shí)度為0.7 MPa,選用約翰迪爾754拖拉機(jī)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),額定功率為55.1 kW,試驗(yàn)時(shí)間為2017年4月10日-5月28日。
試驗(yàn)主要的儀器設(shè)備有約翰迪爾754拖拉機(jī)、鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)、石英電子秒表、土壤堅(jiān)實(shí)度儀、土壤水分速測(cè)儀、兵工鏟、天平、鋼卷尺、樣品袋、扳手等。機(jī)具田間作業(yè)如圖5所示。
圖5 試驗(yàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)
根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《殘地膜回收機(jī)》(GB/T 25412-2010)設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)分別將撿拾裝置的角速度,膜土分離裝置的角速度,膜土分離裝置的角度3個(gè)因素作為試驗(yàn)指標(biāo),試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)的計(jì)算方法如下
殘膜回收率
含土率
式中1為裝置在測(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)回收到膜箱中的殘膜質(zhì)量,g;0為試驗(yàn)前測(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)試驗(yàn)地中殘膜的質(zhì)量,g;2為測(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)回收到膜箱中土塊的質(zhì)量,g。試驗(yàn)因素的計(jì)算方法如下:
撿拾裝置角速度
膜土分離裝置角速度
式中1為撿拾裝置的角速度,rad/s;1為撿拾裝置鏈輪的半徑,m;2為膜土分離裝置角速度,rad/s;為膜土分離裝置轉(zhuǎn)速,r/s。
在殘膜撿拾和膜土分離的過(guò)程中,存在著許多影響殘膜回收率和含土率的因素,如機(jī)具的行進(jìn)速度、田間作業(yè)狀況、撿拾裝置的角速度、膜土分離裝置的角速度、膜土分離裝置的角度等,通過(guò)前期研究及設(shè)計(jì)確定撿拾裝置的角速度、膜土分離裝置的角速度、膜土分離裝置的角度對(duì)機(jī)具的工作效果影響顯著。在機(jī)具的試驗(yàn)中,通過(guò)改變可調(diào)節(jié)掛鉤的長(zhǎng)度來(lái)改變膜土分離裝置角度;液壓馬達(dá)為膜土分離裝置提供動(dòng)力,通過(guò)溢流閥控制液壓馬達(dá)的進(jìn)油量,從而改變膜土分離裝置的角速度;通過(guò)改變傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)上安裝的傳動(dòng)帶輪的直徑大小來(lái)改變輸入的速度,進(jìn)而改變撿拾裝置的角速度。
根據(jù)Design-Expert軟件中的Box-Behnken三因素三水平的模型進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),通過(guò)前期初步試驗(yàn),確定撿拾裝置的角速度在低于38.5 rad/s時(shí),易造成撿拾裝置上大量土壤擁堵,使含土率過(guò)高,不利于后續(xù)的膜土分離作業(yè)的開展,高于53.9 rad/s時(shí),殘膜漏撿嚴(yán)重,殘膜回收率較低,撿拾裝置作業(yè)效果不明顯;膜土分離裝置角速度低于35 rad/s時(shí),不利于殘膜的回收,高于57 rad/s時(shí),分離中含土率較高,不利于膜土分離;膜土分離裝置角度低于30°時(shí),易造成回收殘膜中含土率較高,不利于膜土的分離,高于40°時(shí),易造成殘膜回收不徹底,不利于殘膜的回收。參考農(nóng)業(yè)部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所在鏟篩式殘膜回收機(jī)關(guān)于殘膜回收的試驗(yàn)水平參數(shù),確定本文的試驗(yàn)參數(shù)為三水平,如表2所示。
試驗(yàn)中通常選用二次型或者更高次的模型來(lái)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)[28-30]逼近響應(yīng),本試驗(yàn)根據(jù)Box-Benhnken中心設(shè)計(jì)理論,以殘膜回收率、含土率為響應(yīng)值,對(duì)撿拾裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角度進(jìn)行響應(yīng)面試驗(yàn)研究。試驗(yàn)因素及水平見表2。
表2 試驗(yàn)因素和水平
3.5.1 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
根據(jù)Box-Benhnken試驗(yàn)原理設(shè)計(jì)了三因素三水平的試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)方案包括了17個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn),5個(gè)零點(diǎn)估計(jì)誤差,還包括12個(gè)分析因子。試驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)方案以及試驗(yàn)響應(yīng)值結(jié)果見表3。
表3 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)方案及響應(yīng)值結(jié)果
3.5.2 回歸模型的建立與顯著性分析
根據(jù)表3中的數(shù)據(jù)樣本,采用Design-Expert8.0.6軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行多元回歸擬合分析[31-33],建立殘膜回收率、含土率對(duì)撿拾裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角度的3個(gè)自變量二次多項(xiàng)式響應(yīng)面回歸模型,如式(17)-式(18)所示,并對(duì)回歸模型進(jìn)行方差分析,結(jié)果如表4所示。
由表4分析可知,響應(yīng)面回歸模型中殘膜回收率和含土率Z的值均小于0.000 1,可得模型極其顯著。失擬項(xiàng)>0.05(分別為0.301 7、0.557 5),說(shuō)明回歸模型的擬合度較高。模型決定系數(shù)2分別為0.977 8、0.973 9,表明97%以上的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)可以由上述2個(gè)模型解釋。所以膜土分離機(jī)構(gòu)的工作參數(shù)可以用該模型進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。
