新疆 孫錦榕

眾所周知，高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)對(duì)所有備考學(xué)生至關(guān)重要，每個(gè)學(xué)生都希望通過(guò)一輪復(fù)習(xí)能夠更進(jìn)一步。可是，如何提高學(xué)生的復(fù)習(xí)效率？如何有效落實(shí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)？如何能讓學(xué)生在短短的幾個(gè)月內(nèi)熟練掌握《考試大綱》要求的3500個(gè)單詞？又如何提升學(xué)生解答高考試題的能力？筆者在實(shí)踐中總結(jié)——回歸教材！高考命題的依據(jù)是《考試大綱》，而教材是《考試大綱》的載體，縱橫不出方圓，萬(wàn)變不離其宗！筆者在研讀《考試大綱》和《考試說(shuō)明》的同時(shí)研究高考命題規(guī)律，巧妙使用教材資源編制訓(xùn)練試題，幫助學(xué)生提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。同時(shí)鏈接高考試題，讓學(xué)生親自參與訓(xùn)練試題的編制，在將編制試題與高考試題對(duì)比的過(guò)程中感悟高考試題，此方法收到了意想不到的復(fù)習(xí)效果。

一、巧用教材資源改編語(yǔ)法填空題

根據(jù)《考試說(shuō)明》，語(yǔ)法填空題的文章在200 詞左右，以記敘文和說(shuō)明文為主。在選材上，無(wú)論是弘揚(yáng)中國(guó)文化還是注重國(guó)際視野，無(wú)論是關(guān)注自然還是人文，從教材中我們總是可以捕捉到類(lèi)似的富有正能量的文章。因此，在一輪復(fù)習(xí)的過(guò)程中教師就可以將符合這些特點(diǎn)的教材文章改編為語(yǔ)法填空題，并鏈接高考試題，讓學(xué)生領(lǐng)悟改編試題的思路，體會(huì)高考語(yǔ)法填空題對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、冠詞、介詞以及定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的考查，從而找到解題技巧，攻克語(yǔ)法填空題。

【范例】Friendship(Book 1 Unit 1)

Do you want a friend 1 you could tell everything to,like your 2(deep)feelings and 3(thought)?Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh 4 you,or would not understand what you are going through?Anne Frank wanted the first kind,so she 5(make)her diary her best friend.Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. 6(she)family was Jewish so they hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they 7(discover).During that time the only true friend was her diary.She said,“I don’t want 8(set)down a series of facts in a diary as most people do,but I want this diary itself to be my friend,and I shall call my friend Kitty.”Now read 9 she felt after being in the 10(hide)place since July 1942.

【答案】

1.whom/who/that 2.deepest 3.thoughts 4.at 5.made 6.Her 7.were discovered 8.to set 9.how 10.hiding

【命題思路】

1.考查定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的用法。

2.考查形容詞最高級(jí)的用法。

3.考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的用法。

4.考查固定搭配中的介詞。

5.考查動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的用法。

6.考查物主代詞的用法。

7.考查動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法。

8.考查動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的用法。

9.考查賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)的用法。

10.考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的用法。

【高考鏈接】

（2017 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ，語(yǔ)法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models,wants 65(prove)that she has brains as well as beauty.

【答案】64.who，考查定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞，與第1 題出題思路類(lèi)似。65.to prove，考查不定式作賓語(yǔ)，與第8題出題思路相同。

（2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ，語(yǔ)法填空）He screams the 63(loud)of all.

【答案】loudest，考查形容詞最高級(jí)，與第2 題出題思路相同。

（2018 年浙江卷，語(yǔ)法填空）Making Chinese 56(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.

【答案】dishes，考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，與第3 題出題思路相同。

（2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，語(yǔ)法填空）...when the government 68(start)a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers...

【答案】started，考查動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，與第5 題出題思路相同。

（2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ，語(yǔ)法填空）When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find 68(they)alive.

【答案】them，考查代詞用法，與第6 題出題思路類(lèi)似。

二、巧用教材資源改編短文改錯(cuò)題

根據(jù)《考試大綱》，該題型是一篇設(shè)有10 處錯(cuò)誤的100 個(gè)單詞左右的短文，錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型包括詞法、句法、行文邏輯，短文多為故事性的記敘文。這樣的文章在教材中很容易找到。同時(shí)鏈接高考試題，讓學(xué)生自己揣摩高考短文改錯(cuò)的出題點(diǎn)，從語(yǔ)篇入手，著眼動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)；從句子入手，逐句分析，推敲語(yǔ)法；從行文邏輯入手，兼顧上下，審查連詞和代詞，從而找到解題思路，提升解答短文改錯(cuò)試題的能力。

【范例】Journey Down the Mekong(Book 1 Unit 3)

My name is Wang Kun.Ever since middle school,my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed taking a great bike trip.Two years before she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuade me to buy one.Last year,she visited our cousins,Dao Wei and Yu Hang at his college in the Kunming.They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River,the Chinese part of the river who is called the Mekong River in another countries.Wang Wei soon got them interesting in cycling too.After graduating from college,we final got the chance to taking a bike trip.

