任杰 趙龍 宋振祥 李偉
[摘要] 目的 研究堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)對(duì)直接重編程細(xì)胞向心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的影響。 方法 取大鼠尾成纖維細(xì)胞,利用GATA-4、Mef2c、Tbx5三個(gè)基因同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染進(jìn)行直接重編程。重編程后將細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為兩組,一組正常培養(yǎng),另一組加入50 μg/L bFGF進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。干預(yù)2周后,通過檢測(cè)心肌細(xì)胞特異性蛋白如肌鈣蛋白T(cTNT)、α-肌球蛋白重鏈(α-MHC)、GATA結(jié)合蛋白4抗體(GATA-4)和連接蛋白43(CX43)的表達(dá)及分析細(xì)胞電生理特點(diǎn)鑒定細(xì)胞分化,并比較兩組分化比率。 結(jié)果 Western blot和免疫熒光檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,bFGF明顯提高直接重編程細(xì)胞內(nèi)cTNT、α-MHC、GATA-4和CX43的表達(dá)(P < 0.01)。電生理分析顯示這些細(xì)胞與心肌細(xì)胞的電生理特點(diǎn)極為相似,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化。 結(jié)論 成纖維細(xì)胞可以通過直接重編程轉(zhuǎn)化為心肌細(xì)胞,bFGF可促進(jìn)這一過程,這可能成為一種新的獲取心肌細(xì)胞的方法。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 直接重編程;心肌細(xì)胞;堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子
[中圖分類號(hào)] R318.11? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)01(b)-0017-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the transformation of direct reprogramming-induced transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Methods Direct reprogramming was performed to induce rat tail fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes by defined factors GATA-4, Mef2c and Tbx5. Then the cells were divided into two groups, one group was cultured normally, and the other group was cultured with 50 μg/L bFGF. Two weeks later, the differentiation of cardiomyocytes was identified by detection of the expression of cardiac specific protein such as cardiac troponin T (cTNT), α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC), GATA binding protein 4 antibody (GATA-4) and connexin 43 (CX43) and analysis of electrophysiology. And the differentiation rates of the two groups were compared. Results Western blot and immunofluorescence test showed that the expression of cTNT, α-MHC, GATA-4 and CX43 significantly up-regulated after exposure to bFGF (P < 0.01). And the further analysis of electrophysiology revealed that the electrophysiological characteristics of these cells were very similar to those of cardiomyocytes, which was identified as cardiac differentiation. Conclusion Fibroblasts can be induced by direct reprogramming to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, which can be promoted by bFGF. This study may provide a new method to harvest cardiomyocytes.
[Key words] Direct reprogramming; Cardiomyocytes; Basic fibroblast growth factor
心肌梗死是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的嚴(yán)重類型之一,病死率極高,但卻無有效的治療方法。由于自身的心肌細(xì)胞再生能力極為微弱,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足梗死后的心肌組織再生的需要,所以外源性的細(xì)胞移植可能是心肌梗死最有希望的治療策略。因而具有心肌細(xì)胞分化能力的各種干細(xì)胞一躍成為了研究熱點(diǎn)。雖然已經(jīng)證實(shí)干細(xì)胞移植療效明確,但因種子細(xì)胞治療有限、獲取困難或存在異體移植的倫理問題等,始終無法得到廣泛應(yīng)用。另外,近年來組織工程技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展,使得人工培育組織工程心臟成為可能,但是同樣面臨無合適的種子細(xì)胞問題。因此,探索一種高效獲取心肌細(xì)胞的方法是解決這些問題的關(guān)鍵。
