李佳 薛耀明 潘永華 朱波 張燕
[摘要] 目的 通過觀察包括肝臟脂肪沉積等在內(nèi)的肝臟胰島素抵抗(IR)指標(biāo)在自發(fā)性2型糖尿病OLETF大鼠發(fā)病中的作用,探討通過改善肝臟IR防治2型糖尿病的可行性。 方法 OLETF大鼠20只作為糖尿病組,LETO鼠10只作為正常對照組。定期口服葡萄糖耐量試驗。分別于8、32、40周齡分批宰殺大鼠。檢測血清各項血脂指標(biāo)。分離肝臟,HE染色觀察肝臟結(jié)組織學(xué)變化;根據(jù)HE結(jié)果,對32周齡及40周齡的OLETF組大鼠肝臟以冰凍切片進(jìn)行脂肪及糖原的特異性染色,以進(jìn)一步明確空泡樣變性病變。 結(jié)果 OLETF組在23周齡首次出現(xiàn)糖耐量異常(IGT)4例,并有1例糖尿病發(fā)生;至40周齡時,OLETF組糖尿病發(fā)病率達(dá)92.9%。LETO組無IGT或糖尿病發(fā)生。自32周起,LETO組血清三酰甘油、膽固醇和游離脂肪酸均顯著低于OLETF組(P < 0.05)。隨著糖尿病病程進(jìn)展,OLETF組大鼠肝臟空泡化加重,進(jìn)一步完善脂肪及糖原特異性染色,提示肝臟脂肪浸潤及糖原堆積漸進(jìn)性加重;LETO組大鼠肝臟結(jié)構(gòu)隨著周齡延長無明顯變化。 結(jié)論 肝臟IR在自發(fā)性糖尿病大鼠發(fā)病中發(fā)揮重要作用,改善肝臟IR可作為防治2型糖尿病的可能機制之一。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 2型糖尿??;OLETF大鼠;肝臟胰島素抵抗;脂肪異位沉積;脂代謝紊亂
[中圖分類號] R587.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)05(b)-0012-05
The role of Hepatic insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of spontaneously diabetic OLETF rats
LI Jia1 XUE Yaoming2 PAN Yonghua2 ZHU Bo2 ZHANG Yan2
1.Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510010, China; 2.Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510515, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the effects of hepatic insulin resistance, including the lipid deposition in livers, on preventing diabetes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, and explore the probability of new mechanism in preventing diabetes in laboratory animals. Methods Twenty male spontaneous diabetic OLETF rats were treated as OLETF (group OLETF). Ten male Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were used as normal control group(group LETO). Blood glucose is determined by oral glucose tolerance test. Rats were sacrificed at 8, 32 and 40 weeks and liver tissue isolated. Serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol, and serum free fatty acid (FFA) were determined. The morphological changes of livers were measured by HE stain. Based on HE results, frozen liver sections of OLETF rats of 32-week-old and 40-week-old respectively were stained with fatty Sudan Ⅲ as well as PAS before and after amylase digestion, the purpose of which is to further clarify the nature of the lesions. Results OLETF rats developed diabetes since 23 weeks of age and the incidence rate of diabetes became higher with the time goes by until got to 92.9% at 40 weeks of age when the research came to the end. No rats have developed diabetes or IGT in group LETO. The serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol, serum FFA was significantly lower in group LETO than that of group OLETF since 32 weeks (P < 0.05). With the week age increasing, liver vacuolation in group OLETF became serious and it was suggested that there appeared a gradual increase on liver fat infiltration and glycogen accumulation with a further improvement on the specific staining of fat and glycogen; while there was no significant damage in the liver structure of group LETO. Conclusion Hepatic insulin resistance may play an important part in the onset of T2DM, and the improvement of hepatic insulin resistance may work as a probable mechanism of preventing diabetes.
