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鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩記_切自動化干紅棗去核機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)

2018-11-23 07:09康寧波尚夢玉何建國劉貴珊王松磊吳龍國
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報 2018年22期
關(guān)鍵詞:紅棗定向設(shè)計(jì)

康寧波,尚夢玉,何建國,,劉貴珊,王松磊,,吳龍國

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鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩記_切自動化干紅棗去核機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)

康寧波1,尚夢玉2,何建國1,3※,劉貴珊3,王松磊1,3,吳龍國1

(1. 寧夏大學(xué)土木與水利工程學(xué)院,銀川 750021;2. 寧夏大學(xué)物理與電子電氣工程學(xué)院,銀川 750021; 3. 寧夏大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,銀川 750021)

紅棗去核是干紅棗產(chǎn)業(yè)深加工的關(guān)鍵技術(shù),現(xiàn)有的紅棗去核機(jī)普遍存在自動化程度低、人工輔助多、去核機(jī)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等缺點(diǎn)。為解決現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)問題,該文研究設(shè)計(jì)了一種鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩記_切自動化干紅棗去核機(jī),整機(jī)由單片機(jī)程序控制所有工序動作,包括輥輪輸送鏈上料、攝像頭拍照檢測紅棗排布情況、輥輪夾持鏈定位、間歇時間內(nèi)氣缸驅(qū)動旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿去核機(jī)構(gòu)去核和卸料輸出。選擇橫徑范圍為20~30 mm,縱徑范圍為35~45 mm的干制紅棗去核對象進(jìn)行樣機(jī)試驗(yàn),結(jié)果為紅棗定位率≥98.3%,去核率≥93.75%,平均破碎率為1.46%。該文設(shè)計(jì)的鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩幼詣踊杉t棗去核機(jī)可實(shí)現(xiàn)個體自動定向排布上料、有效去核,同時采用圖像檢測和機(jī)械裝置結(jié)合技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)精確定位,降低無效的空沖概率。該研究為進(jìn)一步完善機(jī)械裝置的設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)構(gòu)連續(xù)性去核提供了參考。

機(jī)械化;設(shè)計(jì);自動化;單片機(jī);紅棗;輥輪輸送鏈;輥輪夾持鏈;氣動沖切去核

0 引 言

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2016年中國棗樹栽培面積達(dá)到297萬hm2,年產(chǎn)量高達(dá)1 000萬t,分別占世界種植面積和產(chǎn)量的 98%以上。紅棗的精深加工可以極大地豐富紅棗產(chǎn)品種類、拓寬紅棗的銷售渠道,延長紅棗的產(chǎn)業(yè)化鏈條,產(chǎn)生良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[1]。去核作為干紅棗精深加工生產(chǎn)中的一個關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、衛(wèi)生地去核對紅棗加工產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展有著重要的影響。

國內(nèi)已有不少企業(yè)和學(xué)者對紅棗去核機(jī)進(jìn)行深入研究并設(shè)計(jì)了不同原理的機(jī)型。如王侯貴[2]提出一種全自動紅棗去核機(jī),紅棗通過夾持器上料,利用旋轉(zhuǎn)的扶正器定位實(shí)現(xiàn)了連續(xù)去核的過程,馬朝鋒等[3-4]提出一種鏈?zhǔn)郊t棗去核機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),利用U型凹槽鏈?zhǔn)捷斔蛶нM(jìn)行自動上料、定位,曲柄方式驅(qū)動去核,該機(jī)可靠性較高。史鵬濤等[5]提出一種全自動大棗自動定心去核機(jī),利用上料盤上若干成對可活動的橢圓夾具來上料和定位紅棗,對紅棗的定位效果比較,此裝置結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,上料需要人工輔助。婁飛翔[6]提出一種用于去除棗核的全自動連續(xù)去核機(jī),利用帶有棗孔的旋轉(zhuǎn)盤對紅棗定位,實(shí)現(xiàn)紅棗連續(xù)去核的過程,但上料過程需要人工輔助。張玉峰[7]研究的氣動排沖式紅棗自動去核機(jī),利用氣動方式驅(qū)動沖核桿進(jìn)行去核,上料機(jī)構(gòu)由鏈?zhǔn)降募t棗夾持模具構(gòu)成,實(shí)現(xiàn)上料和去核分布式的控制,但夾持模具結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,定位率不高。劉向東等[8]進(jìn)行鮮杏單體排序間隔輸送裝置的設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)研究,首次提出鮮杏單體排序定向輸送原理,可實(shí)現(xiàn)鮮杏無損傷、單體且間隔快速有序喂入,實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化去核。

