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細(xì)菌溶血素毒性和致病機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

2018-08-15 00:47,,,
關(guān)鍵詞:跨膜孔道細(xì)胞膜

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許多細(xì)菌能產(chǎn)生一種或多種溶血素(hemolysin)[1]。以往認(rèn)為細(xì)菌溶血素溶解紅細(xì)胞與否可作為細(xì)菌表型鑒定指標(biāo),但對(duì)其致病作用所知甚少。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)菌溶血素還能損傷甚至致死多種有核細(xì)胞和血小板,如單核細(xì)胞、粒細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等,故又稱為細(xì)胞溶素(cytolysin),從而參與細(xì)菌致病過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。本文就細(xì)菌溶血素分類及其功能、膜損傷和致病機(jī)制等方面進(jìn)行綜述。

1 溶血素分類與功能

早年細(xì)菌溶血素多根據(jù)抗原性差異分類。例如,金黃色葡萄球菌溶血素因抗原性不同分為α、β、γ、δ、ε 5型,其中以α-溶血素致病作用最強(qiáng)。近年發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)菌溶血素還可損傷或溶解其它細(xì)胞,故溶血素通常以菌名加溶素(-lysin)命名。例如,鏈球菌溶素O(Streptolysin O, SLO)、李斯特菌溶素O(Listeriolysin O, LLO)、肺炎鏈球菌溶素(Pneumolysin, PLY)、產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌溶素O(perfringolysin O,PFO)等。根據(jù)分子結(jié)構(gòu)、結(jié)合細(xì)胞方式、膜孔道形成機(jī)制和靶細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的不同,可將細(xì)菌溶血素分為重復(fù)子毒素家族(repeats in toxin family,RTX)、膽固醇依賴細(xì)胞溶素家族(cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family,CDC),但金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素既不屬于RTX,也不屬于CDC。

1.1RTX家族目前其成員超過1 000種,多由革蘭陰性菌產(chǎn)生[2]。PTX結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)特,其肽鏈C端結(jié)構(gòu)域中有數(shù)量不等、富含甘氨酸且包含天冬氨酸的9肽重復(fù)序列,即G-G-X-G-(N/D)-D-X-(L/I/F)-X,該家族也由此命名[3]。RTX與Ca2+結(jié)合后才表現(xiàn)出毒性,9肽重復(fù)序列為Ca2+結(jié)合區(qū),此結(jié)合過程在菌體外完成,然后才能與細(xì)胞受體結(jié)合并發(fā)揮毒性作用。

RTX可插入靶細(xì)胞膜中形成分子量100~200 kDa的多聚體通道,使胞內(nèi)物外溢并引發(fā)溶血或溶細(xì)胞效應(yīng)[2-4]。大腸埃希菌α溶血素HlyA是RTX家族典型代表,其分子量107 kDa,有13個(gè)RTX重復(fù)序列,合成后HlyA無活性,在?;D(zhuǎn)移酶HlyC作用下,HlyA中兩個(gè)賴氨酸脂肪?;?,成為成熟分子并獲得膜孔道形成活性[5]。RTX家族其它成員有30%~75%序列與大腸埃希菌HlyA相同,其成熟和活化也依賴于氨基酸?;揎梉4-5]。

RTX通過細(xì)菌I型分泌系統(tǒng)(type 1 secretion system,T1SS)分泌,T1SS由位于內(nèi)膜的ATP結(jié)合裝置(ABC)、位于周漿間隙的膜蛋白復(fù)合物形成蛋白(MFP)和一個(gè)跨越外膜的外膜蛋白(OMP)組成,由rtx-操縱子基因編碼[6]。RTX的C端有輸出信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域(domain),可與T1SS結(jié)合后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至胞外[3, 6]。

