亞力昆江·吐爾遜,潘 岳,別爾德汗·瓦提汗,迪麗努爾·塔力甫,阿布力克木·阿布力孜,馬鳳云,徐紹平
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基于熱解-重整-燃燒解耦三床氣化系統(tǒng)的生物質(zhì)催化制富氫氣體
亞力昆江·吐爾遜1,潘 岳1,別爾德汗·瓦提汗1,迪麗努爾·塔力甫1,阿布力克木·阿布力孜1,馬鳳云1,徐紹平2
(1. 新疆大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院煤炭潔凈轉(zhuǎn)化與化工過(guò)程自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,烏魯木齊 830046;2. 大連理工大學(xué)化工學(xué)院精細(xì)化工國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,大連 116024)
生物質(zhì)催化氣化是將生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換成富氫氣體的有效途徑。該研究提出了一種由熱解反應(yīng)器、重整反應(yīng)器和提升管燃燒器三部分構(gòu)成的解耦三床生物質(zhì)氣化(decoupled triple bed gasification,DTBG)工藝。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室規(guī)模的DTBG氣化反應(yīng)裝置上,以水蒸氣為氣化劑,以橄欖石為原位焦油裂解催化床料,進(jìn)行了生物質(zhì)水蒸氣催化氣化試驗(yàn),考察了生物質(zhì)種類、重整器溫度、生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料速率對(duì)氣化效果的影響規(guī)律,并且對(duì)氣化副產(chǎn)物焦油的特性進(jìn)行了分析。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,生物質(zhì)原料的揮發(fā)分對(duì)氣化產(chǎn)物分布的影響很大,原料揮發(fā)分含量越高,氣體產(chǎn)率越高,碳轉(zhuǎn)化率越高,氣體中的H2和CO體積分?jǐn)?shù)越大、CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)越低。當(dāng)重整器溫度由750升高到850 ℃時(shí),氣體產(chǎn)率從0.91增加到1.08 m3/kg,焦油質(zhì)量濃度從19.1降低到7.3 g/m3,同時(shí)氣體品質(zhì)大幅度提升。隨著生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料速率的增加,產(chǎn)氣中H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)大幅度增加,CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)大幅度降低,但是焦油質(zhì)量濃度基本不變。當(dāng)重整器溫度為800 ℃,白松木屑進(jìn)料速率為220 g/h時(shí),H2和CO體積分?jǐn)?shù)分別達(dá)到了42.2%和14.6%,產(chǎn)氣中焦油質(zhì)量濃度為10.1 g/m3。氣化焦油的主要成分為多環(huán)芳烴,其中萘含量最高。當(dāng)重整器溫度從700℃升高到850 ℃時(shí),焦油中單環(huán)化合物幾乎全部分解,3~4環(huán)多環(huán)芳烴化合物逐步降低,萘的相對(duì)含量從54.7%升高到75.6%。該研究結(jié)果可為大規(guī)模氣化裝置的設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行以及優(yōu)化提供理論指導(dǎo)。
生物質(zhì);氣化;催化;解耦三床;橄欖石;原位焦油裂解
目前,在新型可再生清潔能源中,生物質(zhì)能源被認(rèn)為是唯一可以儲(chǔ)存和運(yùn)輸?shù)目稍偕茉?。生物質(zhì)氣化是在所有的生物質(zhì)能利用方法中廣泛應(yīng)用的技術(shù)之一。在生物質(zhì)氣化過(guò)程中常用的氣化劑有氧氣、水蒸氣、空氣、二氧化碳或這些氣體的混合物。根據(jù)氣化劑的不同,產(chǎn)品氣體的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量會(huì)有所不同。其中,水蒸氣氣化能夠產(chǎn)生高濃度的H2和CO,因此越來(lái)越受到人們的關(guān)注[1]。然而,焦油是生物質(zhì)氣化過(guò)程中不可避免的副產(chǎn)物,同時(shí)也是影響氣化技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用的最大障礙。近年來(lái)很多研究者對(duì)原位焦油裂解催化劑進(jìn)行了大量的研究。其中,橄欖石(olivine)由于價(jià)格廉價(jià)、耐磨性、穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)以及機(jī)械強(qiáng)度高并具有焦油裂解催化活性而引起了很多研究者極大興趣[2-7]。