各個(gè)參數(shù)對(duì)回歸方程的影響作用可以通過(guò)值大小反應(yīng),<0.01表明參數(shù)對(duì)模型影響極顯著,<0.05表明參數(shù)對(duì)模型影響顯著。剔除模型中不顯著回歸項(xiàng),對(duì)模型、進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,如式(19)~式(20)所示,分析優(yōu)化后的模型,根據(jù)模型、的值(分別為<0.001、<0.01)與模型、的失擬項(xiàng)值(分別為0.349 4、0.221 3)可知優(yōu)化模型可靠。
表4 回歸模型方差分析
注:<0.01(極顯著,**);<0.05(顯著,*)
Note:<0.01(highly significant,**);<0.05(significant,*)
試驗(yàn)因素影響殘膜回收率的顯著順序?yàn)椋耗ね练蛛x裝置角度>撿拾裝置角速度膜土分離裝置角速度。試驗(yàn)因素影響含土率的顯著順序?yàn)椋耗ね练蛛x裝置角度>膜土分離裝置角速度>撿拾裝置角速度。
3.5.3 交互因素對(duì)機(jī)具工作性能影響的分析
通過(guò)Design-Expert8.0.6軟件生成3D Surface響應(yīng)面圖,根據(jù)響應(yīng)面圖分析撿拾裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置速度的交互因素對(duì)響應(yīng)值、的影響。
圖6a為撿拾裝置角速度位于中心水平(46.2 rad/s)時(shí),膜土分離裝置角速度與膜土分離裝置角度對(duì)殘膜回收率交互作用的響應(yīng)面圖。由圖6a可知,當(dāng)膜土分離裝置角度逐漸增加時(shí),殘膜回收率先增后減,并且變化幅度較為明顯,而膜土分離裝置角速度增大時(shí)變化幅度較為平緩。響應(yīng)面曲線沿膜土分離裝置角度方向的變化更快,在中心水平下,膜土分離裝置角度對(duì)殘膜回收率的影響比膜土分離裝置角速度的影響顯著。
圖6b為膜土分離裝置角度位于中心水平(35°)時(shí),撿拾裝置角速度與膜土分離裝置角速度對(duì)含土率影響的交互作用的響應(yīng)面圖。由圖6b可知,當(dāng)撿拾裝置角速度逐漸增加時(shí),含土率先增后減,并且變化幅度較為平緩,而當(dāng)膜土分離裝置角速度逐漸增加時(shí),含土率逐漸降低且變化幅度較為明顯。響應(yīng)面曲線沿膜土分離裝置角速度方向的變化較撿拾裝置角速度方向的變化明顯,在中心水平下,膜土分離裝置角速度對(duì)含土率的影響比撿拾裝置角速度的影響顯著。
a.(46.2,2,3)
b.(1,2,35)
圖6 試驗(yàn)因素對(duì)殘膜回收率和含土率的影響
Fig.6 Effect of test factors on residual film recovery rate and soil content
為使殘膜回收機(jī)的膜土分離效果與作業(yè)性能達(dá)到最佳,因此需要使殘膜回收率較高,含土率較低,通過(guò)交互因素對(duì)膜土分離率和含土率的影響效應(yīng)分析可知:當(dāng)要獲得較高的膜土分離率,就要滿足撿拾裝置角速度偏高、膜土分離裝置角速度偏高、膜土分離裝置角度適中;要滿足較低的含土率,就要滿足膜土分離裝置角度偏高、撿拾裝置角度偏低、膜土分離裝置角速度適中??紤]到各因素指標(biāo)對(duì)響應(yīng)值的影響的程度有些不同,所以需要進(jìn)行多目標(biāo)的優(yōu)化。
通過(guò)軟件中的多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化模塊進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),針對(duì)響應(yīng)值殘膜回收率和含土率進(jìn)行分析,本試驗(yàn)的目標(biāo)函數(shù)殘膜回收率和含土率對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的影響都尤為重要,所以取兩目標(biāo)函數(shù)的權(quán)重一致,各占50%。軟件中進(jìn)行目標(biāo)優(yōu)化計(jì)算時(shí),給定約束條件,設(shè)置權(quán)重,最終得到兩目標(biāo)函數(shù)相應(yīng)的最優(yōu)值。
根據(jù)殘膜回收機(jī)工作條件,膜土分離的條件以及上述模型的相關(guān)分析,對(duì)其結(jié)果利用Design-expert中的optimization優(yōu)化分析得,對(duì)各試驗(yàn)因素的約束條件為:撿拾裝置角速度38.5~53.9 rad/s,膜土分離裝置角速度35~57 rad/s,膜土分離裝置角度30°~40°。評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)殘膜回收率取目標(biāo)函數(shù)的最大值100%,含土率取目標(biāo)函數(shù)的最小值0,分析得3個(gè)因素水平的優(yōu)化結(jié)果分別為:撿拾裝置角速度為41.89 rad/s,膜土分離裝置角速度為57 rad/s,膜土分離裝置角度為37.25°時(shí),模型的曲面的響應(yīng)值最大,殘膜回收率達(dá)到79.98%,含土率為33.51%。
為了驗(yàn)證模型預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性,2017年7月10日,采用上述參數(shù)在新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)農(nóng)一師六團(tuán)七連秸稈收獲后的棉花地中進(jìn)行3次驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)??紤]到機(jī)具在試驗(yàn)地中實(shí)際工作情況,對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行取整,把撿拾裝置角速度設(shè)置為42 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角速度為57 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角度為37°。在此方案下進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn),所得結(jié)果見表5。
表5 模型優(yōu)化與田間試驗(yàn)對(duì)比
通過(guò)表5結(jié)果分析可得,各響應(yīng)值的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與優(yōu)化值比較接近,試驗(yàn)值與模型優(yōu)化結(jié)果的相對(duì)誤差均小于5%,由此可得,參數(shù)優(yōu)化的模型可靠。當(dāng)殘膜回收機(jī)工作時(shí),采用撿拾裝置角速度42 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角速度57 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角度37°時(shí),此時(shí)殘膜回收率為81.12%,含土率為34.83%。