相比國內(nèi)紅棗定向去核的研究,國外對蘋果、鮮杏、桃子、橄欖等鮮果的定向去核、切分等加工機(jī)理研究技術(shù)更為先進(jìn)和成熟。美國FMC公司推出可自動轉(zhuǎn)矩式粘核桃去核機(jī),該機(jī)采用可旋轉(zhuǎn)的小杯實(shí)現(xiàn)對桃子的高速定位和輸送,在不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)下桃子保持直立狀態(tài)進(jìn)行定位去核,生產(chǎn)率為800 kg/h[9]。Brown等[10]采用鏈?zhǔn)藉F形滾輪進(jìn)行水果的定向輸送,輥輪通過底部摩擦帶自轉(zhuǎn)帶動橢球形水果進(jìn)行自轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的定位。Hendrik等[11]采用機(jī)器視覺技術(shù)與機(jī)械裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)球形水果定位,該技術(shù)通過機(jī)器視覺檢測判別水果的位置,通過機(jī)械裝置不斷調(diào)整達(dá)到定向的目的。

綜上所述,目前國內(nèi)所研究的去核機(jī)主要針對上料定位機(jī)構(gòu)和沖核驅(qū)動方式進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。上料定位機(jī)構(gòu)分為鏈?zhǔn)綂A持具和盤式棗孔裝置,鏈?zhǔn)缴狭隙ㄎ粰C(jī)構(gòu)上棗率高,定位率低,而盤式結(jié)構(gòu)上棗率低,定位穩(wěn)定,使得去核紅棗的破損率低;沖核驅(qū)動方式分為凸輪曲柄的整體機(jī)構(gòu)和分布式控制的氣動沖核獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)。凸輪曲柄機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)可靠,但結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且功能擴(kuò)展性差;分布式控制的方式設(shè)計(jì)的比較少,控制精度取決于傳感電路及控制系統(tǒng)的精度,功能結(jié)構(gòu)擴(kuò)展性強(qiáng)。國外主要采用水果自旋轉(zhuǎn)的陀螺效應(yīng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)定向排布和加工的,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,通過機(jī)器視覺與機(jī)械裝置的技術(shù)結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)果品精確的定位輸送和加工[12-15]。

本文提出一種鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩記_切自動化干紅棗去核機(jī),由單片機(jī)程序分布式控制的上料機(jī)構(gòu)、去核機(jī)構(gòu)、攝像頭檢測控制系統(tǒng)和步進(jìn)電機(jī)組成。采用輥輪輸送鏈機(jī)構(gòu)提高自動上料率,提出氣動式去核機(jī)構(gòu),并通過攝像頭檢測紅棗排布定位情況同步控制去核機(jī)構(gòu);提出旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿的進(jìn)刀去核方式,以期提高去核效率、降低破碎率。

1 總體設(shè)計(jì)方案

1.1 技術(shù)要求

本文研究的去核對象是經(jīng)過分級后干制的和田棗,試驗(yàn)選常規(guī)等級的紅棗,橫徑長20~30 mm、縱徑長35~45 mm,含水率為35%,含糖量≥75%,設(shè)計(jì)輸送速度為240 mm/s,要求紅棗去核機(jī)能夠自動上料、準(zhǔn)確定向、去核高效。樣本空間為480個紅棗,去核率≥93%,破碎率≤3%。

1.2 系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)與機(jī)構(gòu)原理

根據(jù)技術(shù)要求本文研究設(shè)計(jì)了鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩幼詣蛹t棗去核機(jī),主要結(jié)構(gòu)包括輥輪輸送鏈上料和定位機(jī)構(gòu)、嵌入式單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)、氣動式去核機(jī)構(gòu)。其中輥輪輸送鏈上料和定位機(jī)構(gòu)由輥輪輸送鏈、同步輥輪夾持定位鏈組成[16-21];嵌入式單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)由STM32F407 主處理器、STM32F103協(xié)處理器、滬工LJ12A3-4-Z/BX 三線NPN 傳感器和步進(jìn)電機(jī)組成[22-23];氣動式去核機(jī)構(gòu)由電磁閥、阻尼氣缸、旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿、可調(diào)速旋轉(zhuǎn)驅(qū)動電機(jī)、滑臺和空氣壓縮機(jī)組成。如圖1所示,整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)按工序分為上料區(qū)、檢測區(qū)、紅棗夾持定位去核區(qū)和卸料區(qū)。