目前發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)菌接觸細(xì)胞后RTX才發(fā)揮毒性作用[7]。例如,大腸埃希菌HlyA對(duì)靶細(xì)胞攻膜過程如下:①靜電力敏感可逆吸附和不可逆插入:迄今未發(fā)現(xiàn)HlyA受體,插入能力與分子變構(gòu)有關(guān),不依賴膽固醇;②跨膜通道形成:HlyA單分子插入膜中,然后在膜內(nèi)形成同源低聚體,1~3個(gè)HlyA即可形成跨膜孔道[5, 7]。靶細(xì)胞膜上RTX積聚及持續(xù)作用可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[7]。

1.2CDC家族CDC通過靶細(xì)胞膜上膽固醇發(fā)揮作用,多由革蘭陽性菌產(chǎn)生[8-9]。常見的CDC有鏈球菌溶素SLO、李斯特菌溶素LLO、肺炎球菌溶素PLY和產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌溶素PFO[9]。

CDC可在靶細(xì)胞膜上形成大型跨膜孔道,其過程如下:①CDC單體被靶細(xì)胞表面膽固醇受體識(shí)別并結(jié)合;②30~50個(gè)單體分子聚合后形成環(huán)狀孔道前體復(fù)合物;③復(fù)合物變構(gòu)后插入細(xì)胞膜中形成大型β-桶狀跨膜孔道[8]。例如,SLO與靶細(xì)胞膜膽固醇受體結(jié)合后,單體分子發(fā)生寡聚化,形成環(huán)狀前孔結(jié)構(gòu)(pre-pore structure),繼而變構(gòu)插入細(xì)胞膜中形成大型跨膜兩親性桶狀孔道[10]。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)SLO形成的孔道最大,其直徑30~35 nm,可使細(xì)菌毒力因子進(jìn)入細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞蛋白外溢。此外,CDC還可誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)[11]。

1.3其它金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素Hla不屬于RTX和CDC家族成員。Hla由292個(gè)氨基酸組成,可損傷紅細(xì)胞和血小板,引起小血管平滑肌收縮甚至痙攣,導(dǎo)致局部缺血壞死,也可引起單核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷。Hla損傷靶細(xì)胞膜過程如下:①通過非特異性高親和力受體與膜表面非特異性底物磷脂酰肌醇或膽固醇初步結(jié)合于靶細(xì)胞膜;②與特異性受體解整合素樣金屬蛋白酶ADAM10結(jié)合并集中于小窩蛋白-1(caveolin-1)富集區(qū);③7個(gè)單體與細(xì)胞膜磷脂分子中強(qiáng)親水性磷酸基團(tuán)反應(yīng)后形成七聚體,其下端為14個(gè)β-折疊反向平行排列而成的花籃狀穿孔結(jié)構(gòu);④七聚體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥盃罱Y(jié)構(gòu),形成直徑為l~1.5 nm穿膜孔道;⑤孔道較小但可使ATP和鐵離子等胞內(nèi)小分子物質(zhì)漏出,同時(shí)不可逆地改變細(xì)胞滲透壓和膜完整性,導(dǎo)致溶血和有核細(xì)胞腫脹及死亡,ADAM10與Hla結(jié)合后酶活性增強(qiáng),可裂解E-鈣粘蛋白導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞屏障破壞甚至死亡[12-13]。

2 溶血素的細(xì)胞毒性與膜損傷機(jī)制

根據(jù)細(xì)菌溶血素對(duì)靶細(xì)胞的毒性與膜損傷機(jī)制不同,可分為膜成孔毒素、酯酶毒素和表面活性毒素。此外,線粒體和溶酶體膜也可成為一些細(xì)菌溶血素作用靶點(diǎn)。

2.1膜成孔毒素(pore-forming toxin,PFT)PFTs能在靶細(xì)胞膜上形成穿膜孔道,破壞細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)并使其滲透性增強(qiáng)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞滲透性溶解。根據(jù)二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)不同,PFT分為α-PFT和β-PFT,分別形成α-螺旋兩親性跨膜孔道和β-桶狀跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)[8]。例如,金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素、P-V殺白細(xì)胞素形成直徑小于2.5 nm的跨膜小孔道,CDC家族蛋白則形成直徑30 nm及以上的跨膜β-桶狀大孔道。

