建筑設(shè)計：張悅，郝石盟，朵寧，李培銘，王鈺

1開間更新和模塊置換拆違后的院落空間正視/Courtyard space after bay renewal and module replacing illegal constructions front view

2總圖/Site plan

3社區(qū)居民訪談/Interviews of community residents

最小

北京老城在近當(dāng)代由于人口激增和管理運(yùn)維能力不足等原因，呈現(xiàn)出高密度、低質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)權(quán)復(fù)雜化以及空間碎片化的人居環(huán)境狀態(tài)。隨著老城整體保護(hù)的日趨嚴(yán)格和居民物權(quán)意識的日益增強(qiáng)，曾經(jīng)的房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)帶動危舊房改造的大拆大建模式難以為繼，逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向面對單個院落乃至房屋的城市微更新。在此背景下，本項目提出的“最小”是指在“開間”這一老城最小的產(chǎn)權(quán)單元與空間單元之內(nèi)，探索適宜于低收入居民的人居改善設(shè)計。

最大

為低收入居民的設(shè)計，不同于那些或紳士化或公益性的單件作品創(chuàng)作，應(yīng)努力將“最小”迭代推廣到“最大”。最大化的一方面在于設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品化，能夠靈活適應(yīng)于眾多不同使用者的需求，且有利于控制成本和便捷安裝；另一方面在于設(shè)計應(yīng)尊重產(chǎn)權(quán)和厘清產(chǎn)權(quán)，既要防范違法建設(shè)蔓延所帶來的物質(zhì)環(huán)境過載和規(guī)則意識崩塌，又能有利于人性化地拆違執(zhí)法，區(qū)分出低收入居民并予以幫助，方能形成“最大”推廣。

“開間更新”家

“開間更新”指在開間產(chǎn)權(quán)單元內(nèi)提出6種不同的家庭空間類型，分別適用于面寬、進(jìn)深不同的尺寸區(qū)間，以及適應(yīng)于單代或多代不同的家庭結(jié)構(gòu)。“開間更新”包含整合了水電氣設(shè)施入戶的集成衛(wèi)生間、廚房、樓梯及收納模塊，并將其預(yù)制化、產(chǎn)品化，以保證質(zhì)量、控制造價和減少施工干擾。同時可通過坡屋面下夾層設(shè)置和地面淺下挖來提高空間利用率。與開發(fā)企業(yè)的民宿短租和業(yè)態(tài)混合產(chǎn)品不同，也與高收入居民大套或多套住房的持有相區(qū)別，本項目充分指向低收入居民的長住需求及其保障。

“模塊置換”院

“模塊置換”指建議在院落內(nèi)配租公租模塊，以容納有限的開間內(nèi)所無法承載的廚衛(wèi)或收納功能，同時置換拆除原有的院內(nèi)違法建設(shè)。這些公租模塊應(yīng)產(chǎn)權(quán)清晰，由政府所有，統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行集約的、可逆的、與老城風(fēng)貌相協(xié)調(diào)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化設(shè)計和裝配，同時制定租金和物業(yè)服務(wù)管理的費(fèi)用及補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。居民可根據(jù)需求進(jìn)行模塊選擇和組合。這些模塊未來隨著居民生活方式的改變以及租金的動態(tài)調(diào)整，將逐漸退出老城，最終實現(xiàn)以柔性而非強(qiáng)制拆除的手段，恢復(fù)四合院內(nèi)健康有序的空間格局。

4開間更新和模塊置換拆違后的院落空間側(cè)視/Courtyard space after bay renewal and module replacing illegal constructions side view

福綏境胡同50號院

在北京西城區(qū)政府、北京華融金盈投資發(fā)展有限公司的委托和執(zhí)行支持下，“開間更新”在福綏境胡同50號院進(jìn)行了試點(diǎn)建設(shè)。項目2017年9月參展北京國際設(shè)計周，同年11月獲拉法基豪瑞全球可持續(xù)建筑獎亞太區(qū)榮譽(yù)提名獎。福綏境50號院在設(shè)計、施工過程中及竣工以來，持續(xù)開展居民的公眾參與和研討，并于2018年1月起面向有意向的居民進(jìn)行試住體驗，收集試住反饋、不斷完善設(shè)計，積極推動成果的推廣應(yīng)用以及相關(guān)政策機(jī)制的制定實施?！?/p>

5位于開發(fā)帶危改和違建蔓延之間的福綏境胡同50號院/Fusuijing Courtyard No. 50 between reconstruction led by development and the spreading of illegal constructions

The minimum

In the recent years, the old city of Beijing has shown a living environment state of high density, low quality, complex property rights and fragmentation of space, due to reasons such as the surge of population and lack of management and operation ability. As the overall preservation of the old city becomes more stringent, and the residents' awareness of property rights grows stronger, the old mode of large-scale demolition and reconstruction,in which the real estate development dominated the reconstruction of old houses, is no longer sustainable, and has been gradually turning into a kind of micro renewal of the city, which focuses on single courtyards and even houses. In this context,the "minimum" in this project refers to the "bay"(kaijian), the minimum unit of property rights and space in the old city, and within, to explore the design of residential improvement suitable for lowincome residents.

