高旸 楊繼娥 張峰
摘 要 急性心肌梗死患者接受直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療植入支架后的微血管栓塞和無復流現(xiàn)象一直是影響患者預后的主要因素之一。延遲支架植入是降低支架植入后微血管阻塞和無復流風險的方法之一,其與強化抗血栓藥物治療相結(jié)合,能減輕急性心肌梗死患者的血栓負荷,降低短期血管造影檢查事件的發(fā)生率。然而,多項隨機、對照研究和薈萃分析都未能證實該方法對急性心肌梗死患者的長期死亡率、主要心血管不良事件發(fā)生率和其他臨床終點有改善作用,因此臨床上對延遲支架植入是否有益還存在爭議。延遲支架植入的應用也受到新一代藥物洗脫支架得到廣泛應用的限制,需有更多的臨床研究證實延遲支架植入在特殊的急性心肌梗死患者亞群中的安全性和有效性。
關鍵詞 急性心肌梗死 直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療 延遲支架植入
中圖分類號:R542.22; R654.3 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2019)01-0008-04
Deferred stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction: a review of recent studies
GAO Yang*, YANG Jie*, ZHANG Feng**
(Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
ABSTRACT Microvascular obstruction and no-reflow after stent implantation in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention are strong predicting factors of adverse events and unfavorable prognosis, especially when it comes to patients with greater age, longer occlusion or strong thrombus burden. To deal with this situation, some specialists come up with a deferred stent implantation method. Deferred stent implantation with adjunctive antithrombotic therapy is an effective method to alleviate the thrombus burden, partially restore vascular function and reduce the risks of microvascular obstruction, no-reflow phenomena and short-term angiographic events. However, several randomized controlled trials and related meta-analysis indicate that deferred stent implantation did not reduce mortality, major adverse cardiac events or other severe clinical outcome. The advantage of deferred stent implantation is in controversy and its application is limited due to the widespread usage of second-generation drug-eluting stents. More clinical trials are necessary to confirmed the effect and safety of deferred stent implantation on specific subgroup of patients with acute myocardial infarction.
KEy WORDS acute myocardial infarction; primary percutaneous coronary intervention; deferred stent implantation
在急性心肌梗死的直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(primary percutaneous coronary intervention, PPCI)中,成功恢復血流后植入支架已成為常規(guī)治療方法。支架能有效防止術(shù)后早期血管的急性閉塞和夾層的發(fā)生,增大管腔體積,確保有更理想的血流灌注。然而,急性心肌梗死患者中有相當一部分會在植入支架后發(fā)生遠端栓塞和微血管阻塞[1],嚴重的甚至出現(xiàn)無復流現(xiàn)象,導致更大的梗死范圍和更高的患者死亡率[2-3]。盡管采用血栓抽吸和遠端保護裝置能降低遠端栓塞的風險,但卻沒有患者預后改善作用[4-6]。不少研究顯示,再灌注治療后延遲植入支架的臨床預后可能優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的立即植入支架方法[7-12]。延遲植入支架一般是指先在PPCI時通過球囊擴張和血栓抽吸等手段恢復梗死相關血管的血流灌注,而后間隔一定時間后再次進行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)植入支架的治療方案。Isaaz等[7]還以此為基礎提出了MIMI(minimalist immediate mechanical intervention)技術(shù),即通過采用小尺寸的球囊導管進行擴張以避免斑塊破裂和夾層發(fā)生的風險,同時結(jié)合強化抗血栓藥物治療,包括使用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物、低分子量肝素和血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb /Ⅲa受體拮抗劑等,降低血栓負荷,將支架植入延遲至血流和局部斑塊更穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)下再進行。