1)本文針對(duì)耕層殘膜回收困難、膜土分離難等問(wèn)題,設(shè)計(jì)了一種逆向膜土分離裝置,并試制了鏈齒式殘膜回收機(jī)。通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析與田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,可以看出位于耕層150 mm深度的殘膜能夠有效回收,利用逆向膜土分離裝置有效的解決了膜土分離的問(wèn)題。
2)機(jī)具的各因素對(duì)殘膜回收率的影響顯著順序?yàn)槟ね练蛛x裝置角度>撿拾裝置角速度>膜土分離裝置角速度;各因素對(duì)含土率影響顯著順序?yàn)槟ね练蛛x裝置角度>膜土分離裝置角速度>撿拾裝置角速度。
3)采用design-expert軟件中的Box-Benhnken中心組合試驗(yàn)方法對(duì)撿拾裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角速度、膜土分離裝置角度對(duì)殘膜回收率和含土率的影響程度進(jìn)行了分析,然后建立優(yōu)化模型,膜土分離機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)模型所得最優(yōu)工作參數(shù)組合為撿拾裝置角速度為41.89 rad/s,膜土分離裝置角速度為57 rad/s,膜土分離裝置角度為37.25°時(shí),殘膜回收率達(dá)到79.98%,含土率為33.51%。經(jīng)過(guò)田間試驗(yàn)得,撿拾裝置角速度42 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角速度57 rad/s、膜土分離裝置角度37°時(shí),此時(shí)模型的曲面響應(yīng)值最大,殘膜回收率為81.12%,含土率為34.83%。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,確定模型得到的數(shù)值和優(yōu)化結(jié)果數(shù)值的準(zhǔn)確性,田間試驗(yàn)數(shù)值與理論優(yōu)化數(shù)值相對(duì)誤差均小于5%,表明模型可靠性比較高。
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Design and parameter optimization of reverse membrane and soil separation device for residual film recovery machine
Zhang Xuejun1,2, Liu Jiaqiang1, Shi Zenglu1,2, Jin Wei1,2, Yan Jinshan1,2, Yu Mengjie1,2
(1. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Innovation Design Laboratory, Xinjiang Agricultural Engineering Equipment, Urumqi 830052, China)
The widely use of plastic film mulching technology in agriculture increase crop yields and farmers' income. However, with the extensive use of plastic film, the residual film in the soil is also accumulating yearly, and the accumulated residual film is hard to be removed from soil. If the residual film in soil plough layer can-not be timely treated, it will lead to soil fertility decline, resulting in crop yield reduction and soil contamination. Therefore, it is an urgent issue to remove the residual film from soil, especially in the tillage layer. In order to solve the problem of remnant film recovery, according to the characteristics of the remnant film recovery machine, and according to the requirements of the agronomy of plastic film recovery, a chain-tooth residual film recovery machine is designed and manufactured. It is expected that the transport of membrane-soil, reverse separation of membrane-soil and membrane-collecting process can be completed. In this paper, we studied the influence of the parameters of the reverse membrane-soil separator of the chain-tooth residual membrane recovery machine on the separating effect of the membrane-soil. By analyzing the influence of the parameters on the performance of the reverse membrane-soil separator of the chain-tooth residual membrane recovery machine, the optimal working parameters were obtained, which could provide reference for the follow-up study and optimization of the membrane-soil separator. Aiming at the problems of poor mechanical properties of residual film deposited in the soil plough layer for many years, difficult separation of membrane and soil, and low recovery rate of residual film debris, a chain-tooth residual film recovery machine was designed. The main working parts of the machine are