不同物種或不同細(xì)胞對(duì)同一PFT敏感性有差異[14-15]。例如,金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素溶解兔紅細(xì)胞能力強(qiáng)于羊紅細(xì)胞,不能溶解人紅細(xì)胞,但能溶解人血小板、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞,溶解人淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞的濃度僅為溶解粒細(xì)胞的1/100[14]。此外,ADAM10表達(dá)量與細(xì)胞對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素敏感性相關(guān),人肺上皮A549細(xì)胞ADAM10被敲低后,對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素的抵抗力顯著增強(qiáng)[12]。

2.2酯酶類毒素(lipasic toxin,LPT)LPT水解靶細(xì)胞膜磷脂,導(dǎo)致膜損傷甚至細(xì)胞裂解。例如,銅綠假單胞菌溶素具有水解卵磷脂的磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC)活性,金黃色葡萄球菌β-溶血素具有PLC和水解鞘磷脂的鞘磷脂酶(sphingomyelinase,SMse)活性[16]。金黃色葡萄球菌β-溶血素為Mg2+依賴單鏈酯酶類毒素,同時(shí)具有PLC和SMse活性,水解卵磷脂后產(chǎn)生磷脂酰基團(tuán)和二酰甘油,水解鞘磷脂后可產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)酰胺,損傷細(xì)胞膜或?qū)е录?xì)胞滲漏而裂解。

不同物種或不同細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜對(duì)同一LPT敏感性有差異[16]。例如,金黃色葡萄球菌β溶血素迅速溶解綿羊紅細(xì)胞,但溶解兔紅細(xì)胞的速度較慢,可使白細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞活力顯著降低但不裂解。

2.3表面活性類毒素(surface active toxin,SAT)SAT是一種兩性分子,但疏水性相對(duì)較強(qiáng),可插入細(xì)胞膜引起膜表面張力和滲透壓改變,損傷細(xì)胞膜甚至導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞裂解。

金黃色或表皮葡萄球菌δ-溶血素是SAT典型代表。δ-溶血素由26個(gè)氨基酸組成、同時(shí)有疏水和親水性α-螺旋結(jié)構(gòu),插入細(xì)胞膜后可改變表面張力或損傷[17]。葡萄球菌δ-溶血素對(duì)脂類物質(zhì)具有天然的親和力,不僅能溶解紅細(xì)胞,還能溶解其他哺乳類細(xì)胞及其細(xì)胞器膜結(jié)構(gòu)[18]。較之細(xì)胞膜的有序結(jié)構(gòu)域,葡萄球菌δ溶血素更優(yōu)先結(jié)合于無序結(jié)構(gòu)域,低濃度時(shí)該溶血素平行吸附于靶細(xì)胞膜表面,導(dǎo)致短暫性膜結(jié)構(gòu)改變、膜張力下降、離子外流甚至觸發(fā)膜脂質(zhì)翻轉(zhuǎn),高濃度時(shí)溶解細(xì)胞膜[17-18]。

3 溶血素的致病機(jī)制

細(xì)菌溶血素不僅可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜損傷、細(xì)胞活力下降以及細(xì)胞溶解或裂解,還可引起細(xì)胞凋亡(apoptosis)或細(xì)胞壞死性凋亡(necroptosis)。此外,近年發(fā)現(xiàn)一些細(xì)菌溶血素能引起強(qiáng)烈的炎癥反應(yīng)并導(dǎo)致炎癥性損傷[19-20]。

3.1細(xì)胞溶解或裂解膜成孔溶血素通過在靶細(xì)胞膜上形成穿膜蛋白孔道引起細(xì)胞滲透性紅細(xì)胞溶解(溶血)以及單核細(xì)胞、粒細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞裂解。

