⊙ 徐香

江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市丹徒高級中學(xué)高級教師

非謂語動詞是一項重要的語法知識點，近年來頻繁出現(xiàn)在高考試題中，但是不少學(xué)生容易將非謂語動詞與謂語動詞混淆——因此，我們有必要充分了解非謂語動詞的特點，掌握該語法知識點的規(guī)律，從而在解題時能夠精準(zhǔn)判斷、靈活運用。

非謂語動詞，顧名思義，就是動詞的各種形式在句子中不充當(dāng)謂語，而是用作其他句子成分，如主語、賓語、表語、定語、補語、狀語等。例如：

1. Our Chinese President Xi arrived in Manila on Tuesday (Nov.17) ______ (attend) the APEC meeting. On Thursday he addressed the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO Summit, ______(point out) that China’s policy on ______ (welcome) foreign investments will not change.

2. As the old saying goes: “One who isfilled with knowledge always ______ (behave)with elegance (優(yōu)雅).”

3. “______ (learn) poems isn’t about winning or losing. The power of poetry lies in shaping one’s view of life and ______ (develop) one’s inner world,” said Li Bo, an expert guest at the Chinese Poetry Competition’s second season.

解析：從句1的句子成分可以看出，主語與謂語已經(jīng)存在, 所以畫線部分為非謂語；再結(jié)合句意分析，這三處填入的非謂語動詞形式分別為：目的狀語（to attend）、伴隨狀語（pointing out）和介詞的賓語（welcoming）。在句2中，“who isfilled with knowledge”這個定語從句是用來修飾主語one的，句子缺少謂語動詞，因此要填behaves。而在句3中，第一處缺少主語，故用動名詞Learning；第二個空格處與shaping一起并列，為介詞in的賓語，應(yīng)用developing。

解題“六步走”

? 找連詞，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)

例1：All the tickets______, in my opinion, we had to wait for next week’s show.

例2：All the tickets______, in my opinion, so we had to wait for next week’s show.

A. had been sold out B. having sold out

C. had sold out D. having been sold out

解析：首先確認(rèn)這里要選被動關(guān)系，然后比較一下這兩個句子，例2中有一個由so連接的原因狀語從句，故選A；而例1中無連接詞，只能用非謂語動詞形式，故選D。

? 找邏輯主語

非謂語動詞雖不是謂語，但它仍然具有動詞的特點，其邏輯上的動作執(zhí)行者被稱為邏輯主語。非謂語動詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語保持一致時，該邏輯主語可以省略。如：

例3：Faced with a bill for $10,000, ______.

A. an extra job has been given to John B. the boss has given John an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken D. John has taken an extra job

解析：此處考查的是邏輯主語，根據(jù)上下文，從句的句意為“John is faced with a bill for$10,000”，此句中主從句邏輯主語應(yīng)保持一致，故選D。

例4：Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. To take B. Taking C. to be taken D. taken

解析：主句主語為they，而從句的主語為everything，所以非謂語動詞的邏輯主語不能省略，必須保留，構(gòu)成分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，再根據(jù)被動關(guān)系，此題選D。

另外，with/without的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)也是非謂語動詞考查的重點，主要有以下三種形式：

例5：The old couple often takes a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.（follow與邏輯主語their pet dog之間是主動關(guān)系）

例6：He is listening carefully in class, with his eyesfixed on the blackboard.（fix與邏輯主語eyes之間是被動關(guān)系）

例7：With so many problems to solve, she feels upset.（solve與邏輯主語many problems雖

為被動關(guān)系，但此處表將來時）

? 分析語態(tài)

分析語態(tài)就是在確定邏輯主語之后，分析非謂語動詞和邏輯主語是主動還是被動關(guān)系。主動用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動用過去分詞。

例8：______ the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.

A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached

例9：______ from the top of the tower, the south of the mountain is a sea of trees.

