WAN Min

十八屆五中全會(huì)以來黨和國(guó)家持續(xù)推進(jìn)健康中國(guó)戰(zhàn)略，2016年10月《“健康中國(guó)2030”規(guī)劃綱要》出臺(tái)，其后十九大又明確提出“要完善國(guó)民健康政策，為人民群眾提供全方位全周期健康服務(wù)”。健康中國(guó)由此在國(guó)家層面形成目標(biāo)明確，工作過程可操作、可衡量、可考核的制度體系。在健康中國(guó)戰(zhàn)略的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向下，一個(gè)密切配合與跟進(jìn)健康中國(guó)的風(fēng)潮在全國(guó)興起。以建筑、規(guī)劃、風(fēng)景園林為主導(dǎo)的人居環(huán)境學(xué)科也聞風(fēng)而動(dòng)，紛紛立足于各自專業(yè)與學(xué)科，在其中尋找發(fā)展機(jī)遇與增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。

風(fēng)景園林有重視戶外空間健康的傳統(tǒng)，反映在其學(xué)科價(jià)值目標(biāo)便是以協(xié)調(diào)人與自然關(guān)系為根本使命，以保護(hù)和營(yíng)造高品質(zhì)的空間景觀為基本任務(wù)；其學(xué)科觸角面向全尺度的戶外空間境域，并歷來在不同尺度的空間健康中都有良好表現(xiàn)。

風(fēng)景園林與健康中國(guó)密切相關(guān)的研究領(lǐng)域有兩大方面，一是對(duì)人類生存本底——自然環(huán)境健康方面的研究，這是風(fēng)景園林歷來注重的領(lǐng)域，從植物健康、生態(tài)健康到生境健康，從中可透析出風(fēng)景園林對(duì)人類生存環(huán)境健康的追求，而這也是保證人與自然和諧相處、人居環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展甚至民族昌盛和國(guó)家富強(qiáng)的重要支撐；另一方面是戶外空間對(duì)人的健康影響，風(fēng)景園林對(duì)此雖有不少卓有成效的既往研究，如康復(fù)花園、綠地降塵減噪、濕地凈水、健身空間及其配置、空間適老或適少設(shè)計(jì)、無障礙設(shè)計(jì)等，但總體而言此類以人的健康為立足點(diǎn)的研究還比較零散，難以像前者一樣形成體系，這預(yù)示著風(fēng)景園林在健康中國(guó)領(lǐng)域還有廣闊的發(fā)展空間。

健康中國(guó)戰(zhàn)略關(guān)注的核心是人，包括與人健康直接相關(guān)的醫(yī)療、醫(yī)藥、醫(yī)保、公共衛(wèi)生、養(yǎng)老、食品等，也包括影響人健康的空氣質(zhì)量、地表水質(zhì)、健身場(chǎng)館、健康設(shè)施、人身安全設(shè)施、健康城市、健康鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)等環(huán)境要素與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而后者即是風(fēng)景園林可施展專業(yè)技能的用武之地。

根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的界定，人的健康包括身體健康、心理健康和社會(huì)健康三大方面。就身體健康而言，《“健康中國(guó)2030”規(guī)劃綱要》明確指出了2項(xiàng)當(dāng)今迫切需要解決的、對(duì)人的身體健康有直接影響的課題，這就是空氣質(zhì)量與地表水質(zhì)。風(fēng)景園林在此中如何運(yùn)用自己的手段與方法來尋求解決方案，值得廣大學(xué)者進(jìn)行深入探討。根據(jù)我國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，類似的問題在不同時(shí)期還會(huì)有不同表現(xiàn)，需要我們不斷保持學(xué)術(shù)敏銳與跟蹤。

就人的心理健康而言，盡管人體工學(xué)、環(huán)境心理學(xué)一直是風(fēng)景園林小尺度空間規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)理論與支撐，在奠定風(fēng)景園林以人為基礎(chǔ)的同時(shí)對(duì)人的心理健康總體而言是有益的。但戶外空間對(duì)心理健康影響因素復(fù)雜多樣、作用機(jī)理相互牽扯而又感性，如何量化這些影響并掌握其發(fā)展變化規(guī)律便成為風(fēng)景園林需直面的課題。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)已有越來越多的學(xué)者投身其中，并在空間美譽(yù)與健康、綠地緩解憂郁癥甚至慢性病功效、景觀對(duì)心理健康影響評(píng)價(jià)、城市景觀安全等諸多方面產(chǎn)生了一些研究成果，這對(duì)建立風(fēng)景園林與心理健康的客觀影響與認(rèn)識(shí)是正面而又積極的。