【答案及解析】

1.第二句，在dreamed 后加of 或about，考查固定搭配中的介詞。

2.第三句，before 改為ago，考查副詞的用法。persuade 改為persuaded，考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。

3.第四句，his 改為their，考查代詞。the 刪去，考查定冠詞的用法。

4.第五句，who 改為that/which，考查定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的用法。another 改為other，考查形容詞的用法。

5.第六句，interesting 改為interested，考查以-ed,-ing形式結(jié)尾的形容詞的用法區(qū)別。

6.第七句，final 改為finally，考查形容詞和副詞的用法區(qū)別。taking 改為take，考查不定式作名詞定語(yǔ)的用法。

【高考鏈接】

（2016 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，短文改錯(cuò)）My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.

【答案】在dreams 后加of，與第二句出題思路類(lèi)似。

（2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，短文改錯(cuò)）The first time I went there,they were living in a small house with dogs,ducks,and another animals.

【答案】another 改為other。與第五句出題思路相同。

（2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，短文改錯(cuò)）As a kid,I loved to watch cartoons,but no matter how many times I asked to watching them,my parents would not let me.

【答案】watching 改為watch,考查動(dòng)詞不定式的用法，與第七句出題思路相同。

三、巧用教材資源改編完形填空題

根據(jù)《考試大綱》，該題型是在一篇250 個(gè)單詞左右的短文中設(shè)置20 個(gè)空格。文章體裁多為記敘文或夾敘夾議文，也可以是說(shuō)明文。被設(shè)置的20 個(gè)空格重在考查實(shí)詞，考查角度偏重語(yǔ)義關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系。在我們的教材中有很多適合改編為完形填空題的短文，有時(shí)稍加修改即可。通過(guò)改編試題，讓學(xué)生明白：對(duì)于完形填空，出題老師是如何從句內(nèi)層面、句組層面和語(yǔ)篇層面出題，又該如何理解這三個(gè)層面的出題點(diǎn)，從而找出解題的突破口。

【范例】The Road to Modern English(Book 1 Unit 2)

At the end of the 16th century,about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century,people from England made voyages to 1 other parts of the world and because of that,English 2 to be spoken in many other 3 .Today,more people speak English as their first,second or a 4 language than ever before.Native English speakers can 5 each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. 6 this example:British Betty:Would you like to see my flat?American Amy:Yes.I’d like to come up to your 7 .So why has English changed over time? 8 all languages change and develop 9 cultures meet and communicate with each other. 10 the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very 11 from the English spoken today.It was 12 more on German than the English we speak at present.Then 13 between about AD 800 and 1150,English became less like German because those who 14 England spoke first Danish and later French.These new settlers 15 the English language and especially its 16 .So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a 17 vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some 18 settlers moved to America.Later in the 18th century some British people were 19 to Australia too.English began to be spoken in 20 countries.Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.