picking up device and membrane soil separating device. The working depth of the machine is 0-150 mm. The pickup device completes the membrane pickup and conveys the soil with the plastic membrane. Then the residual membrane is separated by the reverse membrane soil separating device, and finally the residual membrane is transported to the membrane collector. Taking angular velocity of pickup device, angular velocity of membrane-soil separator and angle of membrane-soil separator as experimental factors, quadratic regression orthogonal test of three factors and three levels was carried out in this study on chain-tooth residual membrane recovery machine with response values of residual membrane recovery rate and soil content. The response surface model of each factor was obtained by experiment, and the influence of each factor on the operation effect was analyzed and optimized. The results showed that the order of the factors affecting the recovery of residual membrane was: angle of membrane-soil separator > angular velocity of pickup device > angular velocity of membrane-soil separator. The order of the factors affecting the soil content was: angle of membrane-soil separator > angular velocity of membrane-soil separator > angular velocity of pickup device; and the optimized results were tested. The results showed that the recovery rate of residual membrane was 81.12% and the soil content was 34.83% when the angular velocity of the pickup device was 42 rad/s, the angular velocity of the membrane-soil separator was 57 rad/s and the angle of the membrane-soil separator was 37°, and the relative error between the experimental value of each evaluation index and the optimized value of the model was less than 5%. The reverse membrane-soil separator can solve the problems of difficult membrane-soil separation and low recovery rate of residual membrane fragments. It can provide a reference for further research and optimization of membrane-soil separator mechanism of residual membrane recovery machine.
mechanization; optimization; design; tillage residual film; response surface; orthogonal test; reverse membrane and soil separation device; residual film recovery machine
張學(xué)軍,劉家強(qiáng),史増錄,靳 偉,鄢金山,于蒙杰. 殘膜回收機(jī)逆向膜土分離裝置的設(shè)計(jì)與參數(shù)優(yōu)化[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(4):46-55. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.04.006 http://www.tcsae.org
Zhang Xuejun, Liu Jiaqiang, Shi Zenglu, Jin Wei, Yan Jinshan, Yu Mengjie. Design and parameter optimization of reverse membrane and soil separation device for residual film recovery machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(4): 46-55. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.04.006 http://www.tcsae.org
2018-10-09
2018-12-20
“十三五”國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2017YFD0701102-2);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(51665057);新疆自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)任務(wù)專項(xiàng)(2016B01003-1);新疆自治區(qū)高??蒲杏?jì)劃創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)(XJEDU2017T005)
張學(xué)軍,教授,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化裝備研究。 Email:tuec@163.com.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.04.006
S223.5
A
1002-6819(2019)-04-0046-10