1.輥輪輸送鏈 2.傳感器 3.上料斗 4.STM32F407主處理器和STM32F103協(xié)處理器 5.輥輪夾持鏈 6.氣動去核機(jī)構(gòu) 7.棗核出料斗 8.步進(jìn)電機(jī) 9.彈性搓動條

其工作原理為,整機(jī)運(yùn)作由單片機(jī)程序控制,紅棗通過輥輪輸送鏈運(yùn)載上料,輸送速度設(shè)定為240 mm/s,上料斗底部固定的彈性條搓動輥輪不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)帶動紅棗自轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)個體排布定向輸送,STM32F407主處理器的攝像頭檢測紅棗位置,將同步信息傳到協(xié)處理器,帶信息的紅棗在去核區(qū)由上方的同步輥輪夾持定位;STM32F103協(xié)處理器控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)間歇停止,每個間歇運(yùn)作周期時間為4 s,實(shí)現(xiàn)定向紅棗與去核機(jī)構(gòu)精準(zhǔn)對位;間歇時間內(nèi)去核機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)作進(jìn)行去核;去核后的紅棗繼續(xù)由輥輪輸送鏈傳送至卸料區(qū),實(shí)現(xiàn)全自動化去核全過程。

2 關(guān)鍵機(jī)構(gòu)與參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)

2.1 輥輪輸送機(jī)構(gòu)與參數(shù)

2.1.1 力學(xué)分析及尺寸參數(shù)的確定

輥輪輸送鏈運(yùn)行上料時,紅棗在輥輪窩中自旋轉(zhuǎn)形成動態(tài)平衡。在輸送速度為240 mm/s的條件下,紅棗排布定向的穩(wěn)定性受輥輪輸送鏈的上料傾斜度、鏈條規(guī)格、輥輪尺寸參數(shù)的影響[22,24-25]。下面對排布定向過程中的紅棗進(jìn)行受力分析,如圖2所示。

注:G1、G2為2個凹面輥輪的重心;Z1、Z2分別為2個紅棗的幾何中心;f1、f2為2個凹面輥輪對紅棗1的滑動摩擦作用力,N;F1、F2為2個凹面輥輪對紅棗1的支撐力,N;mg為紅棗1和2的重力,N;紅棗2對紅棗1的壓力為F3,摩擦力為f3,N;v為輥輪輸送鏈運(yùn)動的速度,m·s-1;α為凹面輥輪輸送平面與水平面夾角(°);θ為紅棗1轉(zhuǎn)動軸心與凹面輥輪1、2轉(zhuǎn)動軸心連線的夾角,(°);ω為凹面輥輪1、2自轉(zhuǎn)角速度,rad·s-1;L1為凹面輥輪軸線間距,mm;L2為2個凹面輥輪最小間距,mm;ωz為紅棗1自轉(zhuǎn)角速度rad·s-1。

紅棗在凹面輥輪窩中穩(wěn)定條件下,按紅棗最大橫徑尺寸值D=30 mm計(jì)算,紅棗與輥輪軸心線夾角的關(guān)系為

式中2為凹面輥輪最小橫徑,mm。

輸送鏈勻速運(yùn)動輸送,紅棗在旋轉(zhuǎn)輥輪中自旋轉(zhuǎn),紅棗穩(wěn)定時由于凹面輥輪運(yùn)行速度與紅棗實(shí)際的運(yùn)動速度相同,而凹面輥輪自轉(zhuǎn)動角速度由輸送鏈速度及凹面輥輪尺寸參數(shù)確定。紅棗在凹面輥輪窩中可等效為剛體,當(dāng)紅棗自轉(zhuǎn)線速度與凹面輥輪轉(zhuǎn)動線速度等值且速率不變時,紅棗處于動平衡狀態(tài),即根據(jù)剛體動態(tài)平衡的力學(xué)關(guān)系得出如下公式

當(dāng)

當(dāng)>時

式中ω為紅棗1的旋轉(zhuǎn)角速度,rad/s;D為紅棗的最大橫徑,mm。

其中11,22(凹面輥輪為聚酰胺分子材料,經(jīng)測定知其對紅棗的摩擦系數(shù)為0.64),相鄰輥輪窩中駐留紅棗的條件滿足:的范圍為0~36°,紅棗物料的橫徑區(qū)間為20~30 mm;測得紅棗物料靜態(tài)堆積角為21°,可以得出窩中紅棗可滾落出多余的條件為:21°<<36°。在保證設(shè)計(jì)的輥輪輸送速度240 mm/s條件下,同時保證輥輪窩中駐留一個紅棗的穩(wěn)定性,要求輥輪間距不宜過大,相鄰凹面輥輪窩不宜深。通過理論分析試驗(yàn)校正,確定輥輪鏈選擇10A型雙側(cè)耳鏈條,單鏈節(jié)距為15.875 mm,相鄰輥輪軸心線間距1為31.75 mm,輥輪凹面最大橫徑1為27.5 mm,最小橫徑2為22.5 mm,相鄰輥輪凹面最小間距2為9.25 mm,輥輪長為32 mm,輥輪輸送鏈的水平夾角為28°。