干細(xì)胞是一類具有分化能力的細(xì)胞,能分化為心肌細(xì)胞的干細(xì)胞有骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞、胚胎干細(xì)胞、脂肪干細(xì)胞以及誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞等[1-2]。但是,數(shù)量有限、獲取困難或倫理等問題限制了這些細(xì)胞的廣泛應(yīng)用。最近該領(lǐng)域取得了突破性進(jìn)展,Ieda等[3]利用GATA-4、Mef2c和Tbx5(GMT)三個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子轉(zhuǎn)染將大鼠成纖維細(xì)胞直接誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)化成為心肌細(xì)胞。開拓了一種全新的獲取心肌細(xì)胞的方法,即直接重編程技術(shù)。這種技術(shù)可以較為容易地獲取大量的心肌細(xì)胞,是一種潛力巨大的心肌細(xì)胞獲取策略。然而,直接重編程的轉(zhuǎn)化效率僅為50%左右,亟待提高。已經(jīng)證實(shí),堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)具有促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞向心肌細(xì)胞分化的能力[4-6],推測(cè)其亦可能提高直接重編程的心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化效率。另外bFGF是一種已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床的生長(zhǎng)因子,其安全性和有效性已被充分證明[7]。本研究擬采用外源性的bFGF干預(yù),觀察直接重編程成纖維細(xì)胞向心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的過程。
1 材料與方法
1.1 大鼠尾成纖維細(xì)胞制備及培養(yǎng)
利用組織干涸法提取SD大鼠(200~250 g)尾成纖維細(xì)胞,所有實(shí)驗(yàn)用細(xì)胞均來自同一只大鼠,購自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司,合格證號(hào):SCXK(京)2011-0011,利用成纖維細(xì)胞特異性抗原DDR2和Vimentin鑒定。所得的成纖維細(xì)胞置于含有10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL的青霉素和鏈霉素的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)(5%CO2、37℃),每周換液2次。當(dāng)匯合度達(dá)90%時(shí)傳代。
1.2 直接重編程及分組
傳至第3代,利用攜帶GATA-4、Mef2c、Tbx5三種因子的Lipofectamine 2000轉(zhuǎn)染系統(tǒng)體外直接重編程成纖維細(xì)胞。重編程后將細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為未處理組(在培養(yǎng)基中加入與bFGF組等量溶劑)及bFGF處理組(在培養(yǎng)基中加入50 μg/L bFGF)。
1.3 蛋白表達(dá)測(cè)定
采用Western blot技術(shù)測(cè)定心肌細(xì)胞特異性肌鈣蛋白T(cTNT)、α-肌球蛋白重鏈(α-MHC)、GATA結(jié)合蛋白4抗體(GATA-4)和連接蛋白43(CX43)的蛋白表達(dá),內(nèi)參為甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶(GAPDH)。所有抗體均購于英國Abcam公司。cTNT、α-MHC、GATA-4和CX43均為鑒定心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化比率的指標(biāo)。
1.4 電生理分析
進(jìn)一步利用膜片鉗技術(shù)分析誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞的電生理特點(diǎn)。所用設(shè)備包括:膜片鉗放大器(Axopatch 200B)、數(shù)模轉(zhuǎn)換裝置(Digidata 1200)、Pclamp 5.5.1和Clampfit軟件。采用電流鉗制方式記錄動(dòng)作電位時(shí)程(action potential duration,APD)、鈉電流(sodium current,INa)、L-型鈣電流(L-type calcium current,ICa-L)。封接電阻在2 GΩ以上。
1.5 免疫熒光染色
細(xì)胞制成爬片,利用免疫熒光染色測(cè)定DDR2和Vimentin表達(dá)以鑒定成纖維細(xì)胞;測(cè)定cTNT和α-MHC表達(dá)標(biāo)記心肌細(xì)胞。采用熒光顯微鏡或共聚焦顯微鏡進(jìn)行觀察。所有一抗均購自英國Abcam公司。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
利用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩兩比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 bFGF對(duì)直接重編程細(xì)胞心肌特異性蛋白表達(dá)的影響