[Key words] Type 2 diabetes; OLETF rats; Hepatic insulin resistance; Fat deposition; Lipid metabolism disorder
胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)是目前公認(rèn)的2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)發(fā)病的主要機制之一;而脂毒性在T2DM發(fā)病中的重要作用日益引起關(guān)注,有些學(xué)者甚至把糖尿病稱為“糖脂病”[1-2]。肝臟作為中樞性胰島素作用的靶器官,不僅通過參與糖原合成、分解、糖異生等環(huán)節(jié)在糖代謝中發(fā)揮重要作用,在脂代謝中也扮演重要角色。而肝臟IR除表現(xiàn)為我們熟知的肝糖生成增多外,還表現(xiàn)為脂代謝紊亂、肝臟脂肪沉積[3]。通過對T2DM發(fā)病機制的重新認(rèn)識,我們認(rèn)為通過改善脂代謝指標(biāo),減少肝臟脂肪沉積,改善脂毒性,繼而改善肝臟IR,是防治T2DM不可忽視的重要環(huán)節(jié)。故本研究以國內(nèi)外公認(rèn)的優(yōu)秀自發(fā)性T2DM模型(Otuska Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty,OLETF)鼠及其同種系糖耐量正常的對照鼠非糖尿病大鼠(Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka,LETO)為研究對象[4-5],通過觀察糖、脂代謝指標(biāo)、肝臟組織學(xué)改變、脂肪浸潤、糖原化等方面,評價肝臟IR在T2DM發(fā)病中的作用,從改善肝臟IR的角度為T2DM防治提供新的思路。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實驗動物和分組 4周齡雄性O(shè)LETF鼠20只作為OLETF鼠糖尿病組(OLETF組),4周齡雄性LETO鼠10只作為正常對照組(LETO組)。均由日本大冢制藥株式會社德島研究所提供。
1.1.2 主要試劑和儀器 三酰甘油測定試劑盒:上海科欣生物公司;膽固醇測定試劑盒:上??菩郎锕荆挥坞x脂肪酸測定試劑盒:南京建成生物工程研究所;Leica切片機:RM2135德國;雙目顯微鏡及照相機:Olympus BX51+DP70日本;血糖儀及血糖試紙:One touch ultra美國強生公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1動物飼養(yǎng)條件 大鼠在無特定病原體級(SPF)條件下單籠飼養(yǎng),飼以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼料。環(huán)境溫度控制在22~25℃,濕度為(55±5)%,12/12 h光照黑暗循環(huán)(光照時間為7:00~19:00),自由獲取食物和飲水。
1.2.2血糖測定 分別于13、18、23、30、34、40周齡行口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)試驗,剪尾法測定血糖值。血糖峰值>16.7 mmol/L和負(fù)荷后120 min血糖>11.1 mmol/L診斷為糖尿病,具備上述一條者為糖耐量異常[6]。
1.2.3 大鼠血液標(biāo)本及肝臟組織采集 分別于8、32和40周齡隨機(玻璃珠法)處死大鼠。術(shù)前禁食14 h,腹主動脈穿刺取血。各組大鼠宰殺后隨機選取3只,分離肝臟組織,并分別置于液氮凍存及10%多聚甲醛中待檢。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及檢測方法
依次采用甘油磷酸氧化酶過氧化物酶法、銅離子顯色法、膽固醇氧化酶過氧化物酶法檢測血清三酰甘油(TG)、游離脂肪酸(FFA)、膽固醇(CHOL)水平。HE染色:以石蠟切片機間隔4 μm連續(xù)切片。相鄰切片分別用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)HE染色觀察大鼠肝臟組織學(xué)改變。蘇丹Ⅲ染色觀察各組大鼠肝臟脂肪變性情況。淀粉酶消化前后過碘酸Schiff染色(PAS)觀察各組大鼠肝臟糖原蓄積病變。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 OLETF大鼠及LETO大鼠OGTT結(jié)果
OLETF大鼠負(fù)荷后2 h血糖(2hPG)第23周齡較前有明顯升高,顯著高于13和18周齡血糖(P < 0.01),并隨周齡增加而進(jìn)一步升高。LETO組不同周齡2hPG差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。
18周齡以前兩組間2hPG差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。23周齡起OLETF大鼠2hPG較LETO大鼠明顯升高,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),且這種差異隨周齡增加進(jìn)一步增大。見表1。
2.2 OLETF大鼠及LETO大鼠糖尿病發(fā)病情況