2.1.2 輥輪輸送機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

整個輥輪輸送鏈采用2條304材質(zhì)的不銹鋼單側(cè)耳鏈條和157個輥輪組成,通過4組齒輪軸循環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)動,可按工序?yàn)樯狭陷斔蛥^(qū)、去核區(qū)和出料區(qū)。其中上料區(qū)包括輥輪輸送鏈、上料斗和彈性搓動條。2條鏈條中通過側(cè)耳夾裝可轉(zhuǎn)動的輥輪,輥輪表面擬合紅棗橢圓形狀呈U型凹面的旋轉(zhuǎn)體,相鄰輥輪間形成輥輪窩。輥輪搓動彈性條由食品級的硅膠皮包裹海綿制成,緊貼輸送鏈輥輪,運(yùn)行時輥輪被搓動同時帶動紅棗在輥輪窩中自旋上料,實(shí)現(xiàn)個體排布定向[8,24-26]。

2.2 定位機(jī)構(gòu)和機(jī)理分析

2.2.1 同步輥輪夾持鏈尺寸參數(shù)

同步輥輪夾持鏈在裝置于去核區(qū)輥輪輸送鏈的上方,由2條304不銹鋼10A鏈條和34個U面輥輪組成,輥輪尺寸規(guī)格與輸送鏈輥輪相同,水平長度為500 mm,通過同步齒輪傳動實(shí)現(xiàn)上下輥輪鏈條同步運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。U面輥輪內(nèi)部材料采用尼龍注塑,外表由排列凸點(diǎn)的彈性硅膠膜包裹,硅膠膜厚2 mm,凸點(diǎn)厚4 mm,在紅棗夾持過程中,上下輥輪面間距最大彈性緩沖量為8 mm,適于橫徑范圍為20~30 mm的紅棗,在固定夾持間距條件下確保紅棗長徑軸心高度一致性,使其高度誤差范圍在±1.5 mm內(nèi),如圖3所示。運(yùn)行原理為,帶信息紅棗輸送到去核區(qū)時由上下同步輥輪鏈進(jìn)行夾持輸送,個體紅棗定向夾持在相鄰4個輥輪U面形成的空窩腔體內(nèi)。輸送運(yùn)動過程中,輥輪由彈性搓輪條摩擦旋轉(zhuǎn),同時帶動輥輪窩中的紅棗自轉(zhuǎn),紅棗軸向方向進(jìn)行不斷調(diào)整,實(shí)現(xiàn)個體紅棗的準(zhǔn)確定向,同時保證在間歇停止時與插桿刀頭的定位精度[27-32]。

1.輥輪夾持鏈 2.輥輪輸送鏈 3.帶凸點(diǎn)的硅膠膜

1.Roller clamping chain 2.Roller conveyor chain 3.Silica gel film with convex point

注:1234分別為上下輥輪對紅棗的夾持作用力。

Note:12,3and4are the clamping forces from the upper and lower rollers respectively.

圖3 輥輪夾持鏈結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖及紅棗的受力分析

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of roller clamping chain structure and force analysis of jujube

2.2.2 定向定位機(jī)理分析

根據(jù)法國物理學(xué)家Maupertuis的最小作用量原理,物體的自轉(zhuǎn)軸由其作用兩原理決定,運(yùn)動體系實(shí)際發(fā)生的真正運(yùn)動是使某1個作用量取自小值的運(yùn)動。數(shù)學(xué)家Hamilton與Lagrange對此項(xiàng)定義做了優(yōu)化,定義為“在1個動態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,在一定的時間間隔內(nèi),所有可能發(fā)生的運(yùn)動軌跡路徑中,實(shí)際的軌跡路徑符合最小作用原理”[25]。據(jù)此定義,利用歐拉公式來描述輥輪輸送鏈中的紅棗最小動量原理的穩(wěn)定性[25-26]。圖4為紅棗三維坐標(biāo)示意圖。