免疫熒光染色結(jié)果顯示,GMT重編程成纖維細(xì)胞2周后,(13.3±3.7)%的細(xì)胞表達(dá)cTNT,(32.4±4.1)%的細(xì)胞表達(dá)α-MHC;bFGF處理后有(26.9±4.4)%的重編程細(xì)胞表達(dá)cTNT,(53.6±4.9)%的細(xì)胞表達(dá)α-MHC,均明顯高于未處理的重編程細(xì)胞(P < 0.01)。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,bFGF處理后cTNT、α-MHC、GATA-4和CX43明顯高于未處理的重編程細(xì)胞(P < 0.01)。
2.2 新生心肌細(xì)胞電生理特點(diǎn)
膜片鉗記錄分析證實(shí)這些細(xì)胞具有與心肌細(xì)胞相似的動(dòng)作電位和INa及ICa-L,提示這些細(xì)胞已轉(zhuǎn)化為成熟的心肌細(xì)胞。
3 討論
最初的細(xì)胞重編程技術(shù)是將成體細(xì)胞去分化,得到誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞,再將其誘導(dǎo)分化為心肌細(xì)胞[8-10]。但該技術(shù)過程復(fù)雜,轉(zhuǎn)化效率低,將嚴(yán)重限制其臨床應(yīng)用[11-12]。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過某些因子或者物質(zhì)作用可將分化成熟的細(xì)胞直接轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種分化成熟的成體細(xì)胞[13]。通過細(xì)胞的基因重編程完成這一過程,稱之為直接重編程。
與傳統(tǒng)的去分化后誘導(dǎo)定向分化相比,這種直接重編程技術(shù)具有以下優(yōu)勢(shì):①轉(zhuǎn)化效率較高。有研究報(bào)道,直接重編程可將30%~50%的成熟細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)化為心肌細(xì)胞[3];而誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞的心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化效率僅為2%[14-15]。②操作簡(jiǎn)便。GMT重編程僅需一次轉(zhuǎn)染即可實(shí)現(xiàn)直接誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,且1周后即可發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌細(xì)胞特異性蛋白表達(dá);而誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞要經(jīng)過多個(gè)步驟的操作才能誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞分化,并且耗時(shí)長(zhǎng),至少要2個(gè)月以上。③定向轉(zhuǎn)化明確。利用特定的因子轉(zhuǎn)染后心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化明確,未見直接重編程出現(xiàn)其他雜細(xì)胞報(bào)道[16-18];但是誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞可分化為多種細(xì)胞,單一分化誘導(dǎo)極為困難。由于上述優(yōu)勢(shì),直接重編程誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞具有十分廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,可能是心肌細(xì)胞再生治療和組織工程最有希望的細(xì)胞來源。
然而,直接重編程的轉(zhuǎn)化效率仍需提高[19-20]。已證實(shí),bFGF可促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞向心肌細(xì)胞分化[4-6]。因此,本研究進(jìn)一步探討了其對(duì)GMT重編程的作用。Rosenblatt-Velin等[1]報(bào)道,敲除bFGF基因后未成熟心肌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和成熟明顯被抑制,心臟發(fā)育明顯受阻;而成熟心肌細(xì)胞無明顯變化,提示bFGF是控制心肌細(xì)胞發(fā)育成熟的重要因子。本研究在轉(zhuǎn)染后立即加入外源性bFGF,結(jié)果顯示直接重編程細(xì)胞后心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化效率明顯提高,提示bFGF亦可能是控制直接重編程誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞成熟的關(guān)鍵因子。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,bFGF可提高GMT重編程后心肌細(xì)胞特異性蛋白cTNT、α-MHC、GATA-4和CX43的表達(dá),而進(jìn)一步行電生理分析顯示,這些細(xì)胞具有與心肌細(xì)胞一致的電生理特點(diǎn)。另外,Ieda等[3]利用共聚焦顯微鏡在GMT重編程細(xì)胞中觀察到了“鈣火花”。這些證據(jù)充分證明這種方法可誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為成熟的心肌細(xì)胞,而bFGF能促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)化效率。
本研究利用GMT直接重編程成纖維細(xì)胞,可誘導(dǎo)其向心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化。提示直接重編程后應(yīng)用bFGF可促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,可能成為一種完善重編程技術(shù)的輔助方法。
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(收稿日期:2018-07-03? 本文編輯:羅喬荔)