OLETF組在23周齡開始發(fā)生糖尿病,發(fā)病率隨周齡延長而升高,40周齡發(fā)病率達(dá)92.9%。LETO組無糖尿病或糖耐量異常(IGT)發(fā)生。見圖1。
2.3 OLETF大鼠及LETO大鼠脂代謝變化
8周齡時,OLETF組除血清CHOL水平較LETO組明顯增高外,F(xiàn)FA和TG水平兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。32周齡時,OLETF組血清FFA、TG、CHOL水平均較LETO組明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),表現(xiàn)為明顯的脂代謝紊亂。40周齡時,OLETF組TG、CHOL水平進(jìn)一步升高,并且顯著高于同周齡LETO組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表2、圖2。
2.4 OLETF大鼠及LETO大鼠肝臟組織學(xué)比較
8周齡時,兩組大鼠肝臟結(jié)構(gòu)無明顯差別。32周齡,OLETF組大鼠肝細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)明顯空泡樣變性,而LETO組大鼠肝小葉結(jié)構(gòu)依然整齊,肝細(xì)胞以中央靜脈為中心排列成索狀。40周齡,OLETF大鼠肝細(xì)胞空泡樣變性更加明顯,LETO組未見肝細(xì)胞空泡化。見圖3。
A:LETO組32周;B:LETO組40周;C:OLETF組32周;D:OLETF組40周
圖3 大鼠肝臟組織學(xué)變化(HE染色,600×)
2.5 OLETF大鼠肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性的蘇丹Ⅲ染色
通過蘇丹Ⅲ對脂肪特異性染色進(jìn)一步證實,32周齡,OLETF組肝細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)大小泡混合的脂肪變性,并以小泡性脂肪變性為主;40周齡時,OLETF組肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,其中大泡性脂肪變性更多。見圖4(封四)。
2.6 OLETF大鼠肝臟淀粉酶消化前、后的糖原特殊染色——PAS染色
32周齡,PAS染色后觀察到OLETF組肝細(xì)胞的胞質(zhì)可見豐富的紅色顆粒,且核內(nèi)空洞邊緣、空洞內(nèi)殘留物質(zhì)均呈紅色,經(jīng)過淀粉酶消化后PAS染色陰性,證明紅色顆粒均為糖原顆粒;40周齡,OLETF組肝細(xì)胞中紅色顆粒更加豐富,淀粉酶消化后PAS染色陰性證實為糖原。見圖5(封四)。
3 討論
過去的幾十年間,我國成人體重指數(shù)不斷增加,肥胖率及糖尿病患病率都隨之增加。體脂增加是肥胖的糖尿病患者最重要的變化,也是糖尿病發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵因素;而相較于體脂增加,體脂的重新分布,尤其是在肝臟等臟器的異位沉積帶來的危害更大。文獻(xiàn)報道,肝臟脂肪沉積與IR發(fā)生密切相關(guān),其對血糖的影響可能超過全身甚至是內(nèi)臟脂肪的作用[7-8]。作為胰島素作用的靶器官,肝臟通過維持能量平衡,在T2DM發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用近年來被不斷重新認(rèn)可。在糖代謝方面,肝臟通過糖原分解與糖異生維持正常的空腹血糖;而餐后,肝臟通過糖原合成、抑制糖原分解等作用,降低餐后血糖。在脂代謝方面,餐后血脂的高低與肝功能關(guān)系密切;而T2DM患者肝臟IR的主要標(biāo)志即肝糖原蓄積及TG釋放增加。既往研究表明,通過高果糖飲食造模后,血漿TG和肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)間呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,即血漿中TG升高,則肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂肪沉積減少,認(rèn)為TG的分泌可以暫時性的保護(hù)肝臟免受脂毒性[9];而在臨床工作中,我們看到大多數(shù)T2DM患者合并脂肪肝的同時,存在高甘油三酯血癥。為了驗證這一結(jié)論,提高研究結(jié)果的可靠性,本研究選用了自發(fā)性T2DM動物模型之一的雄性O(shè)LETF大鼠作為實驗動物。由于其貪食,不喜運動和體形肥胖等特點,從8周齡起出現(xiàn)餐后血糖、血脂增高和高胰島素血癥,32周齡糖尿病發(fā)生率可高達(dá)90%[4-6],與人類T2DM的病理生理進(jìn)程極為相似,因此是觀察T2DM發(fā)生發(fā)展的理想模型;但因為該種系大鼠價格昂貴、飼養(yǎng)條件要求高(SPF級,單籠飼養(yǎng))、飼養(yǎng)周期長等原因,因此國內(nèi)較少用此動物模型進(jìn)行實驗。在本研究中經(jīng)過長達(dá)40周的觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),OLETF組在23周齡開始出現(xiàn)糖尿病發(fā)病,發(fā)病率隨時間延長逐漸升高,至40周齡時,發(fā)病率為92.9%,與國外文獻(xiàn)報道一致[4],表明OLETF鼠的飼養(yǎng)是成功的。LETO組則無IGT或糖尿病發(fā)生。隨著周齡的延長,通過OGTT試驗及血清中TG、FFA、CHOL等指標(biāo)的檢測,結(jié)合大鼠肝臟組織病理學(xué)變化,我們觀察到隨著時間的進(jìn)展,糖尿病大鼠逐漸出現(xiàn)糖、脂代謝紊亂,與此同時其肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)的脂質(zhì)沉積也在逐漸進(jìn)展,其糖原堆積亦隨之進(jìn)展,從體內(nèi)試驗明確了脂毒性在胰島素抵抗、糖尿病發(fā)病中的重要作用[10-12];同時也為改善脂毒性,繼而改善肝臟IR,防治T2DM提供依據(jù)。