然而,盡管有多項研究表明延遲支架植入(deferred stent implantation, DSI)能有效改善支架植入后的梗死血管的血流灌注、減小梗死范圍[7-12],但近幾年的數(shù)項隨機、對照試驗(randomized controlled trial, RCT)卻顯示DSI并不能改善包括主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiac events, MACE)在內(nèi)的“硬”終點事件發(fā)生率,甚至可能提高出血風險[13-15]。隨著新一代藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stent, DES)得到廣泛應用,DSI的益處似已不再明顯,而其帶來的問題也限制了自身的應用。本文總結(jié)有關DSI的臨床研究和薈萃分析結(jié)果,探討DSI在目前情況下的優(yōu)勢、存在問題及其適用范圍。
1 DSI能減少微血管阻塞和無復流風險
微血管阻塞的發(fā)生與血管遠端的栓塞、水腫組織的外部擠壓、原位血栓形成、血管痙攣和再灌注損傷等有關[1]。嚴重的微血管阻塞能導致靶血管血流明顯減少,甚至無復流。這類急性心肌梗死患者即使造影檢查顯示其病變血管已達到“心肌梗塞溶栓治療”(Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction, TIMI)血流分級3級,仍無法獲得理想的心肌灌注,導致梗死范圍擴大和心室功能下降,死亡率相對更高[16-17]。對接受PPCI的ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI)患者,遠端血管栓塞的發(fā)生率為5% ~ 10%[18-19]。研究顯示,高血栓負荷是微血管阻塞和無復流發(fā)生的關鍵因素之一[20-21],主要原因可能在于支架植入時支架和球囊擠壓病變處的血栓和斑塊,導致血栓和斑塊碎片脫離病變處而阻塞遠端的微血管。DSI是降低急性心肌梗死患者血栓負荷的手段之一。當首次PCI打通梗死血管后,強化抗血栓藥物治療能有效降低患者的血栓負荷,從而在支架植入時減少血栓和斑塊碎片的產(chǎn)生。在相關研究中,除常規(guī)雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物治療外,PPCI后經(jīng)靜脈用血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb /Ⅲa受體拮抗劑和低分子量肝素的持續(xù)使用時間都>12 h[11, 15]。在此期間還可同時給予患者負荷劑量的他汀類藥物治療,能起到穩(wěn)定斑塊,降低由PCI后死亡、心肌梗死、不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛和再次血運重建組成的復合終點發(fā)生率[22]。
Tang等[9]進行的一項共納入了87例STEMI患者[立即支架植入(immediate stent implantation, ISI)組47例、DSI組40例]的隊列研究顯示,在PPCI后到植入支架的7 d內(nèi),DSI組患者的血栓評分有明顯下降;與ISI組相比,DSI組植入支架后達到TIMI血流分級3級的患者比例更高(分別為97.5%和80.9%, P=0.018),血栓相關的造影檢查事件發(fā)生率更低,包括遠端栓塞發(fā)生率(分別為2.5%和19.1%, P=0.018)和無復流發(fā)生率(分別為0%和14.9%, P=0.014)。Freixa等[23]對5項非隨機研究和1項RCT的薈萃分析也顯示,DSI組患者的圍術(shù)期血管造影檢查事件發(fā)生率更低,盡管在納入的唯一1項RCT中DSI和ISI兩組的圍術(shù)期血管造影檢查事件發(fā)生率沒有明顯差異。納入了101例STEMI患者(DSI組52例、ISI組49例)的“DEFER-STEMI”研究結(jié)果相似:與ISI組相比,DSI組的PCI后慢血流/無復流(TIMI血流分級0 ~ 2級)發(fā)生率明顯更低(分別為6%和29%, P=0.006)[11]。Lee等[24]對7項非隨機研究和3項RCT的薈萃分析亦得到了類似結(jié)果。在“DEFERSTEMI”研究中,PCI后6個月隨訪的MRI檢查結(jié)果顯示,DSI組患者還表現(xiàn)出有更高的心肌挽救指數(shù),表明他們的梗死范圍較小[11]。值得注意的是,在另一項RCT中,支架植入后5 d MRI檢查測量的微血管阻塞情況表現(xiàn)出與上述研究結(jié)果相反的趨勢,DSI組的微血管阻塞發(fā)生率相對較高(3.96%, ISI組為1.88%, P=0.051)[13]。
2 DSI能提供更多的治療選擇
在DSI中,PPCI和支架植入之間有一定的間期,此能為醫(yī)生根據(jù)患者狀況制定個性化的治療方案提供寶貴的時間。根據(jù)Isaaz等[7]和Meneveau等[10]的研究,約10%的接受DSI治療的患者最終無需植入支架,這部分患者的心肌梗死可能主要由血栓而非斑塊引起,因而DSI能避免不必要的支架植入。對多支血管病變等病情復雜的患者,在初步恢復血流灌注后,醫(yī)生也有更多的時間來考慮和制定搭橋手術(shù)等其他治療方案。