A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see

解析：在這兩句中，分詞的邏輯主語均與主句的主語一致，故省略。例8中，分詞的邏輯主語we與動詞approach是主動關(guān)系，故選A（現(xiàn)在分詞）；而例9中，分詞的邏輯主語the south of the mountain與動詞see是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)選A（過去分詞）。

? 分辨動作的先后順序

當(dāng)分詞動作先于主句的動作時，我們就要用到分詞的完成形式（主動為having done，被動為having been done）。

例10：______ around thefive houses for kids and fathers, Grace fell in deep love with the No.3 house.

A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show例11： ______ the assigned task, Grace seems very sad.

A. Not completing B. Having not completed

C. Not having completed D. Not completed

解析：根據(jù)句意，例10中主句的動作fell in love with the No.3 house與分詞的動作show…around有一個比較明顯的先后順序，且為被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)選C。而在例11中，主從句的動作有先后順序，是主動關(guān)系，且為否定形式，故選C。

? 分析時態(tài)

例12：The building ______ now will be a restaurant.

例13：The building ______ next year will be a restaurant.

例14：The building ______ last year is a restaurant.

A. having been built B. to be built

C. being built D. built

解析：非謂語動詞的被動關(guān)系作后置定語用，通常有三種形式——正在進行的被動為being done，完成的被動為done，將來的被動為to be done, 故這三句依次應(yīng)選C、B、D。

此外，在考查不定式的各種用法時，我們可

以記住一個規(guī)律：to do表示將來的動作，to be doing表示正在進行的動作，而to have done則表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。

例15：She pretended ______ (do) her homework when her mother came in.（to be doing，表進行）

例16：Tom is said ______ (go) abroad for further study next month.（to go，表將來）

例17：He is thought ______ (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for

losing the job.（to have acted，表完成）

? 避免思維定式，警惕陷阱題

例18：Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only ______ it didn’tfit.

A. tofind B. found C.finding D. having found

例19：He hurried to the booking office, only ______ that all the tickets had been sold out.

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

例20：He was busy writing a story, only ______ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped

解析：例18和例19考查的都是only to do，這個搭配表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，再根據(jù)上下文的主被動關(guān)系，例18選主動關(guān)系的A，例19選被動關(guān)系的B。至于例20，大家一眼看上去容易誤認(rèn)為也是在考o(jì)nly to do，但如果仔細(xì)讀讀句子，你們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這里的only是“僅僅”的意思，根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)選B。

課后提升練習(xí)

1. Pressed from his parents, and ______ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.

A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized

2. ______ the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

A. Catching B. Caught

C. To catch D. Catch

3. We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.

A. to be made B. being made

C. made D. having been made

4. ______ which university to attend,the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A. Not knowing B. Knowing not

C. Not known D. Known not

5. ______ for two days, Steve managed tofinish his report on schedule.

A. To work B. Worked C. To be working D. Having worked

6. ______ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.

A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored

7. —Who is the man ______ by a group of students there?—A professor ______ research on physics.

A. followed; did B. following; did

C. followed; doing D. following; doing

8. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years.

A. having B. had C. have D. to have

9. Thefilm star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______.

A. recognizing B. being recognized

C. having recognized D. having been recognized

10. ______ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spend

11. With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank ______presents for my dad.

A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought

12. His lecture ______, a lively question-and-answer session followed.

A. being given B. having given

C. to be given D. having been given

13. ______ many times, he still repeated the same mistake.

A. Having been told B. Having told

C. Telling D. Told

14. A ship loaded with expensive goods was reported ______ into the sea with its oil______.

A. to sink; given out B. to have sunk; run out

C. having sunk; used up D. to have sunk; run out of

15. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only ______ his plane high up in the sky.

A.finding B. tofind C. being found D. to have found

16. Many Chinese brands, ______ their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.

A. having developed B. being developed C. developed D. developing

17. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ______ from butterflies to elephants.

A. ranging B. range C. to range D. ranged

18. ______ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving not

C. Not having received D. Having not received

19. —What does Nicky’s job involve as a public relations director?

— ______ quite a lot of time with other people.

A. Spending B. Having spent C. To spend D. To have spent

20. I remember when I was a child ______ with how many toys my cousin had.

A. impressing B. to impress C. being impressed D. impressed