注:a、b、c分別為紅棗三維坐標(biāo)系中x軸、y軸、z軸向半徑;ωx,ωy,ωz分別為紅棗繞3個軸的自轉(zhuǎn)角速度,rad·s-1;Ixx,Iyy,Izz分別為紅棗圍繞三軸自轉(zhuǎn)的慣性矩,m4。

根據(jù)圖4所示,建立紅棗三維坐標(biāo)軸向旋轉(zhuǎn)的力矩方程如下

式中M、MM分別是紅棗在以ω,ωω角速度圍繞三軸自轉(zhuǎn)的力矩。根據(jù)對樣品紅棗尺寸的測量分析,紅棗外形橢圓狀,以軸和軸為中心線對稱,紅棗的軸向半徑≈<,可以推理得出I>I>I。因此在重力矩的作用下,若紅棗繞三軸自轉(zhuǎn)角速度相同的條件下,可得出以下結(jié)果。

根據(jù)公式

式中為自轉(zhuǎn)角動量,N·m·s;為力矩,N·m。

根據(jù)式(12),輥輪輸送鏈斜面上料輸送紅棗時,在輥輪的同一速度的搓動下以軸為中心自轉(zhuǎn),紅棗處于最小動量原理穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動,因此實(shí)現(xiàn)紅棗的個體的定向排布。如圖3,當(dāng)處于水平輸送位置時,上方的輥輪夾持鏈對已初步定向排布的紅棗進(jìn)行夾持,紅棗個體受上下4個輥輪施加的對稱相向的力1、2、3、4作用,同時下方被搓動的輥輪帶動紅棗和上方輥輪自旋轉(zhuǎn)。由于輸送鏈、紅棗和夾持鏈都處于水平位置,4個輥輪夾持的位置呈幾何對稱的關(guān)系可得出1234,各作用力形成動態(tài)平衡關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)紅棗的定向性。同樣基于最小動量原理,成異性不對稱的紅棗在夾持搓動過程中不斷受4個輥輪的夾持力作用,可壓縮的棗體逐漸調(diào)整為對稱體,進(jìn)一步提高了紅棗定向的準(zhǔn)確率。

2.3 去核機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)

2.3.1 紅棗去核沖切的機(jī)理分析

干制紅棗物性特點(diǎn)是含糖量高,表皮呈干硬化具有一定韌性,棗肉黏性比較高,組織結(jié)構(gòu)具有緊密黏彈性的特點(diǎn)。去核沖切效果和紅棗的物性特征有很重要的關(guān)系,利用安裝去核插桿做檢測探頭的質(zhì)構(gòu)儀,插桿外徑10 mm,壁厚0.5 mm,對樣棗進(jìn)行去核穿刺過程的力學(xué)測試,對插桿自旋速度為0(靜止)的沖切和自旋速度為8 rad/s的沖切去核方式的刀頭阻力(紅棗剪切應(yīng)力)應(yīng)力測試對比,結(jié)果如圖5。

注:數(shù)字1與2代表插桿自旋轉(zhuǎn)速度分別為0與8 rad·s-1。

從圖5中可知,不轉(zhuǎn)動的插桿對紅棗進(jìn)行沖切時,刀頭沖切阻力(紅棗的縱向剪切應(yīng)力)隨時間不斷增高,峰值達(dá)到21.15 N。刀頭自轉(zhuǎn)速為8 rad/s沖切時,刀頭阻力隨時間不斷增高,過程中出現(xiàn)一個峰值,時間末峰值達(dá)到最大的9.52 N。由于干制紅棗表面有一定的韌性,棗肉具有黏彈性,紅棗總體的質(zhì)構(gòu)效應(yīng)使得縱向剪切應(yīng)力遠(yuǎn)大于橫向剪切應(yīng)力。當(dāng)插桿刀頭靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下沖切,紅棗主應(yīng)力為縱向剪切力,因此沖切阻力比較大。當(dāng)旋轉(zhuǎn)刀頭沖切時,通過旋轉(zhuǎn)方式切破紅棗表皮,破壞了表皮和棗肉的總體質(zhì)構(gòu)效應(yīng),故沖切阻力要小很多[32-33]。通過對紅棗沖切過程的物性分析,本文采用以8 rad/s旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿刀頭沖切的去核方式,以減小對紅棗擠壓形變的作用力。