橄欖石是一種鎂鐵硅酸鹽的天然礦物,化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)可以用(Mg,Fe)2SiO4表示,以往一直用于耐火材料產(chǎn)業(yè)。卜憲昵等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),橄欖石對(duì)甲苯的裂解具有非常好的催化活性,而且催化活性與橄欖石的化學(xué)組成有關(guān)。楊小芹等[9]以苯為模型化合物研究了不同礦源的橄欖石的催化活性,結(jié)果表明橄欖石的催化活性與煅燒溫度密切相關(guān)。鄧靖等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),在褐煤熱解過(guò)程中橄欖石的添加減少了焦油中的重質(zhì)組分。Koppatz等[2]報(bào)道,相對(duì)于石英砂,橄欖石可以減少產(chǎn)氣中50%的焦油。Devi等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),橄欖石對(duì)焦油的催化活性隨著橄欖石中Fe2O3增加而提高。
生物質(zhì)氣化過(guò)程比較復(fù)雜,過(guò)程中不僅僅發(fā)生一個(gè)化學(xué)反應(yīng),而是包括一系列按順序或同時(shí)發(fā)生的子反應(yīng),比如生物質(zhì)熱解、焦油裂解、半焦氣化、半焦燃燒等。在很多傳統(tǒng)的氣化工藝中,這些反應(yīng)發(fā)生在同一個(gè)反應(yīng)器內(nèi)或同一個(gè)空間內(nèi),而且通常以空氣或空氣和水蒸氣的混合氣體作為氣化劑,通過(guò)內(nèi)部的部分燃燒供給氣化反應(yīng)所需的熱量,因此燃?xì)獾臒嶂当容^低(4~6 MJ/m3)[12]。此外,氣化溫度和能耗高,設(shè)備投資大,氣化效率低,并且環(huán)境污染等問(wèn)題仍未得到很好解決。因此,開發(fā)具有工藝簡(jiǎn)單、低能耗、產(chǎn)氣焦油含量低、品質(zhì)高的高效、清潔的新型轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)成為目前生物質(zhì)氣化研究的熱點(diǎn)。近年來(lái),以水蒸氣為氣化劑的新型解耦氣化工藝因其高的焦油轉(zhuǎn)化率和氣化效率而備受關(guān)注[13-15]。解耦氣化過(guò)程將把干燥、熱解、氣化和燃燒等過(guò)程在空間上進(jìn)行解耦分離,針對(duì)不同的原料以及產(chǎn)品用途,對(duì)各過(guò)程分別進(jìn)行控制優(yōu)化組合。
基于此,本文提出了適合生物質(zhì)焦油原位裂解的一種解耦三床氣化(decoupled triple bed gasification,DTBG)技術(shù)。該體系主要由固-固并流快速熱解反應(yīng)器(熱解器)、氣-固徑向錯(cuò)流移動(dòng)床焦油水蒸氣催化重整反應(yīng)器(重整器)和提升管燃燒反應(yīng)器(燃燒器)3個(gè)獨(dú)立反應(yīng)器構(gòu)成。該工藝與傳統(tǒng)固定床和流化床工藝的區(qū)別在于,生物質(zhì)氣化過(guò)程中發(fā)生的熱解反應(yīng)、焦油的重整氣化反應(yīng)以及半焦的燃燒反應(yīng)解耦分離,分別發(fā)生在單獨(dú)控制的熱解器、重整器和燃燒器等3個(gè)反應(yīng)器內(nèi)。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外大多數(shù)解耦氣化體系由氣化反應(yīng)器和燃燒反應(yīng)器構(gòu)成,而將熱解、重整、燃燒等3個(gè)反應(yīng)過(guò)程完全解耦的三床氣化系統(tǒng)尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本文利用實(shí)驗(yàn)室規(guī)模的解耦三床氣化反應(yīng)器,以水蒸氣為氣化劑,以煅燒橄欖石催化劑為催化床料,考察了不同生物質(zhì)原料、重整反應(yīng)溫度、原料進(jìn)料速率對(duì)氣化效果的影響規(guī)律,并且對(duì)氣化副產(chǎn)物焦油的特性進(jìn)行了分析。
試驗(yàn)采用的生物質(zhì)原料為白松木屑、稻秸稈、麥秸稈、棉桿。所有原料顆粒大小均為0.45~0.90 mm(20~40目)。試驗(yàn)前將原料置于恒溫鼓風(fēng)干燥箱中在105~110 ℃干燥4 h,原料的工業(yè)分析和元素分析見(jiàn)表1。
表1 原料的工業(yè)分析和元素分析
試驗(yàn)采用的催化劑床料是粒度為0.45~0.90 mm的天然橄欖石,由湖北宜昌科博橄欖石有限公司提供。橄欖石相(Mg,Fe)2SiO4中的Fe(Ⅱ)在煅燒條件下從橄欖石結(jié)構(gòu)中游離出來(lái),被氧化成 Fe(Ⅲ),而在氣化反應(yīng)器中被還原成低價(jià)態(tài)的鐵氧化物(Fe3O4,F(xiàn)eO)或者單質(zhì)Fe,充當(dāng)焦油轉(zhuǎn)化的活性組分[16]。因此試驗(yàn)前將橄欖石于馬弗爐中900 ℃煅燒4 h[17],對(duì)煅燒橄欖石采用X射線熒光光譜(X-ray fluorescence,XRF)進(jìn)行分析,其化學(xué)組成見(jiàn)表2。
表2 橄欖石的XRF化學(xué)組成分析