在PPCI中,如在血栓抽吸和球囊擴張等預處理后立即植入支架,由于殘余血栓和局部炎癥的影響,造影檢查難以準確反映血管直徑及其病變長度,常導致植入的支架并不完全適合患者真實的血管病變情況。而經(jīng)強化抗血栓藥物治療等后,患者的血栓負荷降低,局部急性炎癥部分消退,此時再植入支架醫(yī)生能更準確地選用支架,使支架更好地貼壁,減少支架總長度且增加最終的管腔直徑[25]。
3 DSI存在的問題與限制
盡管不少研究都表明DSI能降低短期的遠端栓塞和無復流等不良事件發(fā)生率,但也有多項RCT和薈萃分析顯示DSI并不能明顯改善包括MACE發(fā)生率在內(nèi)的一系列臨床終點。支持DSI的研究多為非隨機研究,且樣本量較小,僅有“OPTIMA”研究[12]是RCT。雖然“OPTIMA”研究顯示ISI組隨訪6個月時的主要終點事件(包括死亡、非致命性心肌梗死和再次血運重建)發(fā)生率明顯高于DSI組(相對危險度=1.5, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.15; P=0.004),但該研究納入的是非STEMI患者,同時樣本量也較?。↖SI組73例、DSI組69例患者)。此外,“OPTIMA”研究顯示PCI后的心肌梗死發(fā)生率很高(ISI組為60%,DSI組為39%),但術(shù)后即刻TIMI血流分級<3級的患者卻很少(ISI組為5%,DSI組為6%),這可能是根據(jù)癥狀和實驗室檢查指標值難以明確區(qū)分短期內(nèi)、特別是ISI組中PCI后再次心肌梗死和初始心肌梗死所致[23]。
納入了1 215例STEMI患者的“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究顯示,DSI和ISI兩組的主要臨床終點事件(包括全因死亡、心力衰竭導致的入院、再發(fā)心肌梗死和靶血管血運重建)發(fā)生率沒有明顯差異(風險比=0.99, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.29; P=0.92)[14]?!癉ANAMI 3-DEFER”研究是迄今在急性心肌梗死患者中比較DSI和ISI長期臨床結(jié)果的規(guī)模最大、隨訪時間最長的一項RCT。最近完成的“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究的亞組研究顯示,DSI不能減小梗死范圍和降低微血管阻塞發(fā)生的風險,也不能改善心肌挽救指數(shù)[26]。此外,相關薈萃分析也未顯示DSI能降低MACE等不良事件發(fā)生率[23-24]。
DSI較ISI多進行1次PCI,故由手術(shù)器械及其操作帶來的相關并發(fā)癥風險更高,患者的住院時間和費用也增加[27]。此外,在植入支架前由于病變血管缺少支撐、血管彈性回縮而引起再次心肌缺血的風險也升高。
隨著新一代藥物洗脫支架得到廣泛應用以及支架性能得到不斷提高,DSI的潛在益處變得越來越不明顯,實際應用受到較大的限制。但對某些急性心肌梗死患者亞群,DSI依然具有比較明顯的益處。Lee等[24]進行的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),患者總?cè)毖獣r間的差異是導致DSI相關研究結(jié)果異質(zhì)性的主要原因:DSI對缺血時間較長者的MACE風險的改善作用更大,主要原因可能是總?cè)毖獣r間較長者的血栓負荷相對更高、局部炎癥和微血管功能紊亂更嚴重,使得ISI后發(fā)生遠端栓塞和無復流的風險更大?!癉EFER-STEMI”研究[11]納入了無復流風險較大的患者,而“MIMI”研究[13]則排除了血栓負荷較高、無復流風險大的患者,這可能是導致兩項研究結(jié)論相反的主要原因之一。
此外,研究顯示DSI聯(lián)用第二代DES沒有明顯益處,這與聯(lián)用裸金屬支架或第一代DES的情況不同[24]。DSI中延遲的間期也是需要考慮的因素之一。在“DEFERSTEMI”研究中,延遲的間期為4 ~ 16 h;而在“MIMI”和“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究中,延遲的間期為24 ~ 48 h。較短的延遲間期能減少病變血管急性閉塞和出血風險,但抗血栓藥物治療可能不能充分發(fā)揮作用,血栓負荷難以得到有效降低[28]。常規(guī)使用血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb /Ⅲa受體拮抗劑或能提高血栓溶解的速度和程度,但同時也會增加患者的出血風險??傊瑢SI的適用范圍和規(guī)范應用還待更多更有針對性的臨床研究的探索。
4 結(jié)論
DSI是減少ISI相關的無復流現(xiàn)象的方法之一,已有不少研究表明其能改善PCI后造影檢查結(jié)果和短期造影檢查相關的不良事件發(fā)生率,但多項RCT和薈萃分析都未顯示DSI對患者的長期心血管不良事件發(fā)生率和臨床預后有改善作用。另外,在新一代DES得到廣泛應用的背景下,DSI的實際應用受到了更多的限制。不過,對總?cè)毖獣r間長、血栓負荷高、在PPCI中通過球囊擴張或血栓抽吸后血流穩(wěn)定的急性心肌梗死患者,DSI仍有“用武之地”。未來的臨床研究應進一步探索DSI在一些特殊的急性心肌梗死患者亞群中的潛在優(yōu)勢。希望能有更多的研究數(shù)據(jù)來明確DSI的適用指征,為相關爭論畫上句號。
參考文獻