6“開間更新”設(shè)施模塊植入與夾層空間利用的模型示意/Diagrammatic model of "Bay Renewal" construction module,implantation and the use of mezzanine space

7適應(yīng)不同開間尺度與家庭情況的系列戶型示意/Diagrammatic plans of house type series suitable for different bay scales and family situations

8福綏境胡同50號院原狀院落空間正視、側(cè)視/Original courtyard space of Fusuijing Courtyard No. 50 front view,side view

9福綏境胡同50號院原狀院落空間正視、側(cè)視/Original courtyard space of Fusuijing Courtyard No. 50 front view,side view

10更新前平面/Floor plan before renewal

11更新后平面/Floor plan after renewal

To maximise

Designing for the low-income residents is different from designing single projects for gentrification or public welfare, the"minimum" should be strived to extend to the"maximum". One aspect of the maximisation is the productisation of the design, which can adapt to the needs of many different users, and is conducive to cost control and convenient installation; the other aspect is that the design should respect and clarify the property rights, not only to prevent the overload of material environment and the collapse of rule consciousness brought by the spreading illegal construction, but also to make it easier for humanised demolition and law enforcement,distinguishing low-income residents and helping them, so that it's possible to form the "maximised"promotion.

Bay-unit homes for the low-income

"Bay renewal" refers to the proposed 6 different types of family space in the unit of property rights, which are suitable for different dimension intervals of width and depth, and suitable for different family structures of one or more generations. The "bay renewal" includes integrated modules of toilet, kitchen, staircase and storage which contained in-house water and electrical facilities, and makes them prefabricated and productised to ensure the quality, control the cost and reduce the construction disturbance.At the same time, the space utilisation rate can be increased through the setting of mezzanine under the pitched roof and the shallow digging of the ground. Different both from the developers' products of short rents and mixed business and from the high-income residents' holdings of large or multiple housing, this project totally aims at the long stay demand and security of the low-income residents.

Courtyard modules to dissolve the illegal

"Module replacement" refers to the suggestion of public rental modules be set in the courtyard, to accommodate the functions of kitchen, bathroom and storage which cannot be loaded within the limited space of bay, and to replace the original illegal constructions in the courtyard. This public rental module should be owned by the government with clear property rights, who will carry out standardised design and assembly with integration, reversibility, and coordination with features of the old city, as well as settling the standards for the prices of rent and property service management, and subsidy.Residents can select and combine modules according to their needs. With the change of residence life style and dynamic combination of rentals, these modules will gradually withdraw from the old city and finally restore a healthy and orderly spatial pattern in the courtyard by means of flexibility rather than forced demolition.

No. 50 Fusuijing Hutong pilot project

Under the commission and operative support of Beijing Xicheng District Government and Beijing Huarongjinying Investment Development Co., Ltd.,"bay renewal" was experimentally carried out in Courtyard No. 50, Fusuijing Hutong. In September 2017, the project participated in the Beijing International Design Week. Same year November,it won the honorary nomination award of Lafarge Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction in the Asia-Pacific area. In the course of design,construction, and use after completion, No. 50 Fusuijing has been continuously involving public participation and discussion of the residents, opened to interested try-out residents since January 2018 to collect feedback and continue to improve the design, encouraging the promotion and adjustment of the feedback for relevant policies.□(Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

12建筑開間更新與院落模塊置換的剖透視示意/Diagrammatic section perspective of architecture bay renewal and courtyard module replacement

13西開間戶型樓梯內(nèi)置的空間格局/Space arrangement of west bay house type with internal stair

14東開間戶型樓梯外置的空間格局/Space arrangement of east bay house type with external stair

15 東開間戶型的上層臥室空間/Top bedroom space of east bay house type

16 東開間戶型的下層起居兼臥室空間/Bottom living & bedroom space of east bay house type

項目信息/Credits and Data

設(shè)計單位/Design Company: 清華大學(xué)，北京建筑大學(xué)，北京度態(tài)建筑設(shè)計咨詢有限責(zé)任公司/Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, dot Architects

城市調(diào)研與城市設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Urban Research and Urban Design Team: 張悅，吳俐穎，聶聰，曹夢醒，王鈺，余

旺仔/ZHANG Yue, WU Liying, NIE Cong, CAO Mengxing,WANG Yu, YU Wangzai

開間更新設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Bay Renewal Design Team: 張悅，郝石盟，李培銘，王鈺，張陽，訾濱陽/ZHANG Yue, HAO Shimeng, LI Peiming, WANG Yu, ZHANG Yang, ZI Binyang院落模塊設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Courtyard Module Design Team: 朵寧，張龍瀟，白玉明，周正，劉雁鵬/DUO Ning, ZHANG Longxiao, BAI Yuming, ZHOU Zheng, LIU Yanpeng

照明設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Lighting Design Team: 張昕，韓曉偉，周軒宇/ZHANG Xin, HAN Xiaowei, ZHOU Xuanyu

項目委托與承建管理/Client and Management: 北京華融金盈投資發(fā)展有限公司/Beijing Huarong Jinying Investment and Development Co., Ltd.