DTBG工藝原理如圖1所示。其中,熱解器采用固/固并流、氣/固逆流移動(dòng)床,重整反應(yīng)器采用氣/固錯(cuò)流徑向移動(dòng)床氣化,燃燒器采用提升管流化床。該系統(tǒng)中,從熱解器上端進(jìn)入的生物質(zhì)和來(lái)自于重整反應(yīng)器的高溫床料充分混合,傳熱并快速熱解析出揮發(fā)分,產(chǎn)生的揮發(fā)分和熱解器上端進(jìn)入的水蒸氣一起上行進(jìn)入徑向移動(dòng)床重整器,在此揮發(fā)分中的輕質(zhì)烴和重質(zhì)焦油通過(guò)環(huán)形催化床層與水蒸氣發(fā)生重整反應(yīng)裂解為合成氣。熱解器中產(chǎn)生的生物質(zhì)半焦和積炭失活的熱載體催化劑一起下行進(jìn)入提升管燃燒反應(yīng)器,此反應(yīng)器中熱解半焦和催化劑表面的積炭與空氣進(jìn)行燃燒反應(yīng),釋放的熱量被床料吸收,吸熱后的高溫床料經(jīng)過(guò)反應(yīng)器上端的氣固分離器分離后再進(jìn)入重整器,為焦油的水蒸氣重整反應(yīng)及生物質(zhì)的熱解提供熱源,同時(shí)催化劑得到再生,解決了催化劑的積炭失活問(wèn)題。
圖1 解耦三床氣化工藝示意圖
實(shí)驗(yàn)室規(guī)模的DTBG裝置如圖2所示,該系統(tǒng)主要由熱解器、重整器和燃燒器組成。以上反應(yīng)器均采用耐熱不銹鋼制造,其規(guī)格為:熱解器內(nèi)徑40 mm,高度400 mm;重整器內(nèi)徑128 mm,高度330 mm,重整器內(nèi)環(huán)的催化劑床層高度220 mm,厚度40 mm;燃燒器內(nèi)徑28 mm,高度1 956 mm。在各反應(yīng)器上都安裝熱電偶和測(cè)壓計(jì),以檢測(cè)溫度和壓力變化。
圖2 解耦三床氣化反應(yīng)裝置示意圖
試驗(yàn)開始前,先將5.0 kg橄欖石由料倉(cāng)頂部加入,將各反應(yīng)器在N2保護(hù)下加熱升溫至設(shè)定溫度。當(dāng)各反應(yīng)器達(dá)到設(shè)定溫度后,調(diào)節(jié)熱載體循環(huán)流量和提升管預(yù)熱空氣流量,使熱載體以4.5 kg/h循環(huán)速率在各反應(yīng)器間穩(wěn)定循環(huán),床料循環(huán)速率可以由熱解器和燃燒器之間的螺旋送料器控制。生物質(zhì)原料經(jīng)2臺(tái)螺旋進(jìn)料器進(jìn)入熱解器(溫度為700 ℃),一級(jí)螺桿進(jìn)料器控制生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料速率,二級(jí)螺桿進(jìn)料器快速將生物質(zhì)原料推入熱解器內(nèi),與此同時(shí)水蒸汽以一定流量加入反應(yīng)系統(tǒng),每組試驗(yàn)S/B(水蒸氣和生物質(zhì)質(zhì)量比)均為0.65。所產(chǎn)氣體經(jīng)過(guò)除塵器過(guò)濾進(jìn)入多級(jí)冷凝系統(tǒng)(?15 ℃)實(shí)現(xiàn)氣-液分離。從進(jìn)料開始每隔10~15 min采集氣體樣品,并用氣相色譜(GC7890II型)進(jìn)行分析。氣體中的 H2利用熱導(dǎo)檢測(cè)器(TCD)分析,CH4、CO、CO2、C2H4、C2H6等組分利用氫火焰離子檢測(cè)器(FID)分析。試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中,上下料封和原料料倉(cāng)通入N2防止空氣進(jìn)入系統(tǒng),因此產(chǎn)氣中N2體積分?jǐn)?shù)大概在2%~10%。最終氣體組成結(jié)果為系統(tǒng)達(dá)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)后,N2扣去后的各氣體組成的平均值。液體產(chǎn)品收集于圓底燒瓶中,用萃取和減壓蒸餾方法將液體產(chǎn)品分離為焦油和水,計(jì)算出焦油質(zhì)量濃度和水含量[6]。冷凝的焦油用Agilent-5975C氣相色譜儀進(jìn)行分析,色譜條件為:檢測(cè)器為FID;色譜柱為HP-5MS (30 m×0.25 mm× 0.25m);氣化室溫度為250 ℃;分流比為50:1;色譜柱升溫程序?yàn)椋?0℃恒溫2 min,再以12 ℃/min升溫到320 ℃,恒溫10 min。
氣體產(chǎn)率、焦油質(zhì)量濃度、氣化效率和碳轉(zhuǎn)化率按以下公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算:
以木屑、稻殼、麥稈和棉桿作為生物質(zhì)原料,在熱解器溫度為700 ℃,重整器溫度為800 ℃,生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料率為200 g/h的工況件下,考察生物質(zhì)種類對(duì)氣化效果的影響其結(jié)果如圖3所示。由圖3a可以看出,在4種生物質(zhì)中,白松木屑?xì)饣脷怏w產(chǎn)率最大為0.95 m3/kg,麥稈次之,棉桿最?。话姿山褂唾|(zhì)量濃度最大(11.5 g/m3),其值顯著低于傳統(tǒng)鼓泡流化床白松木屑?xì)饣?00 ℃)產(chǎn)氣焦油質(zhì)量濃度(12~25 g/m3)[18]。麥秸稈、稻秸稈和棉桿等秸稈類生物質(zhì)氣化的焦油質(zhì)量濃度基本上一致。