2.3.2 去核機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

氣動式去核機(jī)構(gòu)由電磁閥、阻尼氣缸、旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿頂桿套件、可調(diào)速旋轉(zhuǎn)驅(qū)動電機(jī)、滑臺組成,如圖6所示。設(shè)計(jì)去核旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿頂桿套件并排安裝4個,每個插桿根部由軸承支撐,安裝1模31齒傳動齒輪,4個齒輪相鄰嚙合,由調(diào)速電機(jī)通過齒輪傳動驅(qū)動4個插桿同時旋轉(zhuǎn),插桿支撐件安裝于滑臺上。去核原理為,單片機(jī)程序控制輥輪輸送鏈,帶信息的紅棗由輥輪鏈夾持輸送到去核區(qū),間歇停止實(shí)現(xiàn)定向紅棗與去核插桿刀頭準(zhǔn)確對位,協(xié)處理觸發(fā)電磁閥啟動阻尼氣缸驅(qū)動去核機(jī)構(gòu),旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿刀頭由滑臺帶動徑直沖切,氣缸反向行程進(jìn)行退刀,行程末端棗核由插桿內(nèi)套的頂桿頂出,完成一次去核過程。

1.輥輪鏈 2.底托支架 3.阻尼氣缸 4.固定平臺 5.電磁閥 6.擋棗板 7.旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿 8.頂桿 9.轉(zhuǎn)動電機(jī) 10.滑臺

通過理論和試驗(yàn)分析,本文研究設(shè)計(jì)的去核刀頭為旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿式,如圖7所示。插桿外徑為10 mm,厚0.5 mm,304不銹鋼材質(zhì),刀頭帶刃,頂桿直徑為8 mm的304不銹鋼材質(zhì)的實(shí)心桿。每個插桿套頂桿可相互滑動,4個插桿一體固定于氣缸滑臺,4個頂桿一體固定于底托平臺。插桿根部裝有轉(zhuǎn)動齒輪,齒輪規(guī)格為1模31齒,外徑為33 mm,相鄰兩插桿的轉(zhuǎn)動齒輪相互嚙合的中心距為31.75 mm。擋棗板上有圓窩和中心窩孔,與輥輪窩位置對應(yīng),當(dāng)插桿沖切紅棗時,夾持不住的紅棗可由擋棗板作用穩(wěn)住,沖切插桿順暢穿孔而過[34]。

1.擋棗板 2.凹面輥輪 3.旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿 4.傳動齒輪 5.頂桿

1.Jujube stop plate 2.Concave roller 3.Rotary inserted rod 4.Transmission gear 5. Ejector rod

注:o為插桿旋轉(zhuǎn)速度,rad·s-1;為插桿沖切速度,m·s-1。

Note:ois the rotating speed of inserted rod;is the punching speed of inserted rod.

圖7 去核過程示意圖

Fig.7 Diagram of jujube pit removing process

圖8為2種插桿進(jìn)刀方式的干紅棗去核效果對比。由圖8可知,靜止插桿去核的紅棗會出現(xiàn)棗肉撕裂、沖偏和棗體擠壓變形的情況,主要是由于紅棗質(zhì)構(gòu)縱向應(yīng)力比較大,刀頭沖切阻力比較大反作用于紅棗造成形變。旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿去核的紅棗切口平整,棗肉完整和擠壓形變量都比較小,整體去核效果比較好。

圖8 2種插桿進(jìn)刀方式的干紅棗去核效果對比

2.3.3 檢測控制系統(tǒng)

本文去核機(jī)的檢測控制系統(tǒng)是嵌入式單片機(jī)系統(tǒng),由STM32F407 主處理器、STM32F103協(xié)處理器、滬工LJ12A3-4-Z/BX三線NPN傳感器和HBS860H步進(jìn)電機(jī)組成。STM32F407是基于ARMCortex-M4F內(nèi)核,集合了微控制器和數(shù)字信號處理器的功能與特性,攝像頭采用OV7670。STM32F103協(xié)理器是基于ARMv7-M體系結(jié)構(gòu)的32位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)RISC處理器,控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)和氣動式去核裝置的運(yùn)作[16]。