場地面積/Site Area: 150.8m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 93.5m2

材料/Material: 磚木/Brick, wood

造價/Cost: RMB 5400/m2（開間內(nèi)面積/Area in the bays）

設(shè)計時間/Design Time: 2015.01-2017.07

完成時間/Completion: 2018.01

攝影/Photos: 陳溯，孫海霆，項目團(tuán)隊成員/CHEN Su,SUN Haiting, Team members

17 東開間戶型的內(nèi)置開放廚房/Internal open kitchen of east bay house type

18 東開間戶型的外置衛(wèi)浴模塊/External bathroom module of east bay house type

19 西開間戶型的內(nèi)置封閉廚房/Internal closed kitchen of west bay house type

20 西開間戶型的內(nèi)置衛(wèi)浴洗衣間/Internal bathroom & laundry of west bay house type

21 西開間戶型的內(nèi)置衛(wèi)浴洗衣間/Internal bathroom & laundry of west bay house type

22 開間更新的空間組合示意/Space combination example of bay renewal

23院落公租模塊的拆違和置換示意/Diagram of demolition and replacement of public rental module in courtyard

24院落公租衛(wèi)浴模塊的構(gòu)造、通風(fēng)、保溫設(shè)計示意/Diagram of the design of construction,ventilation and insulation of the public rental bathroom module in courtyard

評論

石克輝：白塔寺地區(qū)混雜、擁擠的“大雜院”被設(shè)計者精簡地用“最小”與“最大”的概念提取出來。用大雜院里地“開間”這個“最小”空間為單位進(jìn)行了街區(qū)的人居改造，探索空間使用的效率和舒適度，同時模塊置換的手法也讓改造過程更加柔和與容易，空間單位的組合也更加靈活，但從“最小”到“最大”推進(jìn)的過程中，缺少了對于高密度居住空間中集體交往空間的探討，對“最大”的詮釋不夠清晰。

Comments

SHI Kehui: The messy and crowded "compounds" in Baitasi area are condensed into the concepts of "minimum" and "maximum"by the designer. The design uses the "bay" (kaijian), the minimum space in a compound, as the unit of human settlement renewal in the block, in order to explore the degree of efficiency and comfort in spatial use. Meanwhile, the application of the module replacement method makes the renewal process gentler and easier, and the combination of spatial units is more flexible. But during the process moving from "minimum" to "maximum", the exploration on the collective interaction space in high-density living space is lacked, so the interpretation of "maximum" is not so clear.

鮑威：胡同改造從來不是單純的設(shè)計問題，而是關(guān)乎產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬、鄰里關(guān)系、社區(qū)功能等一系列問題協(xié)調(diào)的產(chǎn)物。本案學(xué)院派的處理方式也是醉翁之意不在設(shè)計本身，而是試圖探討胡同居住改造的普適策略。研究準(zhǔn)確地抓住了“開間”這個最小空間載體，提出了6種家庭類型的模型，這一系統(tǒng)具備推而廣之、波及整個舊城的潛力。這種抓主要矛盾、小中見大、由此及彼、從單到多的策略是張悅老師多年來競賽的一貫策略，也在這個小型改造項目中發(fā)揮得淋漓盡致。

BAO Wei: Hutong renewal is never a pure design issue, but a product of coordination of a series of problems like property ownership,neighbourhood relationship, community functions, etc. The real intention of this academic design is not about the design itself, but an attempt to explore the universal strategy for housing renewal in Hutong. The design precisely focuses on "bay", the smallest spatial unit, and puts forward six modules for different family types. The system has the potential of being widely promoted and applied in the whole old city. Prof. ZHANG Yue adopts a strategy of concentration on the primary contradiction that sees the whole picture from small points and proceeds from one point to another from single to multiple levels for many years in competitions, as brought into full play in this small-scale renewal project.

26 西房成果展示區(qū)開展的居民設(shè)計講解/Design interpretation to residents in the west house exhibition area

27 中開間公眾參與區(qū)開展的社區(qū)設(shè)計討論/Community design discussion in the middle bay public re

28 不同 家庭 結(jié)構(gòu) 的社 區(qū)家 庭進(jìn)行 試住 體驗 與意 見反 饋/Community families with different family structure carrying out living trials and giving feedbacks