以往的研究顯示,糖尿病引起的肝臟組織學(xué)變化可以表現(xiàn)為脂肪變性、糖原沉積、纖維增生、細(xì)胞水腫、炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤、Mallory小體等特異性及非特異性改變[13-14]。在本次研究中,通過對各組大鼠肝臟的HE染色觀察到32周齡的OLETF組即出現(xiàn)明顯的肝細(xì)胞空泡樣變化,隨著病程進(jìn)展至40周齡,空泡變性進(jìn)一步加重,而LETO組肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)始終未見紊亂。為明確空泡變性的性質(zhì),完善脂肪及糖原的特異性染色,發(fā)現(xiàn)OLETF組大鼠肝臟隨著周齡的延長脂肪變性逐漸加重。有學(xué)者提出肝臟脂肪沉積本身就可以導(dǎo)致T2DM,在實驗鼠肝臟中脂蛋白脂肪酶定向過度表達(dá),實驗鼠肝臟即可出現(xiàn)與特異性IR相關(guān)的脂肪沉積[15];相反,在高脂飼養(yǎng)的脂肪肝大鼠中發(fā)現(xiàn),在肥胖出現(xiàn)之前,就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了肝臟的IR現(xiàn)象;而二硝基苯酚通過促進(jìn)線粒體解偶聯(lián),可以防止肝臟脂肪沉積,利用其治療脂肪肝這一特點,治療高脂飼養(yǎng)的實驗鼠,再次驗證了肝臟脂肪沉積在介導(dǎo)IR中發(fā)揮的重要作用[3]。另一方面,F(xiàn)ruci等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),肝臟脂肪沉積導(dǎo)致胰島素抑制肝內(nèi)葡萄糖合成的能力減弱,說明肝臟IR的存在,同時導(dǎo)致葡萄糖分解減少約一半,則說明全身胰島素敏感性下降。此外肝臟脂肪沉積還使胰島素介導(dǎo)的脂解作用減弱,導(dǎo)致進(jìn)入肝臟的FFA增加并抑制其氧化,使肝臟對作為能量來源的葡萄糖的攝取及利用減少,此即肝臟的IR[16],而FFA本身就是重要的致IR物質(zhì)[11]。
而通過對糖原的PAS染色及淀粉酶消化的對照,觀察到隨著病程進(jìn)展,OLETF組肝細(xì)胞胞漿中糖原蓄積、胞核空洞化逐漸加重,從形態(tài)學(xué)上驗證了糖尿病大鼠糖代謝障礙,糖原堆積于肝細(xì)胞胞漿中,甚至有糖原進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞核,導(dǎo)致并加重肝臟IR,而其同種系糖耐量正常LETO大鼠沒有上述變化[17-19]。文獻(xiàn)顯示,T2DM患者血清FFA升高[1],F(xiàn)FA進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹敬x產(chǎn)物甘油二酯等,進(jìn)一步激活絲/蘇氨酸激酶、核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)/NF-κB抑制物激酶β(IKKβ)等炎癥通路[20-24],引起級聯(lián)炎性反應(yīng),從而加重IR,加重糖代謝紊亂。故糖脂代謝紊亂是糖尿病發(fā)病的基礎(chǔ),而肝臟IR貫穿其發(fā)病始終。因此降低血清FFA,繼而減少脂肪在肝臟異位沉積,改善肝臟的脂肪變性程度,從而減輕肝臟的“脂毒性”,最終減少肝糖原分解,可作為減少糖尿病發(fā)生的靶點之一。
肝臟的脂肪沉積與T2DM孰因孰果一直是近年來爭論的焦點[25-26],IR通過影響脂蛋白酯酶,繼而干擾脂肪酸代謝,導(dǎo)致脂肪在肝臟異常堆積引起脂肪肝,而肥胖相關(guān)的大多數(shù)非酒精性脂肪性肝病因脂肪異常沉積于肝臟,導(dǎo)致IR,機體代償分泌胰島素增多,最終導(dǎo)致胰島β細(xì)胞衰竭,引起血糖升高。與文獻(xiàn)報道一致[27-28],臨床上我們也觀察到脂肪肝嚴(yán)重程度是影響T2DM患者血糖控制良好與否的因素之一,其與日胰島素劑量等密切相關(guān)。因此,重新認(rèn)識肝臟在T2DM發(fā)生中的作用,了解肝臟脂肪沉積,肝臟IR在糖脂代謝中的重要作用為我們防治糖尿病提供新的視角。在我們的后期研究中,我們計劃進(jìn)一步探索肝臟IR的相關(guān)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,通過分析肝組織胰島素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路與糖、脂代謝相互關(guān)系,從改善肝臟IR角度深入探討預(yù)防治T2DM的新機制。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-29 本文編輯:任 念)