植物類生物質(zhì)主要是由纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素構(gòu)成[19]。其中,纖維素和半纖維素?zé)岱纸庵饕a(chǎn)生揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),而木質(zhì)素分解主要產(chǎn)生炭。由原料的工業(yè)分析(表1)可知,白松揮發(fā)分含量最高,灰分含量最低,其他生物質(zhì)揮發(fā)分含量都小于白松木屑。原料的揮發(fā)分含量越高,氣化所得到的氣體產(chǎn)率和焦油質(zhì)量濃度越大。其原因在于,在DTBG氣化系統(tǒng)中,氣體產(chǎn)物主要來(lái)自于生物質(zhì)原料在熱解反應(yīng)器中熱解產(chǎn)生的熱解氣(pyrogas),熱解氣在重整器中發(fā)生水蒸氣重整和熱裂解反應(yīng)生成小分子氣體,因此,原料揮發(fā)分越高氣體產(chǎn)率和焦油質(zhì)量濃度越大。由圖3b可看出,4種生物質(zhì)原料中白松木屑產(chǎn)氣中H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為40.55%,高于其他3種生物質(zhì)原料,麥稈、稻秸稈和棉桿的H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)分別為36.9%、36.9%和34.8%。然而,麥稈、稻秸稈和棉桿產(chǎn)氣中的CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)相比于白松較高,分別為41.5%、37.3%和42.6%,白松木屑只有34.5%。一般認(rèn)為,生物質(zhì)原料中H/C原子比越高,產(chǎn)氣中H2含量越大[20]。本研究中采用的生物質(zhì)原料H/C原子比相差并不大(均為0.15左右),說(shuō)明原料的H/C比對(duì)氣體中H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)的高低不起主導(dǎo)作用。從氣體組成和原料的工業(yè)分析數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,白松木屑的揮發(fā)分含量最高,產(chǎn)氣中H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)最高,CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)最小。這說(shuō)明在DTBG氣化系統(tǒng)中原料揮發(fā)分含量越高,在橄欖石的催化作用下氣體產(chǎn)率和產(chǎn)氣中H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)越高,CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)越少。因此,對(duì)于本氣化系統(tǒng)從生物質(zhì)水蒸氣催化氣化制富氫氣體要求來(lái)說(shuō),白松更適于作氣化原料。由圖3c可看出,4種生物質(zhì)氣化碳轉(zhuǎn)化率和氣化效率與氣體產(chǎn)率的變化趨勢(shì)一致,其中白松的碳轉(zhuǎn)化率和氣化效率分別為75.3%和58.5%。在DTBG氣化系統(tǒng)中熱解、重整和燃燒分別發(fā)生在3個(gè)反應(yīng)器內(nèi),生物質(zhì)在熱解器中產(chǎn)生的大部分半焦不參與水蒸氣氣化反應(yīng),而在燃燒反應(yīng)器中燃燒給熱載體提供熱量,因此碳轉(zhuǎn)化率主要與原料在熱解反應(yīng)器中的熱解程度有關(guān)。
為了研究重整器溫度對(duì)生物質(zhì)氣化的影響,選用白松木屑作為試驗(yàn)對(duì)象,在原料進(jìn)料速率為200 g/h的條件下,考察重整器溫度分別為750、800及850 ℃時(shí),溫度對(duì)氣化效果的影響,其結(jié)果如圖4所示。
圖3 不同生物質(zhì)原料氣化效果比較
圖4 重整器溫度對(duì)氣體產(chǎn)率、低位熱值、焦油質(zhì)量濃度、氣體組成、碳轉(zhuǎn)化率和氣化效率的影響
由圖4a可以看出,當(dāng)重整器溫度由700升高到850 ℃時(shí),氣體產(chǎn)率由0.91增加到1.08 m3/kg,焦油質(zhì)量濃度由19.1降低到7.3 g/m3。焦油的裂解和水蒸氣重整反應(yīng)均為強(qiáng)吸熱反應(yīng),重整器溫度的升高有利于這些反應(yīng)的進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行。隨著重整器溫度的升高,在橄欖石的催化作用下產(chǎn)氣中的更多焦油被轉(zhuǎn)化為小分子氣體,從而降低了焦油質(zhì)量濃度,提高了氣體產(chǎn)率??梢钥闯?,重整器溫度的升高提高了橄欖石對(duì)焦油裂解/重整的催化活性。由圖4b可以看出,當(dāng)重整器溫度由700 ℃升高到850 ℃時(shí),氣化效率由56.4%提高到了65.2%,碳轉(zhuǎn)化率由71.4%提高到81.4%。在DTBG氣化系統(tǒng)中,由于生物質(zhì)原料中的大部分碳以揮發(fā)分形式在重整器內(nèi)進(jìn)行水蒸氣催化重整反應(yīng)形成合成氣,因此,重整器溫度的升高使得焦油質(zhì)量濃度減少,氣化效率和碳轉(zhuǎn)化率增加。根據(jù)Schuster等[21]基于在雙流化床的能量衡算,當(dāng)原料總碳的42.6%送到燃燒反應(yīng)器燃燒時(shí),系統(tǒng)不再需要額外的燃料燃燒來(lái)提供氣化反應(yīng)器所需要的熱量。在DTBG氣化系統(tǒng)中,單獨(dú)生物質(zhì)氣化產(chǎn)生的半焦燃燒不能滿足氣化反應(yīng)需要的能量,為此,可以通過(guò)在原料中添加高的含碳燃料如煤、石油焦以提高燃燒器中燃燒的炭含量,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)氣化系統(tǒng)“自供熱”,或者把一部分產(chǎn)氣返回燃燒器里燃燒給熱載體提供熱量。