1.A.make B.conquer

C.fight D.tour

2.A.tended B.continued

C.began D.stopped

3.A.countries B.cities

C.counties D.villages

4.A.spoken B.written

C.foreign D.native

5.A.cherish B.meet

C.hear D.understand

6.A.Look for B.Look after

C.Look at D.Look around

7.A.university B.dormitory

C.department D.apartment

8.A.Actually B.Absolutely

C.Frequently D.Exactly

9.A.what B.when

C.that D.since

10.A.At last B.At most

C.At first D.At least

11.A.apparent B.evident

C.opposite D.different

12.A.based B.paid

C.focused D.concentrated

13.A.quickly B.officially

C.gradually D.constantly

14.A.helped B.ruled

C.invaded D.developed

15.A.invented B.created

C.discovered D.enriched

16.A.vocabulary B.sentences

C.phrases D.language

17.A.narrower B.wider

C.bigger D.smaller

18.A.German B.British

C.French D.Danish

19.A.changed B.turned

C.settled D.taken

20.A.both B.all

C.neither D.none

【答案】1-5 BCACD 6-10 CDABC

11-15 DACBD 16-20 ABBDA

【命題思路】

1.句內(nèi)層面的題：3、4、5、6、9、11、12、13、16

2.句組層面的題：2、7、8、10、18、20

3.語(yǔ)篇層面的題：1、14、15、17、19

從命題思路悟出如何從整篇文章的脈絡(luò)入手排除干擾獲得準(zhǔn)確答案。

四、巧用教材資源改編“七選五”試題

研究近幾年的高考試題我們發(fā)現(xiàn)：“七選五”試題是在一段300 詞左右的短文中留出5 個(gè)空白，要求考生從所給的7 個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，文章以說(shuō)明文為主，內(nèi)容貼近生活、貼近時(shí)代，題型以段中句為主，段首和段末句為輔。教師可以充分利用教材里符合條件的文章進(jìn)行“七選五”試題改編。該題型主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。從語(yǔ)境、詞匯、邏輯關(guān)系三個(gè)切入點(diǎn)入手，分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，把握全篇文脈，總結(jié)歸納出主旨概括性句子、過(guò)渡性句子和注釋性句子，從而抓住“七選五”出題技巧，輕松應(yīng)對(duì)高考“七選五”試題。教師利用教材內(nèi)容進(jìn)行“七選五”試題改編的同時(shí)，讓學(xué)生也親歷這一過(guò)程，包括另外兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的編造，讓學(xué)生們?cè)谔綄そ忸}奧秘的同時(shí)也樂(lè)在其中！

【范例】A Letter to an Architect(Book 7 Unit 1)

I read in the newspaper today that you are to be the architect for the new Bankstown cinema.I hope you will not mind me writing to ask if you have thought about the needs of disabled customers. 1 .

Adequate access for wheelchairs.It would be handy to have lifts to all parts of the cinema.The buttons in the lifts should be easy for a person in a wheelchair to reach,and the doors should be wide enough to enter.In some cinemas,the lifts are at the back of the cinema in cold,unattractive places.2,this makes them feel they are not as important as other customers.

Earphones for people who have trouble hearing. 3 .This would allow hearing-impaired customers to enjoy the company of their hearing friends rather than having to sit in a special area.

4 .People who are short cannot always see the screen.So I’d like to suggest that the seats at the back be placed higher than those at the front so that everyone can see the screen easily.Perhaps there could be a space at the end of each row for people in wheelchairs to sit next to their friends.

Toilets.For disabled customers it would be more convenient to place the toilets near the entrance to the cinema.It can be difficult if the only disabled toilet is in the basement a long way from where the film is showing.And if the doors could be opened outwards,disabled customers would be very happy.

Car parking.Of course,there are usually spaces specially reserved for disabled and elderly drivers. 5,it is easier for disabled people to get to film in comfort.

A.Free space

B.Raised seating

C.If the lifts are in the attractive places

D.As disabled people have to use the lifts

E.If they are close to the cinema entrance and/or exit

F.In particular I wonder if you have considered the following things

G.It would help to fit sets of earphones to all seats,not just to some of them

【答案】1.F 2.D 3.G 4.B 5.E

【命題思路】

1.過(guò)渡性句子，起承上啟下的作用。

2.注釋性句子，利用關(guān)鍵詞lift 和半句解題。

3.注釋性句子，利用關(guān)鍵詞earphones 獲得答案。

4.段落主旨句，概括標(biāo)題句，利用關(guān)鍵詞seating 解題。

5.注釋性句子，利用半句解題。

【高考鏈接】

（2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，“七選五”）If you are already making the time to exercise,it is good indeed!With such busy lives,it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. 36 Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day. 37

Your metabolism(新陳代謝)gets a head start. 38 If you work out in the mornings,then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day,not in your sleep.

39 Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.Exercise energizes you,so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.

40 If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food?You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

There are a lot of benefits to working out,especially in the mornings.Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out!You will feel energized all day long.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise,you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly,or you’re doing it now,then listen up!

【答案】36.G 37.E 38.F 39.B 40.A

【命題思路】

36.過(guò)渡性句子，承上啟下。

37.概況總結(jié)句，利用關(guān)鍵詞clear 和awake 解題。

38.注釋性句子，利用關(guān)鍵詞calorie 解題。

39.段落主旨句，利用關(guān)鍵詞sleep 解題。

40.段落主旨句，利用關(guān)鍵詞diet 與food 這兩個(gè)同義詞解題。

通過(guò)鏈接這篇高考“七選五”試題，學(xué)生能發(fā)現(xiàn)它們篇章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)似、出題思路類(lèi)似，興奮之余找到了解題技巧，何樂(lè)而不為呢？

改編試題是一種學(xué)習(xí)策略，能夠幫助學(xué)生變被動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)為主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)，變疲勞的題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)為答題能力的提升，利用教材改編試題更是幫助學(xué)生在復(fù)習(xí)詞匯、梳理知識(shí)要點(diǎn)的同時(shí)揣摩出命題老師的意圖、找到解題的突破口，可謂是一舉多得。正如《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017 年版)》提到：發(fā)展學(xué)生運(yùn)用學(xué)習(xí)策略的能力是提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)能力的主要途徑,是教學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容,也是英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的重要組成部分。學(xué)習(xí)策略的培養(yǎng)可以幫助學(xué)生逐步形成適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)方式和方法，提高學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，為學(xué)生可持續(xù)發(fā)展和終身學(xué)習(xí)奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。