[1] Jaffe R, Dick A, Strauss BH. Prevention and treatment of microvascular obstruction-related myocardial injury and coronary no-reflow following percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic approach [J]. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2010, 3(7): 695-704.
[2] Mewton N, Bonnefoy E, Revel D, et al. Presence and extent of cardiac magnetic resonance microvascular obstruction in reperfused non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction and correlation with infarct size and myocardial enzyme release[J]. Cardiology, 2009, 113(1): 50-58.
[3] Brosh D, Assali AR, Mager A, et al. Effect of no-reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction on six-month mortality [J]. Am J Cardiol, 2007, 99(4): 442-445.
[4] Sharma V, Jolly SS, Hamid T, et al. Myocardial blush and microvascular reperfusion following manual thrombectomy during percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction: insights from the TOTAL trial [J]. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(24): 1891-1898.
[5] Kelbaek H, Terkelsen CJ, Helqvist S, et al. Randomized comparison of distal protection versus conventional treatment in primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the drug elution and distal protection in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (DEDICATION) trial [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 51(9): 899-905.
[6] Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, et al. Randomized trial of primary PCI with or without routine manual thrombectomy[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(15): 1389-1398.
[7] Isaaz K, Robin C, Cerisier A, et al. A new approach of primary angioplasty for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction based on minimalist immediate mechanical intervention [J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2006, 17(3): 261-269.
[8] Ke D, Zhong W, Fan L, et al. Delayed versus immediate stenting for the treatment of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction with a high thrombus burden [J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2012, 23(7): 497-506.
[9] Tang L, Zhou SH, Hu XQ, et al. Effect of delayed vs immediate stent implantation on myocardial perfusion and cardiac function in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous intervention with thrombus aspiration [J]. Can J Cardiol, 2011, 27(5): 541-547.
[10] Meneveau N, Séronde MF, Descotes-Genon V, et al. Immediate versus delayed angioplasty in infarct-related arteries with TIMI III flow and ST segment recovery: a matched comparison in acute myocardial infarction patients[J]. Clin Res Cardiol, 2009, 98(4): 257-264.