由氣體組成分析(圖4c和圖4d)得出,當(dāng)重整器溫度由700升高到850 ℃時(shí),H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)基本保持不變(850 ℃時(shí)為40.4%),CO體積分?jǐn)?shù)由10.6%增加到16.6%,CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)則由36.0%降低到30.5%??梢钥闯?,重整器溫度的提高對(duì)H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)的影響不明顯,但顯著促進(jìn)了CO2重整反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行,更多的CO2與焦油反應(yīng)使CO含量增加;重整器溫度的提高對(duì)CH4濃度的影響較小,說(shuō)明對(duì)于中溫氣化系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō),通過(guò)升高氣化溫度不能有效的降低氣體中CH4含量。由此得出,700~850 ℃溫度下,橄欖石對(duì)CH4重整的催化活性不明顯,需要開發(fā)更有效的CH4重整催化劑(如鎳基催化劑)才能使其充分轉(zhuǎn)化[7,22]。氣化溫度由750增加到850 ℃時(shí),產(chǎn)氣中合成氣(H2+CO)體積分?jǐn)?shù)從50.2%增加到57.0%,H2/CO在3.8~2.4范圍內(nèi)不斷減小。當(dāng)重整器溫度850 ℃時(shí),H2和CO摩爾比符合費(fèi)托合成的要求,說(shuō)明可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)重整器溫度來(lái)控制H2和CO之比,以適應(yīng)不同的需要。在該反應(yīng)溫度區(qū)間產(chǎn)氣低位熱值為11.5~12.0 MJ/m3,這相較于傳統(tǒng)耦合氣化工藝產(chǎn)氣熱值(4~6 MJ/m3)[12,23]高2~3倍。由于隨著溫度的升高,高熱值的氣體(C2H4、C2H6)的體積分?jǐn)?shù)的降低,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)氣低位熱值的降低。
選用白松木屑作為試驗(yàn)對(duì)象,在重整器溫度800 ℃下,考察進(jìn)料速率對(duì)產(chǎn)氣組成和焦油質(zhì)量濃度的影響,其結(jié)果如圖5所示。可以看出,原料進(jìn)料速率對(duì)產(chǎn)氣組成的影響非常明顯,當(dāng)進(jìn)料速率從120增加到220 g/h時(shí),氣體中H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)由38.1%增加42.2%,CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)由35.2%降低到30.2%,但是焦油和其他氣體組分的體積分?jǐn)?shù)基本不變,220 g/h時(shí)CO體積分?jǐn)?shù)為14.6%,焦油質(zhì)量濃度為10.1 g/m3,這表明通過(guò)提高生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料速率能生產(chǎn)更多的H2,同時(shí)能降低產(chǎn)氣中的CO2含量。其原因?yàn)椋洪蠙焓鳛檩d氧體(表面含有豐富的Fe2O3)能夠?qū)2從燃燒器傳遞到重整反應(yīng)器[24-25],F(xiàn)e2O3在重整器中與生物質(zhì)熱解產(chǎn)生的還原性氣體(H2、CO)發(fā)生還原反應(yīng)形成低價(jià)態(tài)的鐵氧化物充當(dāng)焦油轉(zhuǎn)化的活性組分[7,24],在這個(gè)過(guò)程中消耗掉產(chǎn)氣中的一部分H2、CO等氣體。當(dāng)橄欖石循環(huán)速率不變的情況下,生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料速率越小,原料氣化產(chǎn)生還原性氣體的量和重整器中橄欖石的還原需要消耗的還原性氣體的量越難以達(dá)到平衡,H2、CO等氣體將不斷地被消耗掉。隨著進(jìn)料速率的增加,原料的氣化產(chǎn)生的還原性氣體的量橄欖石還原需要的還原性氣體的量達(dá)到一個(gè)相對(duì)平衡的狀態(tài),因此,產(chǎn)氣中H2、CO的消耗速率會(huì)降低。由此可見(jiàn),在DTBG氣化系統(tǒng)中,通過(guò)增加進(jìn)料速率和催化劑循環(huán)速率之比可以生產(chǎn)更多的富氫氣體。但是,此過(guò)程需要考慮整個(gè)氣化系統(tǒng)的熱量平衡、目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物含量、催化劑的失活-再生的情況來(lái)確定最佳的進(jìn)料速率。