檢測控制原理為,單片機(jī)控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)運(yùn)行輥輪輸送鏈,到檢測區(qū)接近開關(guān)傳感器觸發(fā)STM32F407,通過SCCB總線控制OV7670攝像頭進(jìn)行拍照,通過圖像信息檢測輥輪輸送鏈上紅棗排布情況;同時NPN 傳感器將同步信息發(fā)送給STM32F407進(jìn)行計(jì)算處理,由STM32F103協(xié)處理器控制帶息紅棗輸送到去核位間歇停止,使得定向紅棗與去核插桿精確對位,同時控制電磁閥驅(qū)動去核桿完成去核;系統(tǒng)控制每隔4個輥輪為一個間歇中止距離,間歇運(yùn)作周期時間為4 s,即每周期內(nèi)輸送時間1 s和中止3 s,中止時間內(nèi)控制電磁閥驅(qū)動氣缸在3 s內(nèi)完成去核、棗核頂出動作。攝像頭逐行掃描檢測,連續(xù)4個輥輪窩為一個檢測單元,若1個檢測單元輥輪窩全部空載,則協(xié)處理器控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)不間歇中止,同時不執(zhí)行去核動作;若連續(xù)4個輥輪窩載棗不足4個,則檢測單元中載棗最前的輥輪窩直接送至最前端的去核頂桿的位置時進(jìn)行去核,依此循環(huán)。去核后的紅棗繼續(xù)由輥輪輸送鏈末端輸出完成卸料。

3 樣機(jī)試驗(yàn)及結(jié)果分析

3.1 樣機(jī)試驗(yàn)方案

手工挑選橫徑范圍為20~30 mm,縱經(jīng)范圍為35~45 mm的干制紅棗480顆,分成6組每組80顆,對樣機(jī)進(jìn)行去核試驗(yàn)。設(shè)計(jì)輥輪輸送鏈速度240 mm/s,輥輪夾持鏈的長度為500 m,步進(jìn)電機(jī)間歇運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時間周期為4 s,去核刀頭由4個旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿成排構(gòu)成,同時對4個定向紅棗進(jìn)行去核,樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例如圖9所示,紅棗去核機(jī)構(gòu)如圖10所示。分別統(tǒng)計(jì)紅棗排布定向率、去核率、破碎率3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)對樣機(jī)性能進(jìn)行評價。

圖9 單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)控制流程圖

3.2 樣機(jī)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析

表1為樣機(jī)去核試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,由表1可知,6組樣本平均每組紅棗排布定向數(shù)為78.67顆,平均定向率為98.3%,平均去核數(shù)為76.67顆,最低去核率為93.75%,平均破碎數(shù)為1.17顆,平均破碎率為1.46%,其中定義定向率公式如下

從試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果分析,樣機(jī)的輥輪輸送鏈上料個體排布和輥輪夾持鏈定向效果好,達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)的目的。去核過程中,紅棗的定向效果對去核效果影響比較大,其中有6顆棗屬瘦長型,在夾持輥輪中橫徑面中心偏低,插桿刀頭沖切偏向,同時也造成紅棗的破碎。旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿的進(jìn)刀方式?jīng)_切阻力較小,在去核過程中紅棗的形變量較小,完成去核的紅棗切口平整,棗肉撕裂的情況很少,樣機(jī)的去核率和破碎率達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求。

1.紅棗去核機(jī)構(gòu) 2.輥輪夾持鏈 3.STM32F407主處理器和STM32F103協(xié)處理器 4.輥輪輸送鏈 5.傳感器 6上料斗 7.彈性搓動條

1.Jujube pit removing mechanism 2.Roller clamping chain 3.Main processor STM32F40 and coprocessor STM32F103 4.Roller conveyor chain 5.Sensor 6.Feeding funnel 7.Elastic strip

a. 鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩記_切自動化干紅棗去核機(jī)示意圖

a. Diagram of chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine

1.旋轉(zhuǎn)插桿 2.傳動齒輪 3.頂桿 4.轉(zhuǎn)動電機(jī) 5.氣缸 6.電磁閥

1.Rotary inserted rod 2.Transmission gear 3.Ejector rod 4.Rotating motor 5.Cylinder 6.Solenoid valve

b. 氣動沖切去核機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)物圖

b. Pneumatic punching jujube pit removing mechanism

圖10 紅棗去核整機(jī)和關(guān)鍵機(jī)構(gòu)圖

Fig.10 Diagram of whole jujube pit removing machine and key mechanism

表1 樣機(jī)去核試驗(yàn)結(jié)果

4 結(jié)論與討論

1)本文設(shè)計(jì)的鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩幼詣尤ズ藱C(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動上料,快速排布,定位率達(dá)98.3%。樣本空間為480個紅棗的情況下,可以達(dá)到去核率≥93.75%,平均破碎率為1.46%。

2)樣機(jī)的插桿組的4個插桿處于同一水平面,同時輥輪夾持鏈夾持空間距離相同,因此去核紅棗外形尺寸差異不宜過大,比較適合預(yù)先分級后的紅棗。后續(xù)工作針對定位方式研究,升級功能進(jìn)一步提高對不同尺寸紅棗去核的適應(yīng)度。