就人的社會(huì)健康而言，風(fēng)景園林通過建設(shè)優(yōu)美生活環(huán)境、改善城市空氣和水體質(zhì)量、改善城市慢行交通質(zhì)量與安全、增強(qiáng)公共空間交往、增強(qiáng)城市居民的自豪感和美譽(yù)感而具有和諧社會(huì)價(jià)值，從而促進(jìn)整體社會(huì)健康。然而我們也注意到當(dāng)今的社會(huì)健康更為關(guān)注的是個(gè)體與他人及社會(huì)環(huán)境相互作用并具有良好的人際關(guān)系和實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)角色的能力。風(fēng)景園林如何幫助個(gè)體在戶外空間交往中與他人友好相處并心情舒暢，如何借助空間的力量增強(qiáng)自信感和安全感，如何通過影響人群的戶外生活方式來阻滯、延緩像高血壓、抑郁癥等慢性病的發(fā)生，這不僅是社會(huì)健康問題，對(duì)步入老齡化的我國(guó)也意味著寶貴而又緊俏的社會(huì)醫(yī)療資源節(jié)約，并蘊(yùn)含著巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。

總之，風(fēng)景園林在服務(wù)健康中國(guó)的事業(yè)中有許多新的發(fā)展空間，需要我們一起負(fù)重?fù)?dān)當(dāng)！

Since the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18thCPC Central Committee, the party and the state have continued to promote the healthy China strategy.In October 2016, the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline was promulgated.The 19thCPC National Congress clearly stated that "we must improve the national health policy and provide the people and public with full-range and fullcycle health services." Healthy China thus has an institutional system with clear objectives and an operational, measurable and measurable work process at the national level.Under the guidance of the value of the Healthy China strategy, a wave of close coordination and follow-up of Healthy China has arisen nationwide.The disciplines of human habitat, dominated by architecture, urban planning and landscape architecture, act immediately to respond to the call, and are based on their respective professions and disciplines to find development opportunities and growth points.

Landscape architecture has a tradition of attaching importance to the health of outdoor space.Reflecting in its subject value goal is to take as the fundamental mission to coordinate the relationship between man and nature, take as the basic task to protect and create high-quality space landscape; its subject directions face the full-scale outdoor spatial realm, and have always had a good performance in space health at different scales.

There are two major research areas closely related to landscape architecture and Healthy China.One is the research on the survival background of human beings - the natural environment health, which is is the field that landscape architecture has always paid attention to, from plant health, ecological health to habitat health.From this, we can understand the landscape architecture's pursuit of human living environment health, which is also an important support to ensure the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, the sustainable development of human habitat and even the flourishing of the nation and the prosperity of the country.On the other hand, it is the influence of outdoor space on human health.Although landscape architecture has had many effective researches, such as rehabilitation garden, green space dust reduction and noise reduction, wetland water purification, fitness space and configuration, space suitable the elderly or the young, barrier-free design, etc., in general, such researches based on human health is relatively fragmented, and it is difficult to form a system like the former, which indicates that landscape architecture has a broad space for development in the Healthy Chinese field.

The focus of Healthy China strategy is people, including medical, medicine, medical insurance, public health, cares for the aged, food, etc., which are directly related to human health.It also includes air quality, surface water quality, fitness venues, health facilities, personal safety facilities, healthy city, healthy town, and other environmental factors and standards that affect people's health.The latter is the place where landscape architecture can put its professional skills to good use.

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, human health includes three aspects: physical health, mental health and social health.As far as physical health is concerned, the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline clearly identifies two issues that are urgently needed today and have a direct impact on human health.They are air quality and surface water quality.In this process, how landscape architecture use its own methods and means to find solutions is worthy of in-depth discussion by scholars.According to China's social and economic development, similar problems will have different performances at different times, which requires us to keep academic acumen and tracking.

As to human mental health, although ergonomics and environmental psychology have always been the basic theory and support for small-scale spatial planning and design of landscape architecture, which is generally good for the psychological health of people while laying the humanoriented foundation of landscape architecture, the influence factors of outdoor space on mental health are complex and diverse, and the mechanism of action is interrelated and sensible.How to quantify these effects and master the law of development and change has become a topic that landscape architecture need to face.We have found that more and more scholars have devoted themselves to it, and have made some research achievements in the aspects of space reputation and health, green space alleviating the effects of depression and even chronic diseases, evaluation of landscape impact on mental health, and urban landscape safety, which are positive and good to establish the objective influence and understanding of landscape architecture and mental health.

Regarding the human social health, landscape architecture has a harmonious social value by building a beautiful living environment, improving urban air and water quality, improving the quality and safety of urban slow traffic, enhancing public space communication, and enhancing the pride and appreciation of urban residents, so as to promote overall social health.However, we also notice that today’s social health is more concerned with the ability of individuals to interact with others and the social environment and have good interpersonal relationships and realize social roles.How landscape architecture can help individuals to get along with others in an outdoor space interaction and feel comfortable, how to use the power of space to enhance self-confidence and security, and how to block and delay the chronic diseases like hypertension and depression by affecting people's outdoor lifestyle, they are not just a social health problem, but also the saving of the valuable and hard-to-get social medical resources and of huge economic value for the aging country of China.

In short, landscape architecture has much space for new development in serving the cause of Healthy China, which requires us to shoulder responsibilities!