圖5 生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料速率對(duì)產(chǎn)氣組成和焦油質(zhì)量濃度的影響
為了解產(chǎn)氣中焦油組成的變化規(guī)律,對(duì)白松木屑?xì)饣褂瓦M(jìn)行了GC分析。圖6為重整器溫度為750 ℃時(shí)白松木屑?xì)饣褂偷腉C圖。可以看出,白松木屑?xì)饣褂妥V圖比較簡(jiǎn)單,焦油化合物種類較少,主要由萘、聯(lián)苯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、2-苯基萘、熒蒽、芘等多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)和少量的雜環(huán)化合物二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩以及苯酚組成。表3反映了重整器溫度分別為750、800、850 ℃時(shí)白松木屑焦油的組成和相對(duì)含量(表中列出的焦油的相對(duì)含量是根據(jù)峰面積比計(jì)算出,雖然不能直接代表焦油組分的準(zhǔn)確含量,但能反映焦油組成的分布[26])。從表3可以看出,萘、聯(lián)苯和菲等3種多環(huán)芳烴是白松木屑?xì)饣褂椭泻枯^多的化合物,其中萘的含量最高。當(dāng)重整器溫度從750升高到850 ℃時(shí),苯酚和1,2,4-三甲基苯等單環(huán)化合物幾乎完全分解,說(shuō)明在DTBG氣化反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)中,生物質(zhì)在熱解反應(yīng)器中產(chǎn)生的單環(huán)化合物在重整器內(nèi)在橄欖石的催化作用下發(fā)生二次反應(yīng)而完全分解。隨著重整器溫度的升高,萘的相對(duì)含量由54.7%增加到75.6%,這一結(jié)果說(shuō)明萘是焦油中不容易分解的較穩(wěn)定的化合物。劉慧慧等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),生物質(zhì)熱解焦油的主要成分是酚類化合物。酚類化合物在催化劑作用下首先發(fā)生O-H鍵斷裂然后開環(huán),最后進(jìn)行脫羥基反應(yīng)和Diels-Alder反應(yīng),此過(guò)程中形成萘等多環(huán)芳烴,以及H2和CO等小分子氣體[28]??梢钥闯?,重整器溫度的升高促進(jìn)苯、苯酚等單環(huán)化合物生成了萘等多環(huán)芳烴,同時(shí)對(duì)H2和CO的生成也有一定的貢獻(xiàn)。同時(shí),隨著溫度的升高焦油組分蒽、2-苯基萘、熒蒽、芘的相對(duì)含量不斷降低,說(shuō)明重整器溫度的升高也有利于三環(huán)、四環(huán)化合物的進(jìn)一步分解。
圖6 氣化焦油的GC圖
表3 重整器溫度對(duì)焦油組成的影響
本文利用實(shí)驗(yàn)室規(guī)模的DTBG氣化系統(tǒng),以橄欖石為催化床料進(jìn)行了生物質(zhì)水蒸氣氣化制富氫氣體的試驗(yàn),探討了生物質(zhì)類型、重整器溫度、生物質(zhì)進(jìn)料速率對(duì)氣化效果的影響,分析探討了不同溫度下白松木屑?xì)饣褂偷慕M成變化特性。其結(jié)果如下:
1)本文提出的以橄欖石為催化床料的DTBG氣化系統(tǒng)作為一種新型的解耦氣化工藝,對(duì)于生物質(zhì)水蒸氣氣化制富氫氣體是有效可行性的。
2)原料的揮發(fā)分對(duì)氣化產(chǎn)物分布的影響很大。原料揮發(fā)分含量越高,氣體產(chǎn)率、氣體中的H2和CO含量和碳轉(zhuǎn)化率越大、CO2含量越低。4種生物質(zhì)原料中白松木屑更適合作氣化制富氫氣原料。
3)重整器溫度的升高有利于焦油的裂解。隨著重整器溫度的升高,白松木屑的氣體產(chǎn)率、碳轉(zhuǎn)化率、富氫氣體含量增加、CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)減少,焦油質(zhì)量濃度降低。當(dāng)氣化溫度為850 ℃時(shí),白松氣化氣體產(chǎn)率為1.08 m3/kg、H-2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為40.4%、產(chǎn)氣中焦油質(zhì)量濃度為7.3 g/m3。
4)隨著白松木屑進(jìn)料速率的增加,產(chǎn)氣中H2含量大幅度增加,CO2含量大幅度降低,然而焦油質(zhì)量濃度基本不變。當(dāng)進(jìn)料速率從120增加到220 g/h時(shí),H2體積分?jǐn)?shù)從38.1%增加42.2%,CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)從35.2%降低到30.2%。