采用圖像檢測和機(jī)械裝置結(jié)合技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)精確定位,降低無效的空沖概率,但整個加工工序中去核環(huán)節(jié)限制了去核生產(chǎn)效率。需要進(jìn)一步考慮機(jī)械裝置的設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)構(gòu)連續(xù)性去核的目的,提升去核生產(chǎn)效率。

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Design of chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine

Kang Ningbo1, Shang Mengyu2, He Jianguo1,3※, Liu Guishan3, Wang Songlei1,3, Wu Longguo1

(1.,,750021,; 2.,750021,; 3.,750021,)

Jujube pit removing is the key technology of dried jujube deep processing. Currently, it is very common that the dried jujube pit extractor has a lot of defects. We designed a chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine to solve the existing technical problems. The whole machine was composed of a chain roller for feeding, a camera for collecting the images of jujubes transmitted on the conveyor, locating mechanism, and a jujube pit mechanism with spinning inserting rod driven by an intermittent cylinder. All of them were controlled by an embedded microchip. The feeding mechanism was mainly supported by a rolling conveyor chain. The locating mechanism worked in conjunction with the feeding mechanism. The lower conveyor chain of the feeding mechanism and the upper roller of the locating mechanism consisted of a synchronous clamping and a locating roller device. The dried jujube pit removing machine was made up of a magnetic valve, a driving damping cylinder, sets of rotary inserting rods and knockout rods, a speed-regulating rotary driven motor, a sliding table, and an air compressor. The embedded microchip controlling the whole jujube pit removing system was formed by STM32F407 image processor, STM32F103 coprocessor, Shanghai LJ12A3-4-Z/BX 3-way NPN sensor and HBS860H stepping motor. The whole structure could be divided into 3 parts according to the operating process, which included the jujube feeding area, the detecting area, and the clamping and jujube pit removing area. Under the programmatic control of microcontroller, the jujubes were transported by the chain roller. The elastic strip was fixed at the bottom of the feeding hopper, and the rubbing roller rotated to realize the individual directional arrangement of the jujube. The camera was adopted for image detection of the automatic alignment of the jujubes, and collected synchronous information from the camera was transmitted to the coprocessor and analyzed timely. The jujube with location information was conveyed to the jujube pit removing area, and the jujube was clamped by the synchronous roller. The coprocessor controlled the stepper motor to achieve directional intermittent stop and realize accurate alignment of the jujube in the jujube pit removing area. The inserted rods were launched and completed the jujube pit removing promptly in the transitory pause. Dried jujube pits were carried unceasingly by the roller conveyor chain and output directly. And the whole operating circle of the automatic jujube pit removing was completed. The dried jujubes used in the test were those whose diameter ranged from 20-30 mm and longitudinal ranges from 35-45 mm. The result showed that the average directional ratio was 98.3%, jujube pit removing rate was at least 93.75%, and the average crushing rate was 1.46%. In this paper, the automatic feeding jujube pit extractor achieved high efficiency of feeding jujubes one by one, meeting the demand of accurate detection and location. And it realized fast and efficient dried jujube pit removing and smooth unloading. According to the test results, the chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine adopted the chained roller conveying mechanism to realize the automatic orientation and feeding of the jujubes individually. The elastic bump roller which fit the size, shape and other characteristics of the dried jujube reduced the central height error of different sizes. The image detection working with the upper and lower roller clamping device were controlled by the embedded microchip to achieve high precision of locating and reduce the probability of invalid jujube pit removing operation at the same time. The whole machine realized the purpose of automatic feeding, accurate location and effective jujube pit removing.

mechanization; design; automation; single chip; jujube; roller conveyor chain; roller clamping chain; pneumatic jujube pit removing

康寧波,尚夢玉,何建國,劉貴珊,王松磊,吳龍國. 鏈?zhǔn)綒鈩記_切自動化干紅棗去核機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(22):19-26. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.003 http://www.tcsae.org

Kang Ningbo, Shang Mengyu, He Jianguo, Liu Guishan, Wang Songlei, Wu Longguo. Design of chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(22): 19-26. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.003 http://www.tcsae.org

2018-07-06

2018-09-17

農(nóng)業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化項(xiàng)目(2014G30000045);國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(31560481)

康寧波,博士生,主要從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品無損檢測,農(nóng)田水利方面的研究。Email:109438847@qq.com

何建國,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品無損檢測和食品物性學(xué)方面,節(jié)水灌溉方面的研究。Email:hejg@nxu.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.003

S24; S226.9; S665.1

A

1002-6819(2018)-22-0019-08

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