[11] Carrick D, Oldroyd KG, Mcentegart M, et al. A randomized trial of deferred stenting versus immediate stenting to prevent no- or slow-reflow in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (DEFER-STEMI) [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(20): 2088-2098.
[12] Riezebos RK, Ronner E, Ter Bals E, et al. Immediate versus deferred coronary angioplasty in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes [J]. Heart, 2009, 95(10): 807-812.
[13] Belle L, Motreff P, Mangin L, et al. Comparison of immediate with delayed stenting using the minimalist immediate mechanical intervention approach in acute ST-segment- elevation myocardial infarction: the MIMI study [J/OL]. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2016, 9(3): e003388 [2018-11-23]. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003388.
[14] Kelb?k H, H?fsten DE, K?ber L, et al. Deferred versus conventional stent implantation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (DANAMI 3-DEFER): an open-label, randomised controlled trial [J]. Lancet, 2016, 387(10034): 2199-2206.
[15] Kim JS, Lee HJ, Woong Yu C, et al. INNOVATION study(impact of immediate stent implantation versus deferred stent implantation on infarct size and microvascular perfusion in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction) [J/ OL]. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2016, 9(12): e004101 [2018-11-23]. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004101.
[16] Ndrepepa G, Tiroch K, Fusaro M, et al. 5-year prognostic value of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010, 55(21): 2383-2389.
[17] Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, et al. Clinical implications of the ‘no reflow phenomenon. A predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction [J]. Circulation, 1996, 93(2): 223-228.
[18] Fokkema ML, Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, et al. Incidence and clinical consequences of distal embolization on the coronary angiogram after percutaneous coronary intervention for STelevation myocardial infarction [J]. Eur Heart J, 2009, 30(8): 908-915.
[19] L?nborg J, Kelb?k H, Helqvist S, et al. The impact of distal embolization and distal protection on long-term outcome in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction randomized to primary percutaneous coronary intervention — results from a randomized study [J]. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care, 2015, 4(2): 180-188.
[20] Izgi A, Kirma C, Tanalp AC, et al. Predictors and clinical significance of angiographically detected distal embolization after primary percutaneous coronary interventions [J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2007, 18(6): 443-449.
[21] Kirma C, Izgi A, Dundar C, et al. Clinical and procedural predictors of no-reflow phenomenon after primary percutaneous coronary interventions: experience at a single center [J]. Circ J, 2008, 72(5): 716-721.
[22] Gibson CM, Pride YB, Hochberg CP, et al. Effect of intensive statin therapy on clinical outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome. PCI-PROVE IT: a PROVE IT-TIMI 22(Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22) substudy [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 54(24): 2290-2295.
[23] Freixa X, Belle L, Joseph L, et al. Immediate vs. delayed stenting in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. EuroIntervention, 2013, 8(10): 1207-1216.
[24] Lee JM, Rhee T, Chang H, et al. Deferred versus conventional stent implantation in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: an updated meta-analysis of 10 studies[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2017, 230: 509-517.
[25] Harbaoui B, Courand PY, Besnard C, et al. Deferred vs immediate stenting in ST elevation myocardial infarction: potential interest in selected patients [J]. Presse Med, 2015, 44(11): e331-e339.
[26] L?nborg J, Engstr?m T, Ahtarovski KA, et al. Myocardial damage in patients with deferred stenting after STEMI: a DANAMI-3-DEFER substudy [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(23): 2794-2804.
[27] Jolicoeur EM, Tanguay J. From primary to secondary percutaneous coronary intervention: the emerging concept of early mechanical reperfusion with delayed facilitated stenting— when earlier may not be better [J]. Can J Cardiol, 2011, 27(5): 529-533.
[28] Souteyrand G, Amabile N, Combaret N, et al. Invasive management without stents in selected acute coronary syndrome patients with a large thrombus burden: a prospective study of optical coherence tomography guided treatment decisions [J]. EuroIntervention, 2015, 11(8): 895-904.