3.2細(xì)胞膜損傷和細(xì)胞活力下降酯酶類溶血素水解靶細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)雙層中的磷脂,表面活性類溶血素插入靶細(xì)胞膜后引起膜表面張力和滲透壓改變,輕者導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞活力下降,重者導(dǎo)致溶血或有核細(xì)胞裂解。

3.3膜損傷相關(guān)離子失衡與病變?nèi)苎匾鸬募?xì)胞膜損傷可使膜兩側(cè)離子從高濃度一側(cè)向低濃度一側(cè)流動(dòng),通常Ca2+和Na+從胞外流入胞內(nèi),K+從胞內(nèi)流出胞外。

3.3.1Ca2+濃度失衡與病變胞內(nèi)游離Ca2+水平升高可激活Ca2+依賴蛋白酶類以及胞內(nèi)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng),如鈣調(diào)蛋白(CaM)、鈣依賴核酸內(nèi)切酶、鈣依賴磷脂酶A2(PLA2)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路。金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素和肺炎球菌PLY膜孔道可使Ca2+內(nèi)流,激活鈣依賴核酸內(nèi)切酶和酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTPase),引起IL-2等細(xì)胞因子釋放和膜結(jié)構(gòu)異常;大腸埃希菌HlyA膜孔道進(jìn)入的Ca2+可激活PLA2信號(hào)通路,產(chǎn)生花生四烯酸、前列腺素、前列環(huán)素和白三烯,引起組織和器官功能紊亂、血管滲透性增加和脂質(zhì)性炎癥反應(yīng)[21-23]。

3.3.2K+濃度失衡與病變金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素膜孔道使K+外流,氣道上皮細(xì)胞去極化并激活p38MAPK信號(hào)通路,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞活力下降并引起炎癥反應(yīng)和氣道重塑,K+損耗還引起單核細(xì)胞白細(xì)胞介素轉(zhuǎn)換酶(Interleukin converting enzyme,ICE)的激活,促進(jìn)成熟IL-1β釋放;T淋巴細(xì)胞K+泄漏可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[23]。

3.4細(xì)胞凋亡壞死(necrosis)是細(xì)胞所有大分子物質(zhì)的降解,主要依賴于溶酶體破裂后釋放的酶類[22]。凋亡是細(xì)胞程序性死亡,為DNA在內(nèi)源性核酸內(nèi)切酶作用下被裂解。根據(jù)作用機(jī)制不同,細(xì)胞凋亡可分為caspase依賴和caspase非依賴兩條途徑[25]。

3.4.1caspase依賴細(xì)胞凋亡主要有膜死亡受體/配體Fas/FasL-caspase-8/3途徑和線粒體相關(guān)CytC-caspase-9/3途徑[26]。創(chuàng)傷弧菌細(xì)胞溶素(Vibriovulnificuscytolysin,VVC)可入胞作用于線粒體引起膜損傷,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞色素C(CytC)釋放,通過CytC-caspase-9/3途徑引起血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、肺上皮細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞凋亡[27]。創(chuàng)傷弧菌VVC還能與靶細(xì)胞膜膽固醇結(jié)合,激活Fas/FasL-caspase-8/3途徑誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞凋亡[28]。腸出血性大腸埃希菌溶血素(EnterohemorrhagicEscherichiacolihemolysin)以外膜囊泡方式入胞并靶向線粒體,經(jīng)CytC-caspase-9/3途徑引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞凋亡[29]。金黃色葡萄球菌β-溶血素具有SMse活性,水解靶鞘磷脂產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)酰胺,通過CER-caspase-3途徑引起細(xì)胞凋亡[16, 30]。