5)氣化焦油的主要成分為多環(huán)芳烴,其中萘的含量最高。隨著重整器溫度的升高,焦油中單環(huán)化合物幾乎完全分解,3~4環(huán)多環(huán)芳烴化合物的含量逐步降低,萘的相對(duì)含量大幅度增加。
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Catalytic biomass gasification for hydrogen rich gas production in decoupled-triple-bed gasification system
Yalkunjan Tursun1, Pan Yue1, Bieerdehan Watihan1, Dilinuer Talifu1, Abulikemu Abulizi1, Ma Fengyun1, Xu Shaoping2
(1.,,,830046,; 2.,,,116024,)
Biomass steam gasification is a promising technology for hydrogen-rich gas production. In this paper the decoupled triple bed gasification (DTBG) system has been proposed. The system is composed of 3 decoupled reactors, i.e., gas-solid countercurrent moving bed pyrolyzer, radial-flow moving bed reformer and riser-type combustor. The steam was used as gasifying agent and the calcined olivine was used as circulating heat carrier and in-situ tar destruction catalyst as well. Experiments have been conducted at a pyrolyzer temperature of 700 ℃, a combustor temperature of 850 ℃ and the ratio of steam mass to biomass mass (S/B) of 0.65. The influences of biomass type on the gasification performance were investigated with saw dust, rice husk, wheat straw and cotton stalk as biomass feedstock at the reformer temperature of 800 ℃. The effects of reformer temperature (700-850 ℃) and biomass feeding rate (120-220 g/h) on gas yield, tar content, gas composition, carbon conversion as well as gasification efficiency were investigated with saw dust as feedstock. Besides, the characteristics of gasification tar at the varied reformer temperatures were investigated using gas chromatograph. The results indicated that the volatiles of biomass have great effect on the gasification performance. The gas yield, carbon conversion, the concentration of H2and CO increased and CO2concentration decreased with increasing volatile matter content of biomass. In the DTBG system, the pyrolyzer and reformer are separated and the volatiles released from pyrolyzer were the main source of the product gas. Therefore, a secondary reaction of volatiles in reformer with the presence of the olivine, such as steam reforming reaction, tar creaking reaction, plays a critical role in determining product gas composition as well as gas yield. The saw dust was found to be preferable biomass type for hydrogen-rich gas production. Gas yield increased from 0.91 to 1.08 m3/kg while tar content decreased from 19.1 to 7.3 g/m3at the reformer temperature range of 750-850 ℃. At the same time, carbon conversion and gasification efficiency were dramatically increased from 71.4% to 81.4% and from 56.4% to 65.2%, respectively, with increasing reformer temperature from 750 to 850 ℃. The H2concentration increased and CO2concentration decreased with the increasing biomass feeding rate, which yet had little impact on tar content. Specifically, product gas with the H2concentration of 42.2%, CO concentration of 14.6% and the tar content of 10.1 g/m3has been obtained at the reformer temperature of 800 ℃ and biomass feeding rate of 220 g/h. The gasification tar was basically composed of naphthalene, biphenyl, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, in which naphthalene was found to be the dominate component. Single ring hydrocarbons were totally destructed and 3-4 ring PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) decreased, while the concentration of naphthalene was dramatically increased from 54.7% to 75.6% at the reformer temperature range of 750-850 ℃. It can be demonstrated that the novel design of reformer in the DTBG system with olivine not only is favorable to increase tar reforming/cracking reactions which favors tar removal, but also appears as a feasible technology for hydrogen-rich gas production. This work is expected to be helpful for the design, operation and optimization of large-scale gasification plant.
biomass; gasification; catalytic; decoupled triple bed; olivine; in-situ tar destruction
2018-03-08
2018-07-13
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(21766037,50776013),自治區(qū)高??蒲杏?jì)劃項(xiàng)目(XJEDU2016S029),新疆大學(xué)博士啟動(dòng)基金(BS160225)
亞力昆江·吐爾遜,講師,博士,主要從事生物質(zhì)和煤熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化。Email:yalkunjan54@aliyun.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.029
TK6
A
1002-6819(2018)-17-0222-07
亞力昆江·吐爾遜,潘 岳,別爾德汗·瓦提汗,迪麗努爾·塔力甫,阿布力克木·阿布力孜,馬鳳云,徐紹平. 基于熱解-重整-燃燒解耦三床氣化系統(tǒng)的生物質(zhì)催化制富氫氣體[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(17):222-228. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.029 http://www.tcsae.org
Yalkunjan Tursun, Pan Yue, Bieerdehan Watihan, Dilinuer Talifu, Abulikemu Abulizi, Ma Fengyun, Xu Shaoping. Catalytic biomass gasification for hydrogen rich gas production in decoupled-triple-bed gasification system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(17): 222-228. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.029 http://www.tcsae.org