3.4.2caspase非依賴細(xì)胞凋亡近年發(fā)現(xiàn)巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬病原微生物過程中產(chǎn)生的高水平活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)可通過p53激活Bcl-2家族Puma和Noxa,抑制抗凋亡Bcl-2并使促凋亡Bax去抑制,使線粒體釋放凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子(apoptosis-inducing factor,AIF)和核酸內(nèi)切酶G(endonuclease G,EndoG),引發(fā)caspase非依賴細(xì)胞凋亡[31]。金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素可引起使單核細(xì)胞ROS介導(dǎo)caspase非依賴細(xì)胞凋亡[32-33]。

3.5細(xì)胞壞死性凋亡細(xì)菌感染宿主后產(chǎn)生的腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)可激活炎癥相關(guān)細(xì)胞程序性死亡[34],稱為壞死性凋亡,其關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)是蛋白激酶RIPK-1/-3激活,但上下游信號(hào)通路尚不清楚[35]。一些細(xì)菌PFT可引起肺組織細(xì)胞壞死性凋亡,其主要機(jī)制是離子外流和氧化暴發(fā)(oxidation burst)激活RIPK-1/-3所致[36]。

3.6炎癥反應(yīng)病原微生物感染后機(jī)體通常產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng),可引起組織或細(xì)胞炎癥性損傷或死亡。近年發(fā)現(xiàn),不少細(xì)菌溶血素可通過Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)和Nod樣受體(Nod-like receptors,NLRs)引發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的炎癥反應(yīng)。迄今所知哺乳類細(xì)胞有4種模式識(shí)別受體:TLRs、NLRs、凝集素樣受體(CLRs)和解旋酶樣受體(RLRs),其中TLRs和NLRs識(shí)別病原微生物及其組分并介導(dǎo)感染性炎癥反應(yīng)[37]。

3.6.1TLRs介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)與配體結(jié)合后經(jīng)MyD88或TRIF途徑激活NF-κB、p38MAPK和JNK信號(hào)通路上調(diào)多種致炎細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)。近年發(fā)現(xiàn),TLR2識(shí)別霍亂弧菌溶血素,TLR4識(shí)別產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌PFO、鏈球菌SLO和炭疽桿菌炭疽溶素O(anthrolysin O,ALO),TLR2和TLR4識(shí)別肺炎鏈球菌PLY、李斯特菌LLO和問號(hào)鉤端螺旋體溶血素,通過上述信號(hào)通路上調(diào)多種致炎細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)[38-40]。問號(hào)鉤端螺旋體溶血素Sph2、HlpA和TlyA誘生IL-1β或TNF-α的活性甚至與大腸埃希菌LPS相當(dāng)[40]。此外,溶血后釋放的亞鐵血紅素可被TLR4識(shí)別,激活上述信號(hào)通路引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)[41]。此外,金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素經(jīng)NF-κB信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞表達(dá)IL-8,引起中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤為主的化膿性炎癥[42]。

3.6.2NLRs介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)NLRs位于胞漿,分為NLRP1~NLRP5,其中NLRP3可與接頭蛋白ASC和半胱天冬蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)組成炎癥小體(inflammasome)[43]。NLRP3炎癥小體調(diào)控IL-1β、IL-18、IL-33和高遷移率族蛋白-1(High mobility group box 1,HMGB-1)表達(dá),IL-1β和HMGB-1可經(jīng)自分泌和旁分泌途徑分別與IL-1β受體(IL-1βR)和TLR2/4結(jié)合,激活NF-κB、p38MAPK和JNK信號(hào)通路放大炎癥反應(yīng)[43-45]。NLRP3炎癥小體激活機(jī)制如下:①ROS途徑:激活能力最強(qiáng),細(xì)胞吞噬病原體時(shí)細(xì)胞骨架重排、細(xì)胞膜損傷激活的NADP/NADPH氧化酶系統(tǒng)以及線粒體膜損傷所致電子漏均可產(chǎn)生大量ROS;②溶酶體途徑:吞噬泡與溶酶體融合或溶酶體膜損傷時(shí)均可釋放組織蛋白酶B(cathepsin B)激活NLRP3炎癥小體;③半通道途徑:P2X7離子通道激活后釋放的ATP等可誘導(dǎo)跨膜縫隙連接蛋白-1(pannexin-1,Panx1)六聚體開放孔道,亞鐵血紅素等NLRP3配體分子經(jīng)該孔道入胞激活NLRP3炎癥小體[43-44]。細(xì)菌溶血素所致膜損傷引起ROS升高和組織蛋白酶B釋放、溶血產(chǎn)生的亞鐵血紅素,均可激活NLRP3炎癥小體[44, 46]。金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素可激活NLRP3炎癥小體,導(dǎo)致特征性IL-18和HMGB-1表達(dá)和分泌[32-33]。金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素和P-V殺白細(xì)胞素、腸出血性大腸埃希菌溶血素和李斯特菌溶素LLO雖可經(jīng)TLR2/4引起炎癥反應(yīng),但激活NLRP3炎癥小體是引起炎癥反應(yīng)的主要機(jī)制[33, 47-49]。此外,TLR4-NF-κB信號(hào)通路可上調(diào)巨噬細(xì)胞NLRP3表達(dá)[50]。

3.6.3離子流與炎癥相關(guān)性金黃色葡萄球菌α-溶血素和P-V殺白細(xì)胞素均引起的靶細(xì)胞K+外流可促進(jìn)IL-1β分泌[47, 51],該α-溶血素相關(guān)K+外流還可激活p38MAP和NF-κB,上調(diào)IL-8合成與分泌[52]。此外,胞內(nèi)K+減少可導(dǎo)致caspase-1激活,剪切IL-18前體使之成熟并促使其分泌或激活I(lǐng)CE促進(jìn)IL-1β外分泌[23, 53]。細(xì)菌溶血素膜損傷引起的Ca2+內(nèi)流可激活PLA2信號(hào)通路產(chǎn)生脂質(zhì)性炎癥介質(zhì),另可通過細(xì)胞呼吸暴發(fā)(respiratory burst)和線粒體產(chǎn)生大量ROS激活NLRP3炎癥小體[21-23, 54]。

4 小結(jié)與展望

細(xì)菌溶血素可通過細(xì)胞膜損傷、細(xì)胞溶解或裂解、離子失衡相關(guān)病變、細(xì)胞凋亡、炎癥反應(yīng)等參與細(xì)菌致病過程。然而,大腸埃希菌α-溶血素、傷寒沙門菌E-溶血素(HlyE)和乙型鏈球菌β-溶血素還能作用血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和血小板,使毛細(xì)血管滲透性增高和凝血障礙而引起出血,其中傷寒沙門菌還可感受宿主應(yīng)激性激素釋放HlyE[5, 55],但機(jī)制不明。近年發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)菌LPS經(jīng)caspase-1激活小鼠caspase-11或人caspase-4/5相關(guān)非經(jīng)典炎癥小體(non-canonical inflammasome),剪切g(shù)asdermin家族中g(shù)asdermin-D成為有活性的gasdermin D-NT,從細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)側(cè)形成膜孔道,引起炎癥性程序性死亡,稱為細(xì)胞焦亡(pyroptosis)[56-58]。因此,同樣具有激活caspase-1和膜成孔毒性的細(xì)菌溶血素能否激活非經(jīng)典炎癥小體并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞焦亡值得研究。

參考文獻(xiàn):

對(duì)于紫斑病的防治可以通過在發(fā)病初期噴75%百菌清可濕性粉劑600倍液、70%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑500倍液、50%撲海因可濕性粉劑1500倍液、40%的大富丹可濕性粉劑500倍液等藥劑的輪換使用,每隔一周以上時(shí)間噴施一次。連續(